This document provides information about P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker College of Engineering & Technology in Oovery, India. It specifically discusses the Department of Mechanical Engineering course ME3391 Engineering Thermodynamics, Unit I which covers basics, zeroth law, and first law of thermodynamics. The document then provides 15 multiple choice and short answer questions related to concepts covered in Unit I such as closed and open systems, intensive/extensive properties, steady flow processes, reversible processes, and applications of the first law of thermodynamics. It directs the reader to specific thermodynamics textbooks for reference in solving similar problems.
Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with heat and other forms of energy. The first law of thermodynamics states that the total energy of a system remains constant, such that any increase in one form of energy (such as heat) results in an equal decrease in another form (such as work). The second law states that heat cannot spontaneously flow from a colder body to a hotter body without an input of work. The third law states that the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero as the temperature approaches absolute zero.
This document contains definitions, examples, and questions related to thermodynamics. It covers topics like the first and second laws of thermodynamics.
1) It defines open, closed, and isolated systems and gives examples. Open systems allow heat, work, and mass transfer while closed systems only allow heat and work transfer.
2) It provides definitions for key thermodynamics terms like intensive and extensive properties, boundary, specific heat, and more. Intensive properties do not depend on amount of substance while extensive properties do.
3) It lists statements of the first and second laws of thermodynamics. The first law relates heat, work, and changes in internal energy. The second law states that heat
This document provides definitions and explanations of thermodynamic concepts related to pure substances and the steam power cycle. It includes definitions of terms like latent heat, saturation temperature and pressure, and superheated steam. It also summarizes the key points that latent heat is the heat required for phase changes, saturation conditions define boiling and vaporization, and superheating steam provides benefits like more work and efficiency by further heating dry steam.
This document contains a summary of key concepts in engineering thermodynamics:
1. It defines different types of thermodynamic systems - open, closed, and isolated - and gives examples of each.
2. It explains important thermodynamic concepts like intensive and extensive properties, thermal equilibrium, boundaries, and states.
3. It covers the first and second laws of thermodynamics, including definitions of reversible and irreversible processes, and statements like Kelvin-Planck, Clausius, and Carnot's theorem.
4. It discusses thermodynamic properties, processes, cycles and applications to devices like turbines, compressors and heat engines.
ETD-UNIT-I-BASIC CONCEPTS& FIRST LAW.pptxselvakumar948
This document provides an overview of basic thermodynamics concepts including:
- The definitions and scope of thermodynamics as the study of energy transfer and its effects.
- The key concepts of systems, surroundings, properties, states, processes, equilibrium, and cycles.
- An explanation of the first law of thermodynamics that internal energy changes equal heat transfer minus work.
- Descriptions of important thermodynamic properties including enthalpy, internal energy, and specific heat capacities.
This document discusses thermodynamics and the first and second laws of thermodynamics. It begins with an introduction to heat transfer and how heat can be used to do work. It then defines the first law of thermodynamics, which states that the change in internal energy of a system equals the net heat transfer into the system minus the net work done by the system. Several examples are provided to illustrate applying the first law to calculate changes in internal energy. The document also discusses how the first law relates to human metabolism and food consumption.
Unit 2: BASIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING by varun pratap singhVarun Pratap Singh
Free Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
UNIT-2:
Zeroth law: Zeroth law, Different temperature scales and temperature measurement
First law: First law of thermodynamics. Processes - flow and non-flow, Control volume, Flow work and non-flow work, Steady flow energy equation, Unsteady flow systems and their analysis.
Second law: Limitations of first law of thermodynamics, Essence of second law, Thermal reservoir, Heat engines. COP of heat pump and refrigerator. Statements of the second law and their equivalence, Carnot cycle, Carnot theorem, Thermodynamic temperature scale, Clausius inequality. Concept of entropy.
In this PPT have have covered
1. Basic thermodynamics definition
2. Thermodynamics law
3. Properties , cycle, Process
4. Derivation of the Process
5.Formula for the numericals.
This topic is use full for those students who want to study basic thermodynamics as a part of their University syllabus.
Most of the university having basic Mechanical engineering as a subject and in this subject Thermodynamics is a topic so by this PPT our aim is to give presentable knowledge of the subject
Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with heat and other forms of energy. The first law of thermodynamics states that the total energy of a system remains constant, such that any increase in one form of energy (such as heat) results in an equal decrease in another form (such as work). The second law states that heat cannot spontaneously flow from a colder body to a hotter body without an input of work. The third law states that the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero as the temperature approaches absolute zero.
This document contains definitions, examples, and questions related to thermodynamics. It covers topics like the first and second laws of thermodynamics.
1) It defines open, closed, and isolated systems and gives examples. Open systems allow heat, work, and mass transfer while closed systems only allow heat and work transfer.
2) It provides definitions for key thermodynamics terms like intensive and extensive properties, boundary, specific heat, and more. Intensive properties do not depend on amount of substance while extensive properties do.
