The document discusses the application of the first law of thermodynamics in textile dyeing. It defines key concepts like system, surroundings, open system, and closed system. It then provides examples of how different dyeing machines like jigger, beam, and jet apply the first law as either an open system with mass flow, or a closed system without mass flow but with heat transfer. The first law states that energy is conserved during interactions between a system and its surroundings. A summary concludes that the first law describes energy exchange through heat and work for closed and open systems, with open systems allowing mass flow in and out.

1. BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITY
Ethiopian institute of textile and fashion technology
Theory of coloration
Seminar on
Applicationof first lawof thermodynamicsin
textiledyeing
By :-Berihun Gashu
(January 2021)

2.  Introduction
 First law of thermodynamics
 System and Surrounding
 Applications of first law of Thermodynamics
 First law for an open system
 First law for a closed system
 Limitations of First Law of Thermodynamics
 Summery
 References
Out line

3. Thermodynamics is the study of heat and temperature.
The 1st law of thermodynamics states during an interaction
between a system and its surroundings, the amount of energy
gained by the system must be = the amount of energy lost by
the surroundings.
i.e., energy can neither be created nor destroyed, it can only
change the form.
Throwing of a ball upwardly?
Introduction

4. What is System and Surrounding?
A system in thermodynamics refers to that part of
universe in which observations are made and
remaining universe constitutes the surroundings.
The surroundings include everything other than
the system.
System and the surroundings together constitute
the universe.

5. A flask containing some dyeing liquor
can also be considered as a system where
the glass body of flask is system
boundary.
 Everything outside the flask is it’s
surrounding.
Conti…

6. System

7. Open System: Mass, heat, energy flow freely
Open System?

8. The system is no more closed now, it’s an
open system.
The mass is continuously varying.
 It can have an inlet mass flow rate at
particular pressure and particular velocity.
Similarly there will be exit flow rate of
particular pressure and velocity.
The gas is continuously flowing.
A piston-cylinder open system made by
making the cylinder open
Conti…

9. Closed System: Heat, energy flow freely
Closed System?

10. Here the cylinder has got some gas inside it.
Assume there is no air leakage to the surrounding.
 So this is an example of closed system where
mass does not change.
Assume the gas is absorbing some heat Q from
the surrounding; also assume that this gas is able to
push the piston upwards due to high pressure of
gas.
So the gas is doing some work on the piston with
quantity W.
∆E = q + w (work done on the system)
∆E = q - w (work done by the system)
Piston-cylinder arrangement to
demonstrate first law for a closed system
Conti…

11.  Isolated System: No mass, heat,
or energy flow
∆U = 0 , Adiabatic process
∆U = 0
Isolated system?
Mass and energy remains constant within the system, and no energy or
mass transfer takes place across the boundary.
Truly isolated physical systems do not exist in reality.

12. Applications of first law of
Thermodynamics in textile dyeing

13. In an open Winch dyeing
There is a movement of fabric, while the dye liquor remains
stationary.
The variation of flow of mass continuously.
The dye bath is heated through the heating coils, Q is imparted.
The fabric is made into a number of loops by sewing the ends together
after dyeing complete.
In an open winch the material can move in or out of it and energy
too.
Therefore an open system of first law of thermodynamics is applied
during dyeing
Application First law for an open system

14. Conti…

15. But?
Conti…

16. In Jigger dyeing machines
In this machine there is a movement of fabric,
while the dye liquor remains stationary.
The dye bath is heated to boiling temperature
through the steam heating coil, Q is imparted.
Continuously the mass vary by Unwinding and
winding mechanism.
In an open jigger machine the material can
move in or out of it and energy too.
Open system 1st law of thermodynamics.

17. In Padded Mangle Dyeing Machine
The fabric is passed through stationary
liquor, and with the help of rollers through.
Material flow continuously until dye
completed but liquid stationary.
In padded mangle dyeing machine the
material can move in or out of it and
energy too.
Open system 1st law of thermodynamics.

18. In Warp Dyeing Machine
The material move through but the liquid
stationary.
 In warp dyeing machine the material can
move in or out of it and energy too.
Open system 1st law of thermodynamics.

19. In Jet dyeing
The jet dyeing process involves the
movement of fabric, as well as the
movement of dye liquid.
The dye bath is heated to extremely high
temperatures.
Jet is a closed machine with high pressure
and temperature.
 In jet dyeing machine no material flows in
or out of the machine but heat can flow in
and out
Closed system of first law of
thermodynamics.
Application First law for closed system

20. In Beam Dyeing Machine
The Beam Dyeing machine allow uniform
circulation of the dye liquor through the stationary
material, or movement of the goods through the
stationary dye bath, or, preferably, circulation of
both the bath and the material.
Then the dye liquor is passed through the beam at
high pressure from inside to outside or outside to
inside
 In beam dyeing machine no material flows in or
out of the machine but heat can flow in and out
Closed system of first law of thermodynamics.

21. In Solvent Dyeing Machine
In this type of dyeing machine, the fabric
is loaded on a drum, and the drum
rotates.
while rotating solvent/liquor is spread on
the fabric.
There is no material flows in or out of
the machine but heat can flow in and out.
Closed system of first law of
thermodynamics.

22. In Package / Cop Dyeing Machine
Yarn is wound on perforated plastic/steel bobbin as
stationary and dyed a continuous flow of liquor.
There is no material flows in or out of the
machine but heat can flow in and out.
Closed system of first law of thermodynamics.

23. In Continuous Loose Stock Dyeing Machine
 Fibers are dyed in an enclosed
chamber step after step.
 The fibers stay stationary, and the
liquor moves around throughout
the fibers.
 Here there is no material flows in
or out of the machine but heat can
flow in and out.
 Closed system of first law of
thermodynamics

24. Limitations of First Law of Thermodynamics
 It does not say anything about the direction of flow of
heat.
It does not say anything whether the process is a
spontaneous process or not.
The reverse process is not possible.
 In actual practice, the heat doesn’t convert completely into
work.

25. The first law of thermodynamics states during an interaction
between a system and its surroundings, the amount of energy
gained by the system must be exactly equal to the amount of energy
lost by the surroundings.
 A closed system can exchange energy with its surroundings
through heat and work transfer. But no mass flow in and out.
An open system can exchange energy with its surroundings
through heat and work transfer and also there is flow of mass in
and out.
An isolated system can not exchange energy with its surroundings
through heat and work form and no mass flow in and out.
Summery

26. https://textilelearner.blogspot.com/2012/01/jigger-dyeing-machine-dyeing-
process.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_system
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gamble_Kirkwood
https://learnengineering.org/first-law-of-thermodynamics-for-an-open-system.html
http://www.umich.edu/~chem260/fall01/lecture20.pdf
https://www.toppr.com/guides/physics/thermodynamics/first-law-of-
thermodynamics/
https://www.slideshare.net/agsmeice/basic-concept-and-first-law-of-thermodynamics
https://textiletuts.com/types-of-dyeing-machines/
https://www.sfu.ca/~mbahrami/ENSC%20388/Notes/First%20Law%20of%20Therm
odynamics_Closed%20Systems.pdf
Reference

27. Thank You for
your
kind attention!