International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes the key topics covered in Lecture 12 on constitutive relations for orthotropic materials:
1. It defines the principal material directions for orthotropic materials like unidirectional fiber laminates.
2. It describes how to determine the engineering constants like Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio from experimental tests on orthotropic materials.
3. It presents the constitutive equations that relate stress and strain for orthotropic materials using the compliance matrix, in terms of the measured engineering constants. Constraints on the engineering constants due to thermodynamic requirements are also discussed.
Electronic structure and magnetic properties of timn3 n, timn3 and mnti3 comp...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Tight Binding Linear Muffin Tin Orbital Method has been employed to obtain the electronic and Magnetic properties of TiMn3N and ordered TiMn3 Compounds. The Equilibrium volume has been found for each compound using self-consistent band structure calculations at several lattice parameters. Obtained results reveals that TiMn3 is ferromagnetic with 3.3624μB as magnetic moment at Mn sites and-1.2174μB at Ti sites. Hence TiMn3 attains the stable magnetic order at Ferromagnetic and Non-Magnetic calculations, while TiMn3N shows the nonmagnetic phase as a stable one during FM and NM calculations.
Keywords: Ferromagnetic, Non-Magnetic, Tight Binding Linear Muffin Tin Orbital method
Isoparametric formulation allows for more accurate modeling of curved boundaries by mapping regular element shapes from a natural coordinate system to the actual curved geometric shapes in the global coordinate system. This mapping technique revolutionized finite element analysis by reducing unnecessary stress concentrations compared to using only straight-edged elements. The document goes on to define isoparametric, superparametric, and subparametric elements, and explains the basic theorems and uniqueness conditions for valid mappings between coordinate systems. It also describes Gaussian numerical integration for assembling stiffness matrices in isoparametric finite element analysis and provides some illustrative numerical examples.
Structural Dynamic Reanalysis of Beam Elements Using Regression MethodIOSR Journals
This paper concerns with the reanalysis of Structural modification of a beam element based on
natural frequencies using polynomial regression method. This method deals with the characteristics of
frequency of a vibrating system and the procedures that are available for the modification of physical
parameters of vibrating structural system. The method is applied on a simple cantilever beam structure and Tstructure
for approximate structural dynamic reanalysis. Results obtained from the assumed conditions of the
problem indicates the high quality approximation of natural frequencies using finite element method and
regression method.
Propagation Behaviour of Solid Dielectric Rectangular Waveguideijsrd.com
For frequencies above 30 ghz, increasing skin depth losses in metal requires that low loss structures be made without the use of metallic materials. Hence, the importance of pure dielectrics waveguides for carrying large bandwidth signals is established. The only unexploited spectral region, Terahertz band, is now being actively explored. Moreover, metallic waveguides or antennas are dangerous when the application involves ionized gas i.e. Plasma or when there is a risk that the antenna or waveguide can be exposed to plasma. Dielectric waveguides might be the only viable solution. Here, an analytical theory has been developed for finding out the modal characteristics of a solid dielectric waveguide in guided and leaky modes.
1. The paper studies electron transport through magnetic tunnel junctions using the non-equilibrium Green's function method. It models a multi-layer structure of magnetic/non-magnetic/magnetic layers.
2. Increasing the binding strength of the insulating layer increases the electron density and disruption of energy levels. A broader band connection disrupts the insulating layer more, changing it from a non-conductor to a semiconductor or even conductor.
3. The results show that electron transport can be controlled in the non-conducting layers by changing properties of the three layers to maximize the transmission function.
Analysis of green’s function and surface current density for rectangular micr...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document summarizes the key topics covered in Lecture 12 on constitutive relations for orthotropic materials:
1. It defines the principal material directions for orthotropic materials like unidirectional fiber laminates.
2. It describes how to determine the engineering constants like Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio from experimental tests on orthotropic materials.
3. It presents the constitutive equations that relate stress and strain for orthotropic materials using the compliance matrix, in terms of the measured engineering constants. Constraints on the engineering constants due to thermodynamic requirements are also discussed.
Electronic structure and magnetic properties of timn3 n, timn3 and mnti3 comp...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Tight Binding Linear Muffin Tin Orbital Method has been employed to obtain the electronic and Magnetic properties of TiMn3N and ordered TiMn3 Compounds. The Equilibrium volume has been found for each compound using self-consistent band structure calculations at several lattice parameters. Obtained results reveals that TiMn3 is ferromagnetic with 3.3624μB as magnetic moment at Mn sites and-1.2174μB at Ti sites. Hence TiMn3 attains the stable magnetic order at Ferromagnetic and Non-Magnetic calculations, while TiMn3N shows the nonmagnetic phase as a stable one during FM and NM calculations.
Keywords: Ferromagnetic, Non-Magnetic, Tight Binding Linear Muffin Tin Orbital method
Isoparametric formulation allows for more accurate modeling of curved boundaries by mapping regular element shapes from a natural coordinate system to the actual curved geometric shapes in the global coordinate system. This mapping technique revolutionized finite element analysis by reducing unnecessary stress concentrations compared to using only straight-edged elements. The document goes on to define isoparametric, superparametric, and subparametric elements, and explains the basic theorems and uniqueness conditions for valid mappings between coordinate systems. It also describes Gaussian numerical integration for assembling stiffness matrices in isoparametric finite element analysis and provides some illustrative numerical examples.
Structural Dynamic Reanalysis of Beam Elements Using Regression MethodIOSR Journals
This paper concerns with the reanalysis of Structural modification of a beam element based on
natural frequencies using polynomial regression method. This method deals with the characteristics of
frequency of a vibrating system and the procedures that are available for the modification of physical
parameters of vibrating structural system. The method is applied on a simple cantilever beam structure and Tstructure
for approximate structural dynamic reanalysis. Results obtained from the assumed conditions of the
problem indicates the high quality approximation of natural frequencies using finite element method and
regression method.
Propagation Behaviour of Solid Dielectric Rectangular Waveguideijsrd.com
For frequencies above 30 ghz, increasing skin depth losses in metal requires that low loss structures be made without the use of metallic materials. Hence, the importance of pure dielectrics waveguides for carrying large bandwidth signals is established. The only unexploited spectral region, Terahertz band, is now being actively explored. Moreover, metallic waveguides or antennas are dangerous when the application involves ionized gas i.e. Plasma or when there is a risk that the antenna or waveguide can be exposed to plasma. Dielectric waveguides might be the only viable solution. Here, an analytical theory has been developed for finding out the modal characteristics of a solid dielectric waveguide in guided and leaky modes.
1. The paper studies electron transport through magnetic tunnel junctions using the non-equilibrium Green's function method. It models a multi-layer structure of magnetic/non-magnetic/magnetic layers.
2. Increasing the binding strength of the insulating layer increases the electron density and disruption of energy levels. A broader band connection disrupts the insulating layer more, changing it from a non-conductor to a semiconductor or even conductor.
3. The results show that electron transport can be controlled in the non-conducting layers by changing properties of the three layers to maximize the transmission function.