3) It lists statements of the first and second laws of thermodynamics. The first law relates heat, work, and changes in internal energy. The second law states that heat
This document provides definitions and explanations of thermodynamic concepts related to pure substances and the steam power cycle. It includes definitions of terms like latent heat, saturation temperature and pressure, and superheated steam. It also summarizes the key points that latent heat is the heat required for phase changes, saturation conditions define boiling and vaporization, and superheating steam provides benefits like more work and efficiency by further heating dry steam.
This document contains a summary of key concepts in engineering thermodynamics:
1. It defines different types of thermodynamic systems - open, closed, and isolated - and gives examples of each.
2. It explains important thermodynamic concepts like intensive and extensive properties, thermal equilibrium, boundaries, and states.
3. It covers the first and second laws of thermodynamics, including definitions of reversible and irreversible processes, and statements like Kelvin-Planck, Clausius, and Carnot's theorem.
4. It discusses thermodynamic properties, processes, cycles and applications to devices like turbines, compressors and heat engines.
ETD-UNIT-I-BASIC CONCEPTS& FIRST LAW.pptxselvakumar948
This document provides an overview of basic thermodynamics concepts including:
- The definitions and scope of thermodynamics as the study of energy transfer and its effects.
- The key concepts of systems, surroundings, properties, states, processes, equilibrium, and cycles.
- An explanation of the first law of thermodynamics that internal energy changes equal heat transfer minus work.
- Descriptions of important thermodynamic properties including enthalpy, internal energy, and specific heat capacities.
This document discusses thermodynamics and the first and second laws of thermodynamics. It begins with an introduction to heat transfer and how heat can be used to do work. It then defines the first law of thermodynamics, which states that the change in internal energy of a system equals the net heat transfer into the system minus the net work done by the system. Several examples are provided to illustrate applying the first law to calculate changes in internal energy. The document also discusses how the first law relates to human metabolism and food consumption.
Unit 2: BASIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING by varun pratap singhVarun Pratap Singh
Free Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
UNIT-2:
Zeroth law: Zeroth law, Different temperature scales and temperature measurement
First law: First law of thermodynamics. Processes - flow and non-flow, Control volume, Flow work and non-flow work, Steady flow energy equation, Unsteady flow systems and their analysis.
Second law: Limitations of first law of thermodynamics, Essence of second law, Thermal reservoir, Heat engines. COP of heat pump and refrigerator. Statements of the second law and their equivalence, Carnot cycle, Carnot theorem, Thermodynamic temperature scale, Clausius inequality. Concept of entropy.
In this PPT have have covered
1. Basic thermodynamics definition
2. Thermodynamics law
3. Properties , cycle, Process
4. Derivation of the Process
5.Formula for the numericals.
This topic is use full for those students who want to study basic thermodynamics as a part of their University syllabus.
Most of the university having basic Mechanical engineering as a subject and in this subject Thermodynamics is a topic so by this PPT our aim is to give presentable knowledge of the subject
This document provides an introduction to thermodynamics, including:
- A definition of thermodynamics as the study of energy and energy transformations between a system and its surroundings.
- A brief history of thermodynamics beginning with Otto von Guericke's vacuum pump in 1650 and the formulation of Boyle's Law by Robert Boyle and Robert Hooke.
- Explanations of key thermodynamics concepts and terminology like system, boundary, properties, and the zeroth, first, and second laws of thermodynamics.
- Summaries of processes involving perfect gases like isobaric, isochoric, and adiabatic processes, as well as thermodynamic cycles like the Carnot,
Unit no 1 fundamentals of thermodyanamicsATUL PRADHAN
The document provides information on various thermodynamics concepts:
- A pure substance has a constant composition, while a mixture consists of multiple substances.
- A system is the quantity of matter under analysis, and can be open, closed, or isolated based on mass and energy transfers.
- Thermodynamic properties include intensive properties like temperature and pressure, and extensive properties like volume and energy which depend on system mass.
- Processes involve system state changes or energy transfers. Equilibrium occurs when properties are uniform throughout the system.
The document discusses key concepts from kinetic theory of gases and thermodynamics. It defines kinetic theory of gases as describing gas as particles in random motion that collide with each other and container walls. This explains macroscopic gas properties like pressure. It then outlines Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution and related equations that describe the distribution of molecular speeds at a given temperature. The document also summarizes the four laws of thermodynamics, including definitions of entropy, Carnot cycle efficiency, and applications of thermodynamic concepts.
Thermodynamics studies energy transfer as heat and work. The first law states that energy is conserved and can change forms but not be created or destroyed. The amount of heat absorbed by a system equals its change in internal energy plus work done by the system. The second law limits the direction of heat transfer and states that heat cannot be fully converted to work. Entropy is a measure of disorder in a system that always increases due to the second law. The Carnot cycle uses reversible, isothermal and adiabatic processes to achieve the maximum possible efficiency between two temperature reservoirs.
The document discusses key concepts in engineering chemistry including:
1) Laws of thermodynamics like entropy change and Gibbs free energy are covered as well as kinetics concepts like activation energy and the Arrhenius equation.
2) Specific topics covered include the three laws of thermodynamics, concepts like enthalpy, heat capacity, and various thermodynamic processes.
