The document summarizes the different types of modifications that insect legs undergo according to the insect's habits and habitats. There are 12 main types of leg modifications described: 1) walking, 2) running, 3) jumping, 4) clinging, 5) digging, 6) grasping, 7) swimming, 8) pollen collecting, 9) sound producing, 10) sticking, 11) antennae cleaning, and 12) prehensile legs. Each modification type is accompanied by an example insect to illustrate the structure and function of the specialized leg.

1. INSECT LEG:
STRUCTURE &
MODIFICATIONS

2. 2
WhatareLegs?
“An insect usually bears three
pairs of legs which are located
on the ventral surface of
thoracic segments. They are
primary organs for running or
walking, but according to the
habit and habitat of insects they
are modified for different
purposes.”

3. 3
Structure of Insect Leg
A typical leg consists of the following parts:-
Coxa:- It is the basal segment and joint the leg with thorax.
Trochanter:- It is the small second division of the leg which
articulates with coxa but is usually fixed with femur.
Femur:- It is the largest and most powerful division of the leg, jumping
capacity due to presence of resilin protein.
Tibia:- It is the slender, usually quite long, supported by bristle like
structure called spines.
Tarsus:- It is the fifth divisional segment and generally subdivided
into 2-5 segments.
Pretarsus:- It is the last terminal segment of the leg which represented
of the leg which is represented by a complex set of claws.

4. 4
Fixed in
coxal cavity
spines

5. ModificationsofLeg
1. Ambutorial or Walking Type:-
It is generalized form of insect
leg, which is usually adapted
for walking.
Example:- Cockroach and
Bugs
5

6. 2. Cursorial or Running Type:- It is
almost similar to walking type
of leg, but it is differentiated by
6
the tarsus which is
longer and
ground while
comparatively
touches the
running.
Example:- Ants, Blister Beetle
and wasps.

7. 3. Saltatorial or Jumping Type:-
Such type of legs are present
in grasshopper, crickets and
flea beetle where the femur
of the hind leg get enlarged
the
and accomodates
powerful tibial muscles.
Example:- Hind leg of
Grasshopper
7

8. 4. Scansorial or Clinging Type:-
This type of legs are smaller
and flat. The coxa are widely
separated and tarsi bears a
single claw.
Example:- Head Louse
8

9. 5. Fossorial or Digging Type:- This
type of legs are modified for
the purpose of digging. These
are powerful, broad and small
in size. Tibia and tarsus short
and broad with teeth like
projections.
Example:- Mole crickets and
Dung rollers.
9

10. 6. Raptorial or Grasping Type:-
Such legs are adapted for
catching the prey and are
found in Mantids. Coxa of fore
leg is more elongated whereas
the trochanter is small. Tibia is
spinous and fits along the
femur.
Example:- Preying Mantids
10

11. 7. Natatorial or Swimming Type:-
These type legs are found in
insects which lives in the water
and help them to swim. The
femur, tibia and tarsus are
flattened and posses the long
rows of hairs.
Example:- Dytiscus and Jaint
water bug.
11

12. 8. Foragial or Pollen Collecting
12
This type of legs are
bees
Type:-
found in
which is
worker honey
mainly
carrying the pollen from
adapted for
the
flowers. Tibia of the hind leg is
dialated and covered with longs
dense hairs which forms a
pollen basket.
Example:- Hind
Honey Bee.
leg of Woker

13. 13
9. Stridulatorial or Sound
are typically adapted
Producing Type:- These legs
for
producing sound wherein the
femur of hind leg is provided
with the row of pegs on its
inner side. These femoral pegs
work against the outer surface
of each tergum or coastal
margin of the fore wing,
thereby producing a sound.
Example:- Male Grasshopper
and cricket.

14. 10. Sticking Type:- In such type of
legs the pretarsus is highly
modified in a pair of claws and
a pair of pad like structure
known as pulvilli (found at the
base of claws). Hollow and
tubular hairs secrets a sticky
14
These are also
Adhesive type of
substance.
known as
legs.
Example:- House fly.

15. 11. Antennal Cleaning Legs:-
This type of legs are
modified for the purpose of
cleaning antennae in which
tibia possess a movable
spine and the first tarsal
segment with a semi-circular
notch.
Example:- Front legs of
Honey Bees.
15

16. 12. Prehensile:-
This
16
type
of legs are modified
for the
catching
purpose of
prey and
basket forming.
Dragon
Example:-
Flies.