Analysis of green’s function and surface current density for rectangular micr...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Analysis of green’s function and surface current density for rectangular micr...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper, Green’s function and surface current density for planar structure has been calculated. The approach makes use of the popular and rigorously used spectral domain full wave analysis method in conjunction with method of moment as numerical analysis tool. In present approach, boundary conditions are applied at patch metallization, which leads to integral equation with the involvement of green’s function in spectral domain, which includes the effect of dielectric, conductor loss, surface wave modes and space wave radiation. By applying Galerkin’s moment method integral equation are transformed to linear set of equations. Entire domain basis function is used to improve the efficiency of the solution. Keywords: Spectral domain full wave analysis, Green function, Galerkin’s moment method, Entire domain basis function, Surface current density.
This document summarizes research on using finite element analysis in time to model the nonlinear dynamic response of beams. It describes discretizing a beam into finite elements, with each node having two degrees of freedom for displacement and slope. Hermite shape functions are used to interpolate displacement within each element. The total potential energy of the system is derived and used to form the element stiffness matrix. The method is demonstrated to analyze an isotropic beam undergoing bending when subjected to a distributed load.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
1. The document analyzes the vibration of beams subjected to moving point loads using finite element analysis and the Newmark numerical time integration method.
2. It investigates the effect of load speed on the dynamic magnification factor, defined as the ratio of maximum dynamic displacement to static displacement.
3. The effect of spring stiffness at beam-column junctions is also evaluated. Computer codes in Matlab are developed to calculate dynamic responses and critical load velocities.
Modelling of flexible link manipulator dynamics using rigid link theory withIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a dynamic modeling technique for flexible link manipulators using finite element methods and rigid link theory. The technique discretizes flexible links into small rigid link elements to simplify the complex dynamics calculations. First, common dynamic modeling approaches for both rigid and flexible link manipulators are described. These include Newton-Euler, Lagrange-Euler, and assumed mode methods. The proposed approach applies Lagrange-Euler dynamics to each discretized link element. An example dynamic model is then presented for a 3 link manipulator to demonstrate the approach. The model derives kinetic energy expressions for each link and determines the overall Lagrangian to obtain the dynamic equations of motion.
This thesis aims to develop multiphase voxel finite elements (MVEs) that can accurately predict the stiffness tensor of woven fiber composite laminates. The MVEs allow the construction of a mesh independent of the complex internal geometry by applying material properties at integration points.
Two novel MVEs are proposed - the Tensile Modulus Corrected MVE (TMC-MVE) and the Stiffness Tensor Corrected MVE (STC-MVE). These are compared to an Average Stiffness Element and a Basic MVE through tests on simple geometries. The MVEs are then used to analyze plain, satin and twill weave composites, with results compared to finite element
The document provides an introduction to the Finite Element Method (FEM). It discusses the history and development of FEM from the 1950s to the present. It outlines the basic concepts of FEM including discretization of the domain into finite elements connected at nodes, and the approximation of displacements within each element. The document also discusses minimum potential energy theory, which is the variational principle that FEM is based on. Example problems and a tutorial are mentioned. Advantages of FEM include its ability to model complex geometries and loading, while disadvantages include increased computational time and memory requirements compared to other methods.
Identification of isomorphism and detection of distinct mechanism of kinemati...eSAT Journals
This document presents a new method for identifying isomorphism and detecting distinct mechanisms in kinematic chains. It develops a structural invariant based on link-link path distances to assign unique labels to each link. The link labels are combined to calculate a Kinematic Chain Label (KCL) value, which is proposed as a unique identifier for detecting isomorphism between chains. The method is demonstrated on examples of planar kinematic chains with different numbers of links. Chains with identical KCL values are identified as isomorphic, while distinct KCL values indicate non-isomorphic chains. The link labeling approach is shown to reliably distinguish isomorphic and non-isomorphic chains.
Identification of isomorphism and detection of distinct mechanism of kinemati...eSAT Publishing House
This document presents a new method for identifying isomorphism and detecting distinct mechanisms in kinematic chains. It develops a structural invariant based on link-link path distances to assign unique labels to each link. The link labels are combined to calculate a Kinematic Chain Label (KCL) value, which is proposed as a unique identifier for detecting isomorphism between chains. The method is demonstrated on examples of planar kinematic chains with different numbers of links. Chains with identical KCL values are identified as isomorphic, while distinct KCL values indicate non-isomorphic chains. The link labels and KCL are also able to find the distinct mechanisms within a single kinematic chain.
This document provides an overview of finite element analysis (FEA). It defines FEA as a numerical method for solving governing equations over the domain of a continuous physical system that is discretized into simple shapes. It lists several common structural and non-structural applications of FEA, such as stress analysis, buckling problems, vibration analysis, and heat transfer. Finally, it provides the course outline, textbooks, references, and some common FEA software packages.
Characterization of Mechanical, Thermal, and Electrical Properties of Carbon ...drboon
In this paper, the mechanical, thermal and electrical properties of carbon fiber modified thermoplastic polyimide were numerically analyzed by finite element analysis. A three-dimensional model was created, in which continuous carbon fibers are aligning and paralleling to each other and uniformly distributing in the polymer matrix. The behaviors of the composites in two extreme situations, i.e., parallel or perpendicular to carbon fiber direction, were simulated. The effects of the volume fraction of carbon fiber content on the physical properties were investigated. It shows clearly that carbon fibers significantly improve the mechanical strength, and thermal and electrical conductivities. The future work includes investigation of the physical properties of the conductive network of the composites with random carbon fiber orientation, and different fillers, such as graphite, and carbon nanotubes.
1) The document discusses the basics of the finite element method (FEM), which involves dividing a structure into simple subdomains called finite elements connected at nodes.
2) FEM allows for the analysis of complex problems by replacing differential equations with algebraic equations at nodes. This is done using shape functions to interpolate values within an element.
3) The document compares FEM to other numerical methods like the finite difference method, noting advantages of FEM include better accuracy with fewer elements and the ability to model curved boundaries and nonlinear problems.
Analysis of Cross-ply Laminate composite under UD load based on CLPT by Ansys...IJERA Editor
In current study the strength of composite material configuration is obtained from the properties of constituent
laminate by using classical laminate plate theory. For the purpose of analysis various configurations of 2 layered
and 4 layered cross ply laminates are used. The material of laminate is supposed to be boron/epoxy having
orthotropic properties. The loading in current study is supposed to be of uniformly distributed load type. For the
analysis purpose software working on finite element analysis logics i.e. Ansys mechanical APDL is used. By the
help of Ansys mechanical APDL the deflection and stress intensity is found out. The effect of variation of
laminate layers is also studied in current study along with the effect of variation of stacking patterns. The current
study will also help to conclude which stacking pattern is best in 2 layered and 4 layered cross ply laminate.
Static and Dynamic Reanalysis of Tapered BeamIJERA Editor
Beams are one of the common types of structural components and they are fundamentally categorized as
uniform and non-uniform beams. The non-uniform beams has the benefit of better distribution of strength and
mass than uniform beam. And non-uniform beams can meet exceptional functional needs in
aeronautics,robotics,architecture and other unconventional engineering applications. Designing of these
structures is necessary to resist dynamic forces such as earthquakes and wind.
The present paper focuses on static and dynamic reanalysis of a tapered cantilever beam structure using
multipolynomial regression method. The method deals with the characteristics of frequency of a vibrating
system and the procedures that are available for the modification of physical parameters of vibrating system.