3) The Carnot cycle is discussed as a theoretical reversible heat engine cycle used to demonstrate the maximum efficiency possible for a heat engine.
This document discusses entropy and the second law of thermodynamics. It can be summarized as follows:
1. Entropy is a quantitative measure of disorder or randomness in a system. The second law states that entropy always increases or remains constant in isolated systems, meaning disorder cannot decrease over time.
2. The entropy change of a system is defined for reversible processes, where it is equal to the integral of heat transfer over temperature. For irreversible processes, the entropy change is greater than this integral.
3. The increase of entropy principle states that the entropy of an isolated system always increases during a process, or remains constant for reversible processes. This means the entropy of the universe is continuously increasing over time as no
This document provides an overview of key concepts in chemical thermodynamics, including:
1. Systems, surroundings, boundaries, open vs closed vs isolated systems, and extensive vs intensive properties are introduced.
2. The three laws of thermodynamics - first law regarding energy conservation, second law regarding entropy, and third law regarding unattainability of zero kelvin - are briefly outlined.
3. Key thermodynamic processes like isothermal, adiabatic, isobaric, and isochoric processes are defined.
4. Important thermodynamic parameters like internal energy, work, heat, and enthalpy are explained. Sign conventions and the mathematical statement of the first law relating these parameters
thermodynamics, basic definitions with explanations, heat transfer, mode of heat transfer, Difference between thermodynamics and heat transfer?What is entropy?
1. The document discusses the second law of thermodynamics and entropy.
2. It provides three common statements of the second law: (1) heat cannot be converted completely to work, (2) heat cannot spontaneously flow from cold to hot bodies, and (3) the entropy of an isolated system always increases.
3. Entropy is defined as an extensive property of a system related to the heat transfer and temperature for a reversible process. The change in total entropy for any natural process is positive.
This document provides an overview of thermodynamics and heat transfer concepts. It defines thermodynamics as the branch of science dealing with energy interaction and its effects on systems and surroundings. The key concepts covered include:
- Types of systems (isolated, closed, open) and their defining characteristics.
- Properties of systems, including intensive and extensive properties.
- The three main phases of a pure substance (solid, liquid, gas) and phase changes.
- The ideal gas law and its variables (pressure, volume, temperature).
- Specific heats and the relationship between heat capacity at constant pressure and volume.
- The first law of thermodynamics regarding conservation of energy for closed
This document provides an introduction to thermodynamics. It defines thermodynamics as the science dealing with heat, work, and their relation to properties of matter and energy change. The document outlines the four laws of thermodynamics and describes the zeroth law regarding thermal equilibrium, the first law regarding conservation of energy and internal energy, the second law regarding limits on heat conversion and direction of processes, and the third law defining absolute zero entropy. Examples of engineering applications are given in areas like heat engines, refrigeration, and air conditioning. Key concepts discussed include system, surroundings, state, path, process, equilibrium, intensive/extensive properties, and reversible/irreversible processes.
Thermodynamics note chapter:4 First law of ThermodynamicsAshok giri
The document summarizes the first law of thermodynamics. It states that the first law, also known as the law of conservation of energy, provides a basis for relating different forms of energy and their interactions during processes. The first law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed from one form to another. For closed systems, the total energy change is equal to the net heat transfer minus the net work. For open systems, the energy change also accounts for energy entering or leaving with mass flows. The document provides several examples of applying the first law to common thermodynamic processes.
Thermodynamics deals with energy and its transformation between different forms. The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another. A thermodynamic system exchanges energy in the form of heat or work with its surroundings. Closed systems exchange only energy, while open systems can exchange both energy and matter. Thermodynamic properties like pressure, temperature, and volume are used to describe different thermodynamic processes that occur at either constant values (isobaric, isochoric, isothermal) or with varying values.
1. The document discusses key concepts in thermodynamics including thermodynamic systems, variables, processes, indicator diagrams, and the first and second laws of thermodynamics.
2. It explains different thermodynamic processes like isothermal, isobaric, isochoric and adiabatic processes. It also discusses Carnot cycle and Carnot engine.
3. The first law of thermodynamics establishes the relationship between heat, work and change in internal energy. It states that heat supplied is equal to work done plus change in internal energy for any thermodynamic process.
Thermodynamics deals with the conversion of energy from one form to another, mainly heat into work or vice versa. Some applications of thermodynamics include power generation, automobiles, processing industries, and gas compressors. The four main laws of thermodynamics are: (1) the zeroth law defines thermal equilibrium, (2) the first law concerns the conservation of energy and states that heat and work are different forms of energy transfer, (3) the second law concerns the entropy of the universe increasing, and (4) the third law relates entropy and the absolute zero of temperature. Thermodynamic properties can be either intensive, which do not depend on system size, or extensive, which do depend on system size. Ther
Thermodynamics deals with the conversion of energy from one form to another, mainly heat into work or vice versa. Some applications of thermodynamics include power generation, automobiles, processing industries, and gas compressors. The four main laws of thermodynamics are: (1) the zeroth law defines thermal equilibrium, (2) the first law concerns the conservation of energy and states that heat and work are different forms of energy transfer, (3) the second law concerns the entropy of the universe increasing, and (4) the third law relates entropy to the absolute zero of temperature. Thermodynamic properties can be either intensive, which do not depend on system size, or extensive, which do depend on system size.
