3. Odonata (Odon : Tooth)
• Medium to large sized insects. They are attractively
coloured.
• Head is globular and constricted behind into a petiolate
neck.
• Compound eyes are large. Three ocelli are present.
• Mouthparts are adapted for biting. Mandibles are
strongly toothed Lacinia and galea are fused to form
mala which is also toothed.
• Wings are either equal or sub equal, membraneous;
venation is net work like with many cross veins.
• Wings have a dark pterostigma towards the costal apex.
Wing flexing mechanism is absent.
• Legs are anteroventrally placed. They are suited for
grasping, holding and conveying the prey to the mouth.
@Bhubanananda Adhikari
General
Characters
4. Odonata
• Forward shift of leg attachments allow easy transfer of
prey items to mouth in flight. Legs are held in such a
way that a basket is formed into which the food is
scooped.
• Abdomen is long and slender.
• In male gonopore is present on ninth abdominal
segment. But the functional copulatory organ is present
on the second abdominal sternite.
• Before mating sperms are transferred to the functional
penis.
• Cercus is one segmented.
• Metamorphosis is incomplete with three life stages.
The naiad is aquatic.
@Bhubanananda Adhikari
General
Characters
5. Odonata
• Adults are aerial predators. They are able to
catch, hold and devour the prey in flight.
Naiads are aquatic predators.
• Dragonflies and damselflies can be collected
with an aerial net. Naiads can be collected
from shallow fresh water.
• Two suborders
i. Anisoptera (Dragonfly) : Unequal wings
ii. Zygoptera (Damselfly) : Equal wings
@Bhubanananda Adhikari
Importance
and
Classification
6. Odonata
@Bhubanananda Adhikari
Adult
Anisoptera (Dragonfly) Zygoptera (Damselfly)
Strong fliers with unequal wings (Hindwings
basally broader than forewing)
Weak fliers with equal wings
Wings are broadly attached Wings are petiolated and narrowly attached
Venation not similar in both wings Identical venation
Wings spread laterally at rest Wings held at an angle above abdomen
Holoptic eyes (Large eyes meet mid dorsally) Dichoptic eyes (Eyes are separated)
Total 3 abdominal appedages : 2 anal cerci
(superior anal), 1 epiproct (inferior anal)
Total 4 abdominal appedages : 2 anal cerci
(superior anal), 2 paraproct (inferior anal)
10. Orthoptera (Ortho: Straight)
• Syn : Saltatoptera, Saltatoria
• They are medium to large sized insects. Antenna
is filiform.
• Mouthparts are mandibulate.
• Prothorax is large. Pronotum is curved, ventrally
covering the pleural region.
• Hind legs are saltatorial.
• Forewings are leathery, thickened and known as
tegmina. They are capable of bending without
breaking.
• Hindwings are membranous with large anal
area. They are folded by longitudinal pleats
between veins and kept beneath the tegmina.
@Bhubanananda Adhikari
General
Characters
11. Orthoptera
• Cerci are short and unsegmented.
• Ovipositor is well developed in
female.
• Metamorphosis is gradual.
• In many Orthopterans the newly
hatched frist instar nymphs are
covered by loose cuticle and are
called pronymphs.
• Specialized stridulatory (sound-
producing) and auditory (hearing)
organs are present.
@Bhubanananda Adhikari
General
Characters
12. Orthoptera
@Bhubanananda Adhikari
Basic Difference between 2 Suborders
Caelifera Ensifera
Antenna is short with less than 30
segmented
Antenna is long with more than 30
segmented
Tympanum on the lateral side of first
abdominal segment
Tympanum on the fore tibia
Mandibles are specialized for consuming
monocot foliage
Feed on dicot plants
Diurnal Nocturnal
Rely on jumping to escape from predators Rely on crypsis
Eggs are laid in groups in soil inside shallow
burrows
Eggs are singly inserted into plant tissue or
soil
14. Acrididae
• Short horned grasshopper and locust
• Short antenna
• 3 segmented tarsus
• Short horny ovipositor
• Tympanum on either side of abdominal
segment
• Sound production is femero alary *
*A row of peg like projections on the
inner side of hind femur rubbed against
radial vein of tegmen
@Bhubanananda Adhikari
S.O : Caelifera
15. Acrididae
• Locusts are polymorphic short horned
grasshopper
• More than one morphological forms
with in the same species.