The method is applied on a tapered cantilever beam for approximate structural static and dynamic reanalysis.
Results obtained from the assumed conditions of the problem indicate the high quality approximation of stresses
and natural frequencies using ANSYS and Regression method.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Analysis of Stress Concentration of Laminated Composite Plate With Circular Holeijiert bestjournal
Composite materials are finding a wide range of applications in structural design,especially for lightweight structure that have stringent stiffness and strength requirements. They are attractive replacement for metallic materials for many structural applications. By finding efficient composite str ucture design that meets all requirements of specific application. This is achieved by tailoring of material properties through selective choice of orientation,no. of stacking sequence of layers that make up composite material. Composites are used more and more often for load carrying and safety structures in all kind of applications foe aviation and space technology,for vehicles etc. Composite materials have been introduced progressively in automobiles,followingpolymer materials,a few of which have be en used as matrices. It is interestingto examine the relative masses of different materials which are used in theconstruction of automobiles. Even thoughthe relative mass of polymer - based materials appears low,one needs to take intoaccount that the specif ic mass of steel is about 4 times greater than that of polymers.This explains the higher percentage in terms of volume for the polymers.
O documento apresenta uma atividade sobre as civilizações da América antiga dividida em duas tarefas principais: 1) produção de um texto coletivo sobre as civilizações Olmeca, Asteca, Inca e Maia; 2) confecção de um blog comparando essas civilizações com as do Oriente, Grécia e Roma. A turma será dividida em equipes para realizar pesquisas e elaborar as tarefas dentro dos prazos estabelecidos, sendo avaliados individualmente e coletivamente.
El documento menciona varios eventos y actividades, incluyendo ir de compras con Omar, ir a una oficina en la escuela, asistir a un concierto de orquesta en la UFPR, una fiesta de disfraces, una visita de payasos, una clase con el cantante Paulo Mestre, Helma Haller como madrina, y varios conciertos de un coro y orquesta Suzuki.
O documento discute conceitos básicos de programação orientada a aspectos (AOP) usando AspectJ. Apresenta os objetivos de AOP, os pilares de AspectJ como join points, pointcuts, advices e inner-type declarations, e os mecanismos de weaving como compile time e load time.
Este documento conta a história de como o Sr. Baptista ajudou o novo taxista da cidade a conseguir clientes. Através de sua persistência, o Sr. Baptista convence os moradores da cidade a darem uma volta no novo táxi, garantindo assim o sucesso do negócio do taxista e a felicidade de todos. No final, a cidade passa a ter dois táxis operando.
Analysis of green’s function and surface current density for rectangular micr...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper, Green’s function and surface current density for planar structure has been calculated. The approach makes use of the popular and rigorously used spectral domain full wave analysis method in conjunction with method of moment as numerical analysis tool. In present approach, boundary conditions are applied at patch metallization, which leads to integral equation with the involvement of green’s function in spectral domain, which includes the effect of dielectric, conductor loss, surface wave modes and space wave radiation. By applying Galerkin’s moment method integral equation are transformed to linear set of equations. Entire domain basis function is used to improve the efficiency of the solution. Keywords: Spectral domain full wave analysis, Green function, Galerkin’s moment method, Entire domain basis function, Surface current density.
This document summarizes research on using finite element analysis in time to model the nonlinear dynamic response of beams. It describes discretizing a beam into finite elements, with each node having two degrees of freedom for displacement and slope. Hermite shape functions are used to interpolate displacement within each element. The total potential energy of the system is derived and used to form the element stiffness matrix. The method is demonstrated to analyze an isotropic beam undergoing bending when subjected to a distributed load.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
1. The document analyzes the vibration of beams subjected to moving point loads using finite element analysis and the Newmark numerical time integration method.
2. It investigates the effect of load speed on the dynamic magnification factor, defined as the ratio of maximum dynamic displacement to static displacement.
3. The effect of spring stiffness at beam-column junctions is also evaluated. Computer codes in Matlab are developed to calculate dynamic responses and critical load velocities.
Modelling of flexible link manipulator dynamics using rigid link theory withIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a dynamic modeling technique for flexible link manipulators using finite element methods and rigid link theory. The technique discretizes flexible links into small rigid link elements to simplify the complex dynamics calculations. First, common dynamic modeling approaches for both rigid and flexible link manipulators are described. These include Newton-Euler, Lagrange-Euler, and assumed mode methods. The proposed approach applies Lagrange-Euler dynamics to each discretized link element. An example dynamic model is then presented for a 3 link manipulator to demonstrate the approach. The model derives kinetic energy expressions for each link and determines the overall Lagrangian to obtain the dynamic equations of motion.
This thesis aims to develop multiphase voxel finite elements (MVEs) that can accurately predict the stiffness tensor of woven fiber composite laminates. The MVEs allow the construction of a mesh independent of the complex internal geometry by applying material properties at integration points.
Two novel MVEs are proposed - the Tensile Modulus Corrected MVE (TMC-MVE) and the Stiffness Tensor Corrected MVE (STC-MVE). These are compared to an Average Stiffness Element and a Basic MVE through tests on simple geometries. The MVEs are then used to analyze plain, satin and twill weave composites, with results compared to finite element
The document provides an introduction to the Finite Element Method (FEM). It discusses the history and development of FEM from the 1950s to the present. It outlines the basic concepts of FEM including discretization of the domain into finite elements connected at nodes, and the approximation of displacements within each element. The document also discusses minimum potential energy theory, which is the variational principle that FEM is based on. Example problems and a tutorial are mentioned. Advantages of FEM include its ability to model complex geometries and loading, while disadvantages include increased computational time and memory requirements compared to other methods.
Identification of isomorphism and detection of distinct mechanism of kinemati...eSAT Journals
This document presents a new method for identifying isomorphism and detecting distinct mechanisms in kinematic chains. It develops a structural invariant based on link-link path distances to assign unique labels to each link. The link labels are combined to calculate a Kinematic Chain Label (KCL) value, which is proposed as a unique identifier for detecting isomorphism between chains. The method is demonstrated on examples of planar kinematic chains with different numbers of links. Chains with identical KCL values are identified as isomorphic, while distinct KCL values indicate non-isomorphic chains. The link labeling approach is shown to reliably distinguish isomorphic and non-isomorphic chains.
Identification of isomorphism and detection of distinct mechanism of kinemati...eSAT Publishing House
This document presents a new method for identifying isomorphism and detecting distinct mechanisms in kinematic chains. It develops a structural invariant based on link-link path distances to assign unique labels to each link. The link labels are combined to calculate a Kinematic Chain Label (KCL) value, which is proposed as a unique identifier for detecting isomorphism between chains. The method is demonstrated on examples of planar kinematic chains with different numbers of links. Chains with identical KCL values are identified as isomorphic, while distinct KCL values indicate non-isomorphic chains. The link labels and KCL are also able to find the distinct mechanisms within a single kinematic chain.
This document provides an overview of finite element analysis (FEA). It defines FEA as a numerical method for solving governing equations over the domain of a continuous physical system that is discretized into simple shapes. It lists several common structural and non-structural applications of FEA, such as stress analysis, buckling problems, vibration analysis, and heat transfer. Finally, it provides the course outline, textbooks, references, and some common FEA software packages.