Thermodynamics deals with the quantitative relationship between heat and other forms of energy. There are four laws of thermodynamics:
1) The zeroth law establishes that thermal equilibrium is transitive - if A and B are in thermal equilibrium, and B and C are in thermal equilibrium, then A and C are also in thermal equilibrium.
2) The first law states that energy is conserved - it can change forms but cannot be created or destroyed. Heat absorbed or released is used to change a system's internal energy or do work.
3) The second law establishes that spontaneous processes result in increasing disorder and unavailable energy for work. Heat cannot spontaneously flow from a cold to hot body.
4)
The document summarizes key concepts in thermodynamics including:
- The second law of thermodynamics which states that heat cannot spontaneously flow from a colder body to a hotter body.
- Closed, open, and isolated systems. A closed system does not allow matter to enter or leave, an open system does, and an isolated system exchanges neither energy nor matter.
- Properties of systems including intensive properties which do not depend on mass like temperature and pressure, and extensive properties which do depend on mass like volume.
- A cycle occurs when a process returns a system to its initial state. An ideal gas follows Boyle's law that pressure and volume are inversely proportional.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
This document provides an introduction to thermodynamics, including:
- A definition of thermodynamics as the study of energy and energy transformations between a system and its surroundings.
- A brief history of thermodynamics beginning with Otto von Guericke's vacuum pump in 1650 and the formulation of Boyle's Law by Robert Boyle and Robert Hooke.
- Explanations of key thermodynamics concepts and terminology like system, boundary, properties, and the zeroth, first, and second laws of thermodynamics.
- Summaries of processes involving perfect gases like isobaric, isochoric, and adiabatic processes, as well as thermodynamic cycles like the Carnot,
Unit no 1 fundamentals of thermodyanamicsATUL PRADHAN
The document provides information on various thermodynamics concepts:
- A pure substance has a constant composition, while a mixture consists of multiple substances.
- A system is the quantity of matter under analysis, and can be open, closed, or isolated based on mass and energy transfers.
- Thermodynamic properties include intensive properties like temperature and pressure, and extensive properties like volume and energy which depend on system mass.
- Processes involve system state changes or energy transfers. Equilibrium occurs when properties are uniform throughout the system.
The document discusses key concepts from kinetic theory of gases and thermodynamics. It defines kinetic theory of gases as describing gas as particles in random motion that collide with each other and container walls. This explains macroscopic gas properties like pressure. It then outlines Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution and related equations that describe the distribution of molecular speeds at a given temperature. The document also summarizes the four laws of thermodynamics, including definitions of entropy, Carnot cycle efficiency, and applications of thermodynamic concepts.
Thermodynamics studies energy transfer as heat and work. The first law states that energy is conserved and can change forms but not be created or destroyed. The amount of heat absorbed by a system equals its change in internal energy plus work done by the system. The second law limits the direction of heat transfer and states that heat cannot be fully converted to work. Entropy is a measure of disorder in a system that always increases due to the second law. The Carnot cycle uses reversible, isothermal and adiabatic processes to achieve the maximum possible efficiency between two temperature reservoirs.
The document discusses key concepts in engineering chemistry including:
1) Laws of thermodynamics like entropy change and Gibbs free energy are covered as well as kinetics concepts like activation energy and the Arrhenius equation.
2) Specific topics covered include the three laws of thermodynamics, concepts like enthalpy, heat capacity, and various thermodynamic processes.
3) The Carnot cycle is discussed as a theoretical reversible heat engine cycle used to demonstrate the maximum efficiency possible for a heat engine.
This document discusses entropy and the second law of thermodynamics. It can be summarized as follows:
1. Entropy is a quantitative measure of disorder or randomness in a system. The second law states that entropy always increases or remains constant in isolated systems, meaning disorder cannot decrease over time.
2. The entropy change of a system is defined for reversible processes, where it is equal to the integral of heat transfer over temperature. For irreversible processes, the entropy change is greater than this integral.
3. The increase of entropy principle states that the entropy of an isolated system always increases during a process, or remains constant for reversible processes. This means the entropy of the universe is continuously increasing over time as no
This document provides an overview of key concepts in chemical thermodynamics, including:
1. Systems, surroundings, boundaries, open vs closed vs isolated systems, and extensive vs intensive properties are introduced.
2. The three laws of thermodynamics - first law regarding energy conservation, second law regarding entropy, and third law regarding unattainability of zero kelvin - are briefly outlined.
3. Key thermodynamic processes like isothermal, adiabatic, isobaric, and isochoric processes are defined.
4. Important thermodynamic parameters like internal energy, work, heat, and enthalpy are explained. Sign conventions and the mathematical statement of the first law relating these parameters
thermodynamics, basic definitions with explanations, heat transfer, mode of heat transfer, Difference between thermodynamics and heat transfer?What is entropy?