Characterization of Mechanical, Thermal, and Electrical Properties of Carbon ...drboon
In this paper, the mechanical, thermal and electrical properties of carbon fiber modified thermoplastic polyimide were numerically analyzed by finite element analysis. A three-dimensional model was created, in which continuous carbon fibers are aligning and paralleling to each other and uniformly distributing in the polymer matrix. The behaviors of the composites in two extreme situations, i.e., parallel or perpendicular to carbon fiber direction, were simulated. The effects of the volume fraction of carbon fiber content on the physical properties were investigated. It shows clearly that carbon fibers significantly improve the mechanical strength, and thermal and electrical conductivities. The future work includes investigation of the physical properties of the conductive network of the composites with random carbon fiber orientation, and different fillers, such as graphite, and carbon nanotubes.
1) The document discusses the basics of the finite element method (FEM), which involves dividing a structure into simple subdomains called finite elements connected at nodes.
2) FEM allows for the analysis of complex problems by replacing differential equations with algebraic equations at nodes. This is done using shape functions to interpolate values within an element.
3) The document compares FEM to other numerical methods like the finite difference method, noting advantages of FEM include better accuracy with fewer elements and the ability to model curved boundaries and nonlinear problems.
Analysis of Cross-ply Laminate composite under UD load based on CLPT by Ansys...IJERA Editor
In current study the strength of composite material configuration is obtained from the properties of constituent
laminate by using classical laminate plate theory. For the purpose of analysis various configurations of 2 layered
and 4 layered cross ply laminates are used. The material of laminate is supposed to be boron/epoxy having
orthotropic properties. The loading in current study is supposed to be of uniformly distributed load type. For the
analysis purpose software working on finite element analysis logics i.e. Ansys mechanical APDL is used. By the
help of Ansys mechanical APDL the deflection and stress intensity is found out. The effect of variation of
laminate layers is also studied in current study along with the effect of variation of stacking patterns. The current
study will also help to conclude which stacking pattern is best in 2 layered and 4 layered cross ply laminate.
Static and Dynamic Reanalysis of Tapered BeamIJERA Editor
Beams are one of the common types of structural components and they are fundamentally categorized as
uniform and non-uniform beams. The non-uniform beams has the benefit of better distribution of strength and
mass than uniform beam. And non-uniform beams can meet exceptional functional needs in
aeronautics,robotics,architecture and other unconventional engineering applications. Designing of these
structures is necessary to resist dynamic forces such as earthquakes and wind.
The present paper focuses on static and dynamic reanalysis of a tapered cantilever beam structure using
multipolynomial regression method. The method deals with the characteristics of frequency of a vibrating
system and the procedures that are available for the modification of physical parameters of vibrating system.
The method is applied on a tapered cantilever beam for approximate structural static and dynamic reanalysis.
Results obtained from the assumed conditions of the problem indicate the high quality approximation of stresses
and natural frequencies using ANSYS and Regression method.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Analysis of Stress Concentration of Laminated Composite Plate With Circular Holeijiert bestjournal
Composite materials are finding a wide range of applications in structural design,especially for lightweight structure that have stringent stiffness and strength requirements. They are attractive replacement for metallic materials for many structural applications. By finding efficient composite str ucture design that meets all requirements of specific application. This is achieved by tailoring of material properties through selective choice of orientation,no. of stacking sequence of layers that make up composite material. Composites are used more and more often for load carrying and safety structures in all kind of applications foe aviation and space technology,for vehicles etc. Composite materials have been introduced progressively in automobiles,followingpolymer materials,a few of which have be en used as matrices. It is interestingto examine the relative masses of different materials which are used in theconstruction of automobiles. Even thoughthe relative mass of polymer - based materials appears low,one needs to take intoaccount that the specif ic mass of steel is about 4 times greater than that of polymers.This explains the higher percentage in terms of volume for the polymers.
O documento apresenta uma atividade sobre as civilizações da América antiga dividida em duas tarefas principais: 1) produção de um texto coletivo sobre as civilizações Olmeca, Asteca, Inca e Maia; 2) confecção de um blog comparando essas civilizações com as do Oriente, Grécia e Roma. A turma será dividida em equipes para realizar pesquisas e elaborar as tarefas dentro dos prazos estabelecidos, sendo avaliados individualmente e coletivamente.
El documento menciona varios eventos y actividades, incluyendo ir de compras con Omar, ir a una oficina en la escuela, asistir a un concierto de orquesta en la UFPR, una fiesta de disfraces, una visita de payasos, una clase con el cantante Paulo Mestre, Helma Haller como madrina, y varios conciertos de un coro y orquesta Suzuki.
O documento discute conceitos básicos de programação orientada a aspectos (AOP) usando AspectJ. Apresenta os objetivos de AOP, os pilares de AspectJ como join points, pointcuts, advices e inner-type declarations, e os mecanismos de weaving como compile time e load time.
Este documento conta a história de como o Sr. Baptista ajudou o novo taxista da cidade a conseguir clientes. Através de sua persistência, o Sr. Baptista convence os moradores da cidade a darem uma volta no novo táxi, garantindo assim o sucesso do negócio do taxista e a felicidade de todos. No final, a cidade passa a ter dois táxis operando.
Microsoft SQL Server is a relational database server developed by Microsoft to store and retrieve data for software applications. It discusses the history and requirements of SQL Server, how it uses a client-server model, and tools like SQL Server Management Studio. The document also covers topics like database design, transactions, backups and restores, replication, and high availability features like mirroring.
Este documento es una oración a San Expedito, el santo patrono de las causas urgentes y justas. La oración pide la intercesión de San Expedito para obtener fuerza, coraje y serenidad durante horas difíciles, y para que proteja al que reza y a su familia. También incluye un triduo de tres días de oración a San Expedito para pedir su ayuda con peticiones urgentes.
BrainBook.com adalah situs web yang bertujuan untuk memberikan informasi mengenai perguruan tinggi dan bantuan belajar kepada calon mahasiswa. Situs ini menyediakan repositori data perguruan tinggi, sistem rekomendasi berbasis profil pribadi, dan fitur bantuan belajar secara online.
Este resumen describe una conversación entre varias personas sobre la ropa que llevarán a una boda estadounidense. Comentan sobre el vestido azul de una persona y si deberían llevar algo a juego. También discuten los trajes de los novios y critican la ropa de algunos invitados, calificándola de horrorosa.
This one sentence document repeats the phrase "taller 2.0" multiple times. It is a very short document that consists of the same phrase written four separate times with no other context or information provided.
La Internet es una red de redes de computadoras que intercambian información a través de un lenguaje común (TCP/IP). Permite compartir información en tiempo real, ahorrar costos de envío de mensajes, y conocer e interactuar con personas de diferentes lugares. Sin embargo, también conlleva riesgos como robo de identidad, ciberacoso e invasión de privacidad.
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Las justas deportivas intercentros regionales de Cundinamarca se realizaron en Melgar con la participación de centros de Chía, Soacha, Mosquera, Girardot, Villeta y Fusagasugá. Los aprendices de los programas de formación de Oriente y Sumapaz compitieron en baloncesto, fútbol, voleibol, atletismo, ajedrez y tenis de mesa. El Centro Agroecológico y Empresarial se destacó por su juego limpio y se llevó los títulos de campeón en bal
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O documento discute excelência operacional como um tema estratégico importante em cenários competitivos. Ele define excelência operacional como a integração de funções e processos de negócio para alcançar qualidade, satisfação do cliente e otimização de custos. Além disso, discute a importância de identificar as necessidades versus desejos organizacionais e definir metas claras e mensuráveis para projetos de excelência operacional.
Este documento presenta el enfoque del aprendizaje fundamental "Ejerce plenamente su ciudadanía". Describe las características de este aprendizaje como democrático, intercultural y ambiental. Explica que los propósitos son transformar la escuela en una comunidad participativa, crear una cultura democrática y desarrollar competencias ciudadanas. Finalmente, detalla las seis competencias ciudadanas y las condiciones necesarias en la institución y el aula para lograr este aprendizaje.
Finite Element Modeling On Behaviour Of Reinforced Concrete Beam Column Joint...IJERA Editor
Recent earthquakes have demonstrated that most of the reinforced concrete structures were severely damaged during earthquakes and they need major repair works. Beam column joints, being the lateral and vertical load resisting members in reinforced concrete structures are particularly vulnerable to failures during earthquakes. The existing reinforced concrete beam column joints which are not designed as per code IS13920:1993 must be strengthened since they do not meet the ductility requirements. The Finite element method (FEM) has become a staple for predicting and simulating the physical behaviour of complex engineering systems. The commercial finite element analysis (FEA) programs have gained common acceptance among engineers in industry and researchers. The details of the finite element analysis of beam column joints retrofitted with carbon fibre reinforced polymer sheets (CFRP) carried out using the package ANSYS are presented in this paper. Three exterior reinforced concrete beam column joint specimens were modelled using ANSYS package. The first specimen is the control specimen. This had reinforcement as per code IS 456:2000. The second specimen which is also the control specimen. This had reinforcement as per code IS 13920:1993. The third specimen had reinforcement as per code IS 456:2000 and was retrofitted with carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets. During the analysis both the ends of column were hinged. Static load was applied at the free end of the cantilever beam up to a controlled load. The performance of the retrofitted beam column joint was compared with the control specimens and the results are presented in this paper.
This document summarizes a study that used finite element analysis to analyze the micromechanical behavior of fiber-reinforced polymer composites with different fiber materials (Hexply Im7-8552, Kelvar, and Carbon T300) embedded in an epoxy resin matrix. A unit cell model was developed and analyzed under tensile loading to evaluate engineering properties like modulus and Poisson's ratio for various fiber volume fractions. Interfacial stresses at the fiber-matrix interface were also estimated. Results from the finite element analysis were validated against theoretical models. The study aims to predict the mechanical behavior and properties of unidirectional fiber composites subjected to longitudinal tensile loading.
This document provides a critical review of research on structural dynamic modification of beam structures. It discusses the origins and developments in structural dynamic modification techniques from the late 1970s through the 2000s. Key developments include the use of finite element models, estimation of rotational degrees of freedom, consideration of damping effects, optimization approaches, sensitivity analysis, and both direct and inverse modification problems. The review covers applications of structural dynamic modification to real structures like engines and machine tools to improve dynamic behavior.
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Micro Mechanical Modeling of Fiber / Epoxy Unidirectional Laminates Using Featheijes
The focus of the study was to develop the micromechanical model associated with proper damage model to predict the overall mechanical behavior of fiber/matrix unidirectional laminates. The present and first investigation studies the influence of fiber-matrix interface on the behaviour of fiber reinforced composite lamina using micromechanical models. Mechanical properties E1 and E2 are determined at various volume fractions. The second investigation studies the micro-thermo elastic behaviour of the square unit cell of a hybrid fiber reinforced composite lamina. Later this model is extended to predict the coefficients of thermal expansion of graphite-boron hybrid fiber reinforced lamina for various volume fractions.In the third investigation, an analytical solution of the thermal stresses for a fiber embedded in a matrix is presented based on the idea of the finite element and under some simplifying assumptions. The analytical solution to the problem is found for the case when the length of the embedded bar (fiber) is much greater than its radius, and the Young's modulus of the matrix is much less than that of the fiber. The problem is also solved numerically by means of finite element analysis using ANSYS 10.0. Both results are compared and it is shown that both approaches coincide very close qualitatively and quantitatively although significant discrepancies may appear at specific points for specific cases. For all above three cases 3-D finite element models have been developed from the representative volume elements of the composite which are in the form of square unit cells. The finite element software ANSYS 10.0 has been successfully executed to evaluate the properties
“Investigation of Structural Analysis of Composite Beam Having I- Cross Secti...IOSR Journals
Abstract: - In structural applications, beam is one of the most common structural members that have been
considered in design. This paper is intended to provide tools that ensure better designing options for composite
laminates of I -beam. In this Paper an analytical method & FEM approach calculating axial stiffness , Axial
stress ,Axial strain of flange and web laminates. The results show the stacking sequence and fiber angle
orientation strongly affects strength of composite I-beam.
Modal Analysis of Single Rectangular Cantilever Plate by Mathematically, FEA ...IRJET Journal
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3. The results obtained from the three methods showed good correlation with each other, though some methods produced results with up to 20% error compared to others. Analyzing the plate through different techniques helped validate the results and understand the dynamic characteristics of the structure.
1) Finite element analysis is a numerical method used to solve engineering problems by breaking structures down into small discrete elements. It involves modeling structures as assemblies of simple geometric shapes called finite elements.
2) The key steps in finite element analysis include discretizing the structure into elements, selecting element types, defining displacement and strain/stress relationships within each element, deriving the element stiffness matrix, and assembling individual element equations into a system of equations for the overall structure.
3) Common approaches include the displacement method, which uses nodal displacements as unknowns, and the force method, which uses internal forces. The displacement method is typically more suitable for computational analysis.
Prediction of Deflection and Stresses of Laminated Composite Plate with Arti...IJMER
A true understanding of their structural behaviour is required, such as the deflections, buckling loads
and modal characteristics, the through thickness distributions of stresses and strains, the large deflection
behaviour and, of extreme importance for obtaining strong, reliable multi-layered structures, the failure
characteristics. In the past, the structural behaviour of plates and shells using the finite element method has been
studied by a variety of approaches. Choudhary and Tungikaranalyzed the geometrically nonlinear behavior of
laminated composite plates using the finite element analysis.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Today, retrofitting of the old structures is important. For this purpose, determination of capacities for these buildings, which mostly are non-ductile, is a very useful tool. In this context, non-ductile RC joint in concrete structures, as one of the most important elements in these buildings are considered, and the shear capacity, especially for retrofitting goals can be very beneficial. In this paper, three famous soft computing methods including artificial neural networks (ANN), adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and also group method of data handling (GMDH) were used to estimating the shear capacity for this type of RC joints. A set of experimental data which were a failure in joint are collected, and first, the effective parameters were identified. Based on these parameters, predictive models are presented in detail and compare with each other. The results showed that the considered soft computing techniques are very good capabilities to determine the shear capacity.