1. The document discusses the second law of thermodynamics and entropy.
2. It provides three common statements of the second law: (1) heat cannot be converted completely to work, (2) heat cannot spontaneously flow from cold to hot bodies, and (3) the entropy of an isolated system always increases.
3. Entropy is defined as an extensive property of a system related to the heat transfer and temperature for a reversible process. The change in total entropy for any natural process is positive.
This document provides an overview of thermodynamics and heat transfer concepts. It defines thermodynamics as the branch of science dealing with energy interaction and its effects on systems and surroundings. The key concepts covered include:
- Types of systems (isolated, closed, open) and their defining characteristics.
- Properties of systems, including intensive and extensive properties.
- The three main phases of a pure substance (solid, liquid, gas) and phase changes.
- The ideal gas law and its variables (pressure, volume, temperature).
- Specific heats and the relationship between heat capacity at constant pressure and volume.
- The first law of thermodynamics regarding conservation of energy for closed
This document provides an introduction to thermodynamics. It defines thermodynamics as the science dealing with heat, work, and their relation to properties of matter and energy change. The document outlines the four laws of thermodynamics and describes the zeroth law regarding thermal equilibrium, the first law regarding conservation of energy and internal energy, the second law regarding limits on heat conversion and direction of processes, and the third law defining absolute zero entropy. Examples of engineering applications are given in areas like heat engines, refrigeration, and air conditioning. Key concepts discussed include system, surroundings, state, path, process, equilibrium, intensive/extensive properties, and reversible/irreversible processes.
Thermodynamics note chapter:4 First law of ThermodynamicsAshok giri
The document summarizes the first law of thermodynamics. It states that the first law, also known as the law of conservation of energy, provides a basis for relating different forms of energy and their interactions during processes. The first law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed from one form to another. For closed systems, the total energy change is equal to the net heat transfer minus the net work. For open systems, the energy change also accounts for energy entering or leaving with mass flows. The document provides several examples of applying the first law to common thermodynamic processes.
Thermodynamics deals with energy and its transformation between different forms. The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another. A thermodynamic system exchanges energy in the form of heat or work with its surroundings. Closed systems exchange only energy, while open systems can exchange both energy and matter. Thermodynamic properties like pressure, temperature, and volume are used to describe different thermodynamic processes that occur at either constant values (isobaric, isochoric, isothermal) or with varying values.
1. The document discusses key concepts in thermodynamics including thermodynamic systems, variables, processes, indicator diagrams, and the first and second laws of thermodynamics.
2. It explains different thermodynamic processes like isothermal, isobaric, isochoric and adiabatic processes. It also discusses Carnot cycle and Carnot engine.
3. The first law of thermodynamics establishes the relationship between heat, work and change in internal energy. It states that heat supplied is equal to work done plus change in internal energy for any thermodynamic process.
Thermodynamics deals with the conversion of energy from one form to another, mainly heat into work or vice versa. Some applications of thermodynamics include power generation, automobiles, processing industries, and gas compressors. The four main laws of thermodynamics are: (1) the zeroth law defines thermal equilibrium, (2) the first law concerns the conservation of energy and states that heat and work are different forms of energy transfer, (3) the second law concerns the entropy of the universe increasing, and (4) the third law relates entropy and the absolute zero of temperature. Thermodynamic properties can be either intensive, which do not depend on system size, or extensive, which do depend on system size. Ther
Thermodynamics deals with the conversion of energy from one form to another, mainly heat into work or vice versa. Some applications of thermodynamics include power generation, automobiles, processing industries, and gas compressors. The four main laws of thermodynamics are: (1) the zeroth law defines thermal equilibrium, (2) the first law concerns the conservation of energy and states that heat and work are different forms of energy transfer, (3) the second law concerns the entropy of the universe increasing, and (4) the third law relates entropy to the absolute zero of temperature. Thermodynamic properties can be either intensive, which do not depend on system size, or extensive, which do depend on system size.
Thermodynamics deals with the quantitative relationship between heat and other forms of energy. There are four laws of thermodynamics:
1) The zeroth law establishes that thermal equilibrium is transitive - if A and B are in thermal equilibrium, and B and C are in thermal equilibrium, then A and C are also in thermal equilibrium.
2) The first law states that energy is conserved - it can change forms but cannot be created or destroyed. Heat absorbed or released is used to change a system's internal energy or do work.
3) The second law establishes that spontaneous processes result in increasing disorder and unavailable energy for work. Heat cannot spontaneously flow from a cold to hot body.
4)
The document summarizes key concepts in thermodynamics including:
- The second law of thermodynamics which states that heat cannot spontaneously flow from a colder body to a hotter body.
- Closed, open, and isolated systems. A closed system does not allow matter to enter or leave, an open system does, and an isolated system exchanges neither energy nor matter.
- Properties of systems including intensive properties which do not depend on mass like temperature and pressure, and extensive properties which do depend on mass like volume.