This document outlines the course structure and content for ECE 2408 Theory of Structures V. The course introduces finite element methods for structural analysis. It covers matrix analysis of structures, force and deformation methods, and the use of finite element analysis software. The document compares analytical and finite element analysis methods and explains the key steps in finite element modeling and analysis, including discretization, deriving element stiffness matrices, assembling the global stiffness matrix, applying boundary conditions, and solving for displacements, strains and stresses. The course aims to provide students with skills in using finite element analysis for structural design and problem solving.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Probabilistic Design of Hollow Circular Composite Structure by using Finite E...IJERA Editor
This document summarizes a study that uses finite element analysis to analyze the bending stress of a hollow circular composite beam under static loading conditions while accounting for uncertainty in design variables. A probabilistic design system is used to simulate the effects of varying the beam's length, radius, material properties, ply angles, thickness, and applied load on the bending stress. The results identify that variation in load, radius, modulus, ply thickness, and angles have the most significant effect on bending stress. The analysis finds the bending stress can range from 104 to 392 MPa with a 90% probability of being below 250 MPa. Improving the robustness of the design may require addressing variables with the highest sensitivity on bending stress.
Finite Element Analysis Rajendra M.pdfRaviSekhar35
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A Density Control Based Adaptive Hexahedral Mesh Generation Algorithmijeei-iaes
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THREE-DIMENSIONAL STUDY FOR THE RELATIVE POSITIONING OF MECHANICAL ELEMENTS I...meijjournal
ABSTRACT
The great evolution of the data-processing tools during the last years allowed for the development of the computer aided design in the field of mechanical structures. Controlling the clearance in joints between parts, is one of the required objectives to provide accurate relative movements and to minimize geometrical errors. For that purpose, a new method of static study allowing for the computation of the equilibrium positions of various elements in spatial mechanisms constituted by parallel joints and subjected to mechanical loadings is proposed. The isostatic study takes into account the presence of the clearance in the mechanism joints. The method is based to the minimization of the potential energy by means of some algorithms of optimization. The results obtained show the effectiveness of the method.
THREE-DIMENSIONAL STUDY FOR THE RELATIVE POSITIONING OF MECHANICAL ELEMENTS I...meijjournal
The great evolution of the data-processing tools during the last years allowed for the development of the computer aided design in the field of mechanical structures. Controlling the clearance in joints between parts, is one of the required objectives to provide accurate relative movements and to minimize geometrical errors. For that purpose, a new method of static study allowing for the computation of the equilibrium positions of various elements in spatial mechanisms constituted by parallel joints and subjected to mechanical loadings is proposed. The isostatic study takes into account the presence of the clearance in the mechanism joints. The method is based to the minimization of the potential energy by means of some algorithms of optimization. The results obtained show the effectiveness of the method.
A Review on Finite Element Analysis of Beam to Column Endplate Bolted ConnectionIOSR Journals
This paper gives a bibliographical review of the methods which are applied for the analysis of
Beam to column bolted end plate connection from the theoretical as well as practical points of view. The
bibliography at the end of the paper contains 84 references of papers and conference proceedings on the subject
that were published between 1914 and 2011. These are classified in the following categories:
Conventional methods like experimental, empirical, analytical, mechanical, informational and other
methods.
Finite Element Method(s) (FEM) using different software like ANSYS, ABACUS etc
IRJET-Authentication System – Overview of Graphical PasswordsIRJET Journal
1. The document presents a finite element analysis of perforated beam-column connections using ANSYS software. The study aims to model and analyze the behavior of connections with circular and hexagonal web openings.
2. An analytical model of a conventional beam-column connection is first created and validated against experimental test results from previous literature. The response of perforated connections is then compared to the conventional design.
3. The load-deflection behavior and von Mises stresses are evaluated for connections with varying numbers of openings. Results show that perforated connections perform similarly to conventional ones, with only minor increases in deflection and stress.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
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In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
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Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
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1. T. Subramani Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 6( Version 5), June 2014, pp.289-295
www.ijera.com 289 | P a g e
Design and Analysis of Hybrid Composite Lap Joint Using FEM
T. Subramani1
, A. Arul2
1
Professor & Dean, Department of Civil Engineering, VMKV Engineering College, Vinayaka Missions
University, Salem, India.
2
PG Student of Structural Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, VMKV Engineering College,
Vinayaka Missions University, Salem,
ABSTRACT
In 1909 Ritz developed an effective method for the approximate solution of problems in the mechanics of
deformable solids. It includes an approximation of energy functional by the known functions with unknown
coefficients. Minimization of functional in relation to each unknown leads to the system of equations from
which the unknown coefficients may be determined. One from the main restrictions in the Ritz method is that
functions used should satisfy to the boundary conditions of the problem.
In 1943 Courant considerably increased possibilities of the Ritz method by introduction of the special linear
functions defined over triangular regions and applied the method for the solution of torsion problems. As
unknowns, the values of functions in the node points of triangular regions were chosen. Thus, the main
restriction of the Ritz functions – a satisfaction to the boundary conditions was eliminated. The Ritz method
together with the Courant modification is similar with FEM proposed independently by Clough many years later
introducing for the first time in 1960 the term “finite element” in the paper “The finite element method in plane
stress analysis”. The main reason of wide spreading of FEM in 1960 is the possibility to use computers for the
big volume of computations required by FEM. However, Courant did not have such possibility in 1943. An
important contribution was brought into FEM development by the papers of Argyris, Turner, Martin, Hrennikov
and many others. The first book on FEM, which can be examined as textbook, was published in 1967 by
Zienkiewicz and Cheung and called “The finite element method in structural and continuum mechanics”. This
book presents the broad interpretation of the method and its applicability to any general field problems.
Although the method has been extensively used previously in the field of structural mechanics, it has been
successfully applied now for the solution of several other types of engineering problems like heat conduction,
fluid dynamics, electric and magnetic fields, and others.
KEYWORDS: FEM, FEM development, Zienkiewicz. hybrid composite lap joint
I. INTRODUCTION
The common methods available for the solution of
general field problems, like elasticity, fluid flow, heat
transfer problems, etc., can be classified as presented
in Fig. Below FEM will be compared with analytical
solution of differential equation and Ritz method
considering the shaft under tensile load.
Fig. 1.1 Classification of Common Methods
FEM
FEM was treated previously as a generalization
of the displacement method for shaft systems. For a
computation of beams, plates, shells, etc. by FEM, a
construction is presented in a view of element
assembly. It is assumed that they are connected in a
finite number of nodal points. Then it is considered
that the nodal displacements determine the field of
displacements of each finite element. That gives the
possibility to use the principle of virtual
displacements to write the equilibrium equations of
element assembly so, as made for a calculation of
shaft systems.
Introduction to Finite Element Method
There are two version of FEM
1. Flexibility Method or Force Method:
2. Stiffness Method or Displacement Method.
The set of equations in the stiffness method are the
equilibrium equations relating displacements of
points.
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. T. Subramani Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
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Rayleigh-Ritz is an approximate method based
on energy principle by which we can obtain
equilibrium equations in matrix form.
The learning objectives in this chapter is:
1.Understand Rayleigh-Ritz method and its
application to axial members, torsion of circular
shafts, and symmetric bending of beams.