- A cycle occurs when a process returns a system to its initial state. An ideal gas follows Boyle's law that pressure and volume are inversely proportional.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
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1. P.T.Lee CHENGALVARAYA NAICKER COLLEGE
OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, OOVERY.
Vallal P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Nagar, Oovery, Veliyur Post, Kanchipuram, 631 502.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
ME3391 ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
UNIT I BASICS, ZEROTH AND FIRST LAW
Review of Basics – Thermodynamic systems, Properties and
processes Thermodynamic Equilibrium - Displacement work
- P-V diagram. Thermal equilibrium - Zeroth law – Concept
of temperature and Temperature Scales. First law –
application to closed and open systems – steady and
unsteady flow processes.
PART-A
1. Define thermodynamic system.
A thermodynamic system is defined as a quantity of matter or a region in space, on
which the analysis of theproblem is concentrated.
2. Name the different types of system.
1. Closed system (only energy transfer and no mass transfer)
2. Open system (Both energy and mass transfer)
3. Isolated system (No mass and energy transfer)
3. Should the automobile radiator be analyzed as a closed system or as an
open system? Explain.
Automobile radiator system is analyzed as closed system. In this no mass (water) cross the
boundary.
4. Define thermodynamic equilibrium.
If a system is in Mechanical, Thermal and Chemical Equilibrium then the system is in
Thermodynamically equilibrium. (or) If the system is isolated from its surrounding there will
be no change in the macroscopic property, then the system is said to exist in a state of
thermodynamic equilibrium.
5. What do you mean by quasi-static process?
Infinite slowness is the characteristic feature of a quasi-static process. A quasi-static
process is that a success on of equilibrium states. A quasi-static process is also called as
reversible process.
2. 6. Differentiate between point function and path function.
7. Name and explain the two types of properties.
The two types of properties are intensive property and extensive property.
Intensive Property: It is independent of the mass of the system.
Example: pressure, temperature, specific volume, specific energy density.
Extensive Property: It is dependent on the mass of the system.
Example: Volume, energy.
If the mass is increased the values of the extensive properties also Increase.
8. What is a steady flow process?
Steady flow means that the rates of flow of mass and energy across the control surface
are constant.
9. Prove that for an isolated system, there is no change in internal energy.
In isolated system there is no interaction between the system and the surroundings. There
is no mass transfer andenergy transfer. According to first law of thermodynamics as
dQ = dU + dW; dU = dQ –dW; dQ = 0, dW = 0, Therefore dU = 0 by integrating the above
equation U = constant, therefore the internal energy is constant for isolated system.
10. Indicate the practical application of steady flow energy equation.
1. Turbine, 2. Nozzle, 3. Condenser, 4. Compressor.
11. Define system.
It is defined as the quantity of the matter or a region in space upon which we focus
attention to study its property.
12. Define cycle.
It is defined as a series of state changes such that the final state is identical with the
initial state.
3. 13. Explain Mechanical equilibrium.
If the forces are balanced between the system and surroundings are called Mechanical
equilibrium
14. Explain Chemical equilibrium.
If there is no chemical reaction or transfer of matter form one part of the system to
another is called Chemicalequilibrium
15. Explain Thermal equilibrium.
If the temperature difference between the system and surroundings is zero then it is in
ThermalEquilibrium.
16. Define Zeroth law of Thermodynamics.
When two systems are separately in thermal equilibrium with a third system then they
themselves is in thermalequilibrium with each other.
17. What are the limitations of first law of thermodynamics?
1. According to first law of thermodynamics heat and work are mutually convertible during
any cycle of a closedsystem. But this law does not specify the possible conditions under
which the heat is converted into work.
2. According to the first law of thermodynamics it is impossible to transfer heat from lower
temperature to highertemperature.
3. It does not give any information regarding change of state or whether the process is
possible or not.
The law does not specify the direction of heat and work.
18. What is perpetual motion machine of first kind?
It is defined as a machine, which produces work energy without consuming an equivalent
of energy from other source. It is impossible to obtain in actual practice, because no
machine can produce energy of its own without consuming any other form of energy.
19. Define: Specific heat capacity at constant pressure.
It is defined as the amount of heat energy required to raise or lower the temperature of
unit mass of the substancethrough one degree when the pressure kept constant.
It is denoted by Cp.
20. Define: Specific heat capacity at constant volume.
It is defined as the amount of heat energy required to raise or lower the temperature of
unit mass of the substancethrough one degree when volume kept constant.
4. 26. Distinguish between ‘Macroscopic energy’ and ‘Microscopic energy’.
Statistical Thermodynamics is microscopic approach in which, the matter is assumed to be
made of numerous individual molecules. Hence, it can be regarded as a branch of
statistical mechanics dealing with the average behavior of a large number of molecules.
Classical thermodynamics is macroscopic approach. Here, the matter is considered to be
a continuum without any concernto its atomic structure.
27. Show that the energy of an isolated system remains constant.
A system which does not exchange energy with its surroundings through work and heat
interactions is called an isolatedsystem. That is for an isolated system dW = 0 and dQ=0.
The first law of thermodynamics gives dE = dQ – dW
Hence, for an isolated system, the first law of thermodynamics reduces to dE = 0 or E2 =
E1. In other words, the energy ofan isolated thermodynamic system remains constant.
21. Define the term enthalpy?
The Combination of internal energy and flow energy is known as enthalpy of the system.
It may also be definedas the total heat of the substance.
Mathematically, enthalpy (H) = U + pv KJ)
Where, U – internal energyp – Pressure v – Volume
In terms of Cp & T → H = m Cp (T2-T1) KJ
22. Define the term internal energy
Internal energy of a gas is the energy stored in a gas due to its molecular
Interactions. It is also defined as theenergy possessed by a gas at a given temperature.
23. What is meant by thermodynamic work?
It is the work done by the system when the energy transferred across the boundary of
the system. It is mainly due to intensive property difference between the system and
surroundings.
24. What is meant by reversible and irreversible process?
A process is said to be reversible, it should trace the same path in the reverse direction
when the process is reversed. It is possible only when the system passes through a
continuous series of equilibrium state
25. Why does free expansion have zero work transfer?
In free expansion there is no external force acting on the gas so that the energy given
to the gas can be utilized to produce heat and to overcome the repulsions between the
gases which does not happen in free expansion therefore there is no work transfer
5. 28. What are the conditions for steady flow process?
No properties within the control volume change with time. That ismcv = constant
Ecv = constant
No properties change at the boundaries with time. Thus, the fluid properties at an inlet or
exit will remain the sameduring the whole process. They can be different at different
opens.
The heat and work interactions between a steady-flow system and its surroundings do not
change with time.
29.Define Zeroth law and first law thermodynamics.
Zeroth law of thermodynamics states when two systems are separately in
thermalequilibrium with a third system then they themselves are in thermal equilibrium with
each other.
First law of thermodynamics states that when system undergoes a cyclic process
net heat transfer is equal to work transfer. ɸQ=ɸw
PART-B
1. A gas of mass 1.5 kg undergoes a quasi-static expansion, which follows a relationship
p=a+bV, where ‘a’ and ‘b’ are constants. The initial and final pressures are 1000 kPa
and 200 kPa respectively and the corresponding volumes are 0.2 m3 and 1.2 m3. The
specific internal energy of the gas is given by the relation U = (1.5pV – 85) kJ/kg, where
p is in kPa and V is in m3. Calculate the net heat transfer and the maximum internal
energy of the gas attained during expansion.
Refer: “P.K NAG Engineering Thermodynamics for similar problems”
2. A piston – cylinder device contains 0.15 kg of air initially at 2 MPa and 3500C. The air is
first expanded isothermally to 500 kPa, then compressed polytropically with a
polytrophic exponent of 1.2 to the initial pressure, and finally compressed at the
constant pressure to the initial state. Determine the boundary work for each process and
the network of the cycle.
Refer: “P.K NAG Engineering Thermodynamics for similar problems”
6. 3. A gas undergoes a thermodynamic cycle consisting of the following processes:
(i) Process 1-2: Constant Pressure P1=1.4 bar, V1=0.028 m3, W1-2=10.5 kJ.
(ii) Process 2-3: Compression with pV=constant, U3=U2.
(iii) Process 3-1: Constant volume,
U1-U3= - 26.4 kJ.There are no
significant changes in KE and
PE
1. Sketch the cycle on a p-V diagram.
2. Calculate the network for the cycle in kJ.
3. Calculate the heat transfer for process 1-2.
4. Show that Qcycle=Wcycle.
Refer: “P.K NAG Engineering Thermodynamics for similar problems”
4. A three cycle operating with nitrogen as the working substance has constant
temperature compression at 340C with initial pressure 100kPa. Then the gas undergoes
a constant volume heating and then polytropic expansion with 1.35 as index of
compression. The isothermal compression requires - 67 kJ/kg of work. Determine: (i) p,v
and T around the cycle (ii) Heat in and out (iii) Network. For nitrogen gas Cv = 0.731
kJ/kgK.
Refer: “P.K NAG Engineering Thermodynamics for similar problems”
5. (i) Air enters the compressor of a gas-turbine plant at ambient conditions of 100 kPa and
250C with a low velocity and exists at 1 MPa and 3470C with a velocity of 90 m/s. The
compressor is cooled at the rate of 1500 kJ/min, and the power input to the compressor
is 250 kW. Determine the mass flow rate of air through the compressor. Assume
Cp=1.005 kJ/kg K.
(ii) Derive steady flow energy equation.
Refer: “P.K NAG Engineering Thermodynamics for similar problems”
6. In a gas turbine installation air is heated inside heat exchanger up to 750OC from
ambient temperature of 27OC. Hot air then enters into gas turbine with the velocity of 50
m/sec and leaves at 600OC. Air leaving the turbine enters a nozzle at 60 m/sec velocity
and leaves nozzle at temperature of 500OC. For unit mass flow rate of air, determine the
following assumptions adiabatic expansion in turbine and nozzle, (i) heat transfer to air
in heat exchanger (ii) power output from turbine (iii) velocity at exit of nozzle. Take Cp
for air as 1.005 kJ/kgK.