2.Understand the perspective, the key issues, the
terminology, and steps used in solving problems by
finite element method.
Finite element of tensile shaft.
How the FEM works
To summarize in general terms how the finite
element method works we list main steps of the finite
element solution procedure below.
1. Discretize the continuum. The first step is to
divide a solution region into finite elements. The
finite element mesh is typically generated by a
preprocessor program. The description of mesh
consists of several arrays main of which are
nodal coordinates and element connectivities.
2. Select interpolation functions. Interpolation
functions are used to interpolate the field
variables over the element. Often, polynomials
are selected as interpolation functions. The
degree of the polynomial depends on the number
of nodes assigned to the element.
3. Find the element properties. The matrix equation
for the finite element should be established which
relates the nodal values of the unknown function
to other parameters. For this task different
approaches can be used; the most convenient are:
the variational approach and the Galerkin
method.
4. Assemble the element equations. To find the
global equation system for the whole solution
region we must assemble all the element
equations. In other words we must combine local
element equations for all elements used for
discretization. Element connectivities are used
for the assembly process. Before solution,
boundary conditions (which are not accounted in
element equations) should be imposed.
Figure 1.1: Two one-dimensional linear elements and function interpolation inside element.
5. Solve the global equation system. The finite
element global equation system is typically
sparse, symmetric and positive definite. Direct
and iterative methods can be used for solution.
The nodal values of the sought function are
produced as a result of the solution.
6. Compute additional results. In many cases we
need to calculate additional parameters. For
example, in mechanical problems strains and
stresses are of interest in addition to
displacements, which are obtained after solution
of the global equation system.
1.2 Formulation of finite element equations
Several approaches can be used to transform the
physical formulation of the problem to its finite
element discrete analogue. If the physical formulation
of the problem is known as a differential equation
then the most popular method of its finite element
formulation is the Galerkin method. If the physical
problem
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can be formulated as minimization of a functional
then variational formulation of the finite element
equations is usually used.
What is a lap joint?
Lap or halving joints are used for joining pieces of
timber.
• It needs special cuts in the timber
• The joint is fixed with nails or screws
The two pieces of timber are cut so that they fit
together at different angles. Usually half the timber
thickness is cut away. That is why it can be called a
halving joint.
What is a lap joint used for?
It is used for such things as
• joining long lengths of timber in a frame
• corner joints
• crossing one length of timber over another.
INTRODUCTION OF COMPOSITE
Nowadays the composite materials like plastics
reinforced with carbon fibres (CFRP), glass fibres
(GFRP), and aramid fibres (AFRP) are widely used in
various industries such as automotive, chemical,
electrical industry, aircraft and even in cryogenics.
Due to its superior properties, composites have
been one of the materials used for repairing the
existing structures in various applications and also for
joining composite parts together, using adhesives or
mechanical fasteners nowadays, a new method called
hybrid joint is also being employed where a
combination of both adhesive and mechanical
fasteners are used.
In the present project, an attempt is made to
analyze the stress distribution in 3D models of three
configurations of double riveted Single lap joint
namely bonded, riveted, hybrid. A major advantage of
adhesive bonds with fastener may be designed and
made in such a way that they can be stronger than the
ultimate strength of many metals and it is broadly
used in the fuselage panels in aircrafts structures etc.
II. Objective
In this attempt three joints were modeled using
proE and analysis is done by using Ansys workbench.
The stresses for two different materials were found
such as vonmises, shear and normal stress.
III. Materials and Methods
Material of CFRP (carbon fibre reinforced
plastic) composite with modeling and static analysis
of 3D models of the joints (bonded, riveted, hybrid)
were carried out using PROE (creoparametric)
modeling and ANSYS FEA workbench software .
3.1 GENERAL
For understanding the seismic behaviour of
precast concrete structures, the study of behaviour of
joints is of great importance as the connections form
the weakest link in the structure. Experimental studies
are necessary as it gives the realistic response of the
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structure. But Finite Element Modelling as gained
importance as experimental investigations though
accurate can be time consuming and costly. The use
of Finite Element packages to model the structural
elements is faster and cost effective.
Hence, many parameters can be studied by
modelling the structural elements using Finite
Element packages. Several researchers worldwide
have investigated the behaviour of precast beam-
column connections under earthquake loading both
experimentally and analytically. A detailed review of
the literature has been carried out to understand the
behaviour of precast beam column connections under
cyclic loading. Among these the most significant
literatures are briefly summarized in this chapter. The
finite element modelling related to precast beam-
column modelling related work are also reviewed.
OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE
3.2 Studies on Experimental Investigations of
Precast Beam
Column joints under Seismic Loading
3.2.1 Wet Connections
Bull and Park (1986) investigated the
performance of cast-in-place reinforced concrete
moment resisting frames incorporating precast
prestressed concrete U- beam shells subjected to
seismic loading. The precast beams acted as
permanent formwork and were not connected by steel
to the cast-in-place concrete of the beam or column.
Three full scale exterior beam column subassemblies
were tested. It was concluded that the two specimens
that were designed for seismic loading was
satisfactory and can be used in ductile seismic
resisting frame. The third specimen that was designed
without special provisions for seismic loading was
suitable for non seismic resisting frames where the
seismic loads are carried by walls and other structural
systems. Cheok and Lew (1991) attempted to develop
moment resisting precast concrete connections in
seismically active regions by testing four one third
scale monolithic concrete beam-to-column
connections.
Two were designed according to the 1985
Uniform Building Code (UBC) Seismic zone 2
criteria and two according to UBC zone 4 criteria. In
addition, two precast post-tensioned concrete beam-
to-column connection similar in design to the
monolithic zone 4 specimens were tested. It was
concluded that post tensioned precast concrete beam-
column connections are strong and as ductile as the
monolithic connections, for high seismic regions.
However, the per cycle and cumulative energy.
MECHANICALLY FASTENED JOINTS
Mechanical joints are used when repeated
disassembly and reassembly is required or when
surface preparation is not practical. Mechanical joints
require that bolt or rivet holes are drilled into the
composite, that reduced the net cross sectional area of
the structure and introduce localized stress
concentration. These stress concentrations can cause
ply delamination since they will include through
thickness tensile and shear stresses. Mechanical joints
add weight to the structure from the added weight of
the bolt or rivet.
They also pose a risk for corrosion since the
laminate and fastener may comprise dissimilar
materials and moisture can be trapped in the crevices
inherent in such joints. However mechanical joints
can be readily inspected before assembly and while in
service. Examples of two typical bolted joints are the
single lap joint and double strap joints as shown in
Fig.2.1
Figure 2-1. Basic types of mechanical joints.
The single lap joint is the simplest and most
weight efficient but the load results in a moment due
to off-set load. The double lap joint eliminate the
moment but adds additional weight from the straps
and additional bolt. A circular hole in tensioned FRP
plates may be classified into three types as follows:
(1) open-hole tension: the FRP plates were subjected
to uniaxial tension with no constraint imposed on the
hole, filled-hole tension: a bolt, φ = dB, was inserted
inside the hole, φ = dH, with/without a clamp-up load.
A washer, φ = dW, was inserted between a bolt head
and tail and the FRP plate to distribute the clamp-up
load, as shown in Fig.2.2. The FRP plates were
subjected to uniaxial tension, and (3) bolted joint,
bolt-loaded hole: double-lap bolted joints were
subjected to a uniaxial load with/without clamp-up
load.
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Figure 2-2. Geometries of the (a, b) specimens for
open- and filled-hole tension tests, and (c) bolted joint
test setup.
In the case of open-hole tension, the mode of
failure mainly depends on the fiber/matrix interface.
A weak interface results in longitudinal crack
propagation along the interface, while a strong
interface results in transverse crack propagation
across fibers leading to premature composite failure.
However, an interface of intermediate strength leads
to optimum composite performance between these
extreme conditions. Based on the specimen geometry
and the interfacial strength of unidirectional FRP, the
crack emanating from notches, such as circular holes,
may grow parallel to the loading and fiber direction,
i.e. notch insensitive. A schematic description of the
damage pattern for a composite laminate is shown in
Fig. 2.3
In the case of Fiber Breakage & Matrix Cracking
mode of failure, damage is localized to the stress
concentration areas before final failure. Edge
Delamination mode of failure may occur in both
open- and filled-hole specimens in an early loading
stage. The edge delamination grew throughout the
width of the open-hole specimens. In addition, a
Fiber-Matrix Splitting mode occurred along the zero
degree plies (in the direction of the applied load)
emanating from the edge of the hole.
Figure 2-3. Typical tensile failure modes in
composite laminates containing a circular hole.
IV. HYBRID JOINTS
In an attempt to improve the joint strength of
composite materials, a hybrid of adhesive and bolted
joints has also been explored [88], Fig. 5-1. Hybrid
joints failed at a higher load than the bolted joints and
with the proper clamping torque reached the same
failure load as the adhesive joints. Furthermore,
unlike the adhesive joints, hybrid joints failed in two
steps, first by initiation of fiber tear (akin to
delamination in laminated continuous fiber
composites) at one of the lap ends and then by tensile
failure across the bolt hole.
This led to a slightly higher overall elongation at
failure for specimens with the hybrid joints. Failure in
fatigue also started by fiber tear and when the fiber
tear progressed to the bolted area, a combination of
half-net-tension failure and splitting (cleavage failure)
occurred. In both static as well fatigue, failure was
initiated by fiber tear and the round washers with their
edges located slightly away from the lap ends were
not effective in preventing fiber tear.
Fu and Mallick found that, hybrid joints give
better static as well as fatigue performance than
adhesive joints in structural reaction injection molded
composites when fiber tear, the primary failure mode
in adhesive joints, is either prevented or delayed by
the presence of clamping. Their finite element
analyses proved that the presence of the lateral
clamping pressure can significantly decrease the
maximum peel stress at the interface, which helps in
achieving improved joint performance.
Joint Types
The American Welding Society defines a joint as
“the manner in which materials fit together.” As
shown in Figure 6-1, there are five basic types of
weld joints:
Butt joint.
T-joint.
Lap joint.
Corner joint.
Edge joint.
Weld Types
There are various types of welds that can be
made in each of the basic joints. They include: Butt
joint,.
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Square-groove butt weld.
Bevel-groove butt weld.
V-groove butt weld.
J-groove butt weld.
U-groove butt weld.
Flare-V-groove butt weld.
Flare-bevel-groove butt weld.
V. Bonded joints
5.1 Categories of plastic waste
Categorisation can help us understand plastic
waste and identify sources. However, most
classifications have a purpose and waste is often
categorised with a specific goal in mind. For example,
a waste classification designed to support a recycling
programme would identify commonly recycled
plastics (Barnes et al., 2009). Classification can also
depend on policy, for example, Moore et al. (2011)
conducted a study on plastic debris in two Californian
rivers that categorised pieces as below (Fig.4.1)or
above 4.5mm, because Californian law defines
rubbish as being 5mm or greater.
Fig 4.1.Vonmises stress of riveted joint
VI. ANSYS ANALYSIS RESULTS
BONDED JOINT
5.1 The marine surface - monitoring plastic waste
floating at sea
Surveys at sea are more costly and challenging
than beach surveys and can only assess standing (or
floating) stocks rather than accumulation rates,
because it is impossible to perform a complete clean-
up. Amounts of floating debris can be estimated either
by direct observation or by net trawls.
In general, net-based surveys tend to be less
subjective. Most research has been done using
Neuston or Manta trawl nets, which have a small
mesh (usually 0.3mm, and small net opening and thus
focus on microplastics). Manta trawls have been used
to sample and characterise the large gyre systems in
the oceans with elevated amounts of clustered marine
litter (Pichel et al., 2007). One of the most well
known research programmes that use this method is
the Algalita Centre, which regularly monitors the
North Pacific Subtropical Gyre (see Figure 7). In
1999, they reported just under 335,000 items of
plastic per km2, weighing 5.1 kg per km2 (Moore et
al., 2001).
VII. CONCLUSION
In this analysis, FEA for the prediction of stress
distribute on in bonded, riveted and hybrid joints have
been carried out 3D models were created by using
PROE (creoparametric) and analyzed using ANSYS
workbench FEA software .shear stress was used to
compared the results with three joining methods .
The shear stress with hybrid joint has less value
of stress and also the carbon fibre reinforced plastic is
more strength than any other composite material. The
stress induced by using ANSYS is less than the
material ultimate stress and ultimate limit.
The total deformation for both the materials in
hybrid joint is less. It was found that a well designed
hybrid joint is very efficient when compared to
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bonded, riveted joints in case of repair situation in
aircraft fuselage panels ,structures etc.
Increasing the efficiency of composite single-
shear lap joints using bonded inserts. CFRP with
aluminium alloy plates can be tested in experimental.
CFRP with aluminium alloy plates can be tested in
experimental and can find the strength and stress
distribution with different composite materials. The
joint design can be made and optimization of riveted
joint can be performed. Stress and Failure Analysis
Of Laminated Composite Pinned Joints can be
performed.
REFERENCES
[1] K.N. Anyfantis, N.G. Tsouvalis. Experimental
Parametric Study of Single-Lap Adhesive
Joints between Dissimilar Materials.
ECCM15 - 15th European Conference On
Composite Materials, Venice, Italy, 24-28
June 2012.
[2]. W.Hufenbach a, L.A.Dobrzański b, M.Gude
a, J.Konieczny b, A.Czulak a, “Optimisation
of the rivet joints of the CFRP composite
material and aluminium alloy”Achievements
in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering
Volume 20 (2007).
[3]. Hart-Smith, L.J. „Adhesive –bonded single
lap joints”Nasa Report Cr-112236, Langely
research Center, VA (1973).
[4]. Paroissien Eric, Sartor Marc, Huet Jacques,
“hybrid (bolted/bonded) joints applied to
aeronautic parts: analytical one-dimensional
models of a single lap Joint”, composite
single-lap joints”, Composite Structures,
Volume 69, Issue 1, 2005, pp.35-43.
[5] K.Mohammd Bak, k . Prasannavenkatesan,
k.kalaichelvan,” parametric study of bonded,
riveted, hybrid, journal of applied sciences
12(10):1058-1062,2012,issn 1812-5654.