7. Refer: “P.K NAG Engineering Thermodynamics for similar problems”
7. Air flows steadily at the rate of 0.4 kg/s though an air compressor, entering at 6 m/s with
a pressure of 1 bar and specific volume of 0.85 m3/kg and leaving at 4.5 m/s with a
pressure of 6.9 bar and a specific volume of
0.16 m3/kg. The internal energy of air leaving is 88 kJ/kg greater than that of air
entering. Cooling water in a jacket surrounding the cylinder absorbs heat from the air at
the rate of 59 kW. Calculate the power required to drive the compressor and the ratio of
inlet and outlet cross sectional area.
Refer: “P.K NAG Engineering Thermodynamics for similar problems”
8. Derive the steady flow energy equation and stating the assumptions made.
Refer: “P.K NAG & R.K.RAJPUT. Engineering Thermodynamics for derivation”
9. A fluid system, contained in a piston and cylinder machine, passes through a complete
cycle of four processes. The sum of all heat transferred during a cycle is – 340 kJ. The
system completes 200 cycles per min. Complete the following table showing the method
for each item, and compute the net rate of work output in kW.
Process Q (kJ/min) W (kJ/min) ΔE (kJ/min)
1—2 0 4340 —
2—3 42000 0 —
3—4 – 4200 — – 73200
4—1 — — —
Refer: R.K.RAJPUT.
10. 0.2 m3 of air at 4 bar and 130°C is contained in a system. A reversible adiabatic
expansion takes place till the pressure falls to 1.02 bar. The gas is then heated at
constant pressure till enthalpy increases by 72.5 kJ. Calculate :
(i) The work done ;
(ii) The index of expansion, if the above processes are replaced by a single reversible
polytropic process giving the same work between the same initial and final states.
Take Cp = 1 kJ/kg K, Cv = 0.714 kJ/kg K.
Refer: R.K.RAJPUT.
11. 0.1 m3 of an ideal gas at 300 K and 1 bar is compressed adiabatically to 8 bar. It is
then cooled at constant volume and further expanded isothermally so as to reach the
8. Condition from where it started. Calculate :
(i) Pressure at the end of constant volume cooling.
(ii) Change in internal energy during constant volume process.
(iii) Net work done and heat transferred during the cycle. Assume
Cp = 14.3 kJ/kg K and Cv = 10.2 kJ/kg K.
Refer: R.K.RAJPUT.
12. Air at a temperature of 20°C passes through a heat exchanger at a velocity of 40 m/s
where its temperature is raised to 820°C. It then enters a turbine with same velocity of 40
m/s and expands till the temperature falls to 620°C. On leaving the turbine, the air is taken
at a velocity of 55 m/s to a nozzle where it expands until the temperature has fallen to
510°C. If the air flow rate is 2.5 kg/s, calculate :
(i) Rate of heat transfer to the air in the heat exchanger ;
(ii) The power output from the turbine assuming no heat loss ;
(iii) The velocity at exit from the nozzle, assuming no heat loss.
Take the enthalpy of air as h = cpt, where cp is the specific heat equal to 1.005 kJ/kg°C
and t the temperature.
Refer: R.K.RAJPUT.
13. At the inlet to a certain nozzle the enthalpy of fluid passing is 2800 kJ/kg, and the
velocity is 50 m/s. At the discharge end the enthalpy is 2600 kJ/kg. The nozzle is
horizontal and there is negligible heat loss from it.
(i) Find the velocity at exit of the nozzle.
(ii) If the inlet area is 900 cm2 and the specific volume at inlet is 0.187 m3/kg, find the
mass flow rate.
(iii) If the specific volume at the nozzle exit is 0.498 m3/kg, find the exit area of nozzle.
Refer: R.K.RAJPUT.
14. 12 kg of air per minute is delivered by a centrifugal air compressor. The inlet and outlet
conditions of air are C1 = 12 m/s, P1 = 1 bar, v1 = 0.5 m3/kg and C2 = 90 m/s, P2 = 8 bar,
v2 = 0.14 m3/kg. The increase in enthalpy of air passing through the compressor is 150
kJ/kg and heat loss to the surroundings is 700 kJ/min.
Find : (i) Motor power required to drive the compressor ;
(ii) Ratio of inlet to outlet pipe diameter.
Assume that inlet and discharge lines are at the same level.
Refer: R.K.RAJPUT.
15 . The working fluid, in a steady flow process flows at a rate of 220 kg/min. The fluid
rejects 100 kJ/s passing through the system. The conditions of the fluid at inlet and outlet
9. are given as : C1 = 320 m/s, P1 = 6.0 bar, u1 = 2000 kJ/kg, v1 = 0.36 m3/kg and C2 = 140
m/s, P2 = 1.2 bar, u2 = 1400 kJ/kg, v2 = 1.3 m3/kg. The suffix 1 indicates the condition at
inlet and 2 indicates at outlet of the system.
Determine the power capacity of the system in MW.
The change in potential energy may be neglected
Refer: R.K.RAJPUT.