• Solitary Phase and Gregarious phase
• Central locust warning organization at
Faridabad
@Bhubanananda Adhikari
S.O : Caelifera
Locust
Solitary Phase Gregarious Phase
Live individually Live in group
Difficult to locate Easy to locate
Grey or green Pink with yellow band
(immature) total yellow
(Matured)
Long hind femur Short hind femur
Short tegmina Long tegmina
High fecundity Low fecundity
Less destructive Highly destructive
16. Tettigonidae
• Long horned grasshopper, Katydids, Bush Cricket
• Long antenna (longer than body)
• 4 segmented tarsus
• Sword like ovipositor
• Pair of Tympanum in each foretibia
• Sound production Alary type *
• * Thick region of hind margin of forewing
(Scrapper) rubbed against row of teeth on
stridulatory vein (File) on ventral side of another
forewing
@Bhubanananda Adhikari
S.O : Ensifera
17. Gryllidae
• Cricket
• Long antenna
• 4 segmented tarsus
• Needle like ovipositor
• Forewings are abruptly bent down to cover
side of body. Hind wings are acuminate
produced into a long processes
• Pair of Tympanum in each foretibia
• Sound production Alary type *
• (Males stridulate during night)
@Bhubanananda Adhikari
S.O : Ensifera
18. Gryllotalpidae
• Mole cricket
• Found inside burrows
• Reduced eyes, elongated pronotum
• Fossorial forelegs
• Hindwings are extended beyond the tegmina
(forewing)
• Special stridulatory structures absent.
Humming sound by rubbing of forewing.
• Vestigeal ovipositor
• Pair of Tympanum on under surface of tibia
• Gryllotalpa africana
@Bhubanananda Adhikari
S.O : Ensifera
20. Dictyoptera (Dictyon: Net work)
• Syn : Oothecaria, Blattiformia
• Hypognathous head with filliform antenna and
chewing type mouth.
• Cursorial leg in Cockroach. Last two pairs leg are
ambulatorial in mantids and fore legs are
raptorial. Tarsus 5 segmented
• Fore wings are tegmina (leathery), Hind wings
large membranous folded fan like kept beneath
the fore wing.
• Short many segmented cerci.
• Eggs contained in Ootheca in cockroach and egg
case in mantids.
• Hemimetabola (Gradual metamorphosis : pauro
metabola)
@Bhubanananda Adhikari
General
Characters
21. Dictyoptera
@Bhubanananda Adhikari
Basic Difference between 2 Suborders (Blattaria,
Mantodea)
Blattaria
[Family: Blattidae]
Cockroach
Mantodea
[Family: Mantidae]
Preying mantids
Head is not mobile in all
direction as it is hidden by
shield like pronotum
Head is mobile in all
direction as it is not covered
by pronotum (elongated)
2 fenestrae (degenerated
ocelli)
3 ocelli
All legs cursorial Foreleg raptorial, other are
ambulatorial
22. Dictyoptera
@Bhubanananda Adhikari
Basic Difference between 2 Suborders (Blattaria,
Mantodea)
Blattaria
[Family: Blattidae]
Cockroach
Mantodea
[Family: Mantidae]
Preying mantids
Gizzard with chitinous teeth No chitinous teeth in gizzard
Female does not devour
male
Female often devours the
male during mating
Eggs inside ootheca Eggs in egg case
Nymps are not cannibalistic Cannibalistic nymph
No mimicry Mimicry
Omnivorous Carnivorous
23. Dictyoptera
• Cockroaches are found in household,
deadwood and preying mantids are
found in outdoors.
• Cockroaches feed on food stuff, clothes
and paper. Impart foul smell to food by
contaminating with excreta. So they are
harmful (American cockroach:
Periplaneta americana).
• Preying mantids are predators on
moths, flies and grasshoppers. They are
beneficial insects (Mantis religiosa)
@Bhubanananda Adhikari
Economic
importance
25. Thysanoptera (Thysano: Fringe)
• Syn : Physopoda
• Hypognathous head
• Short antenna (4-9 segmented)
• Rasping and sucking mouth (3 stylets, Right
mandible is absent. mouthparts asymmetrical).
• Wings either absent or long, narrow and fringed
with hairs.
• They are weak fliers and passive flight in wind.
• Tarsus is with one or two segments. At the apex of
each tarsus a protrusible vesicle is present.
• Abdomen is often pointed.
• An appendicular ovipositor may be present or
absent.
• Intermediate metamorphosis (Prepupa stage found)
@Bhubanananda Adhikari
General
Characters
26. Thysanoptera
@Bhubanananda Adhikari
Basic Difference between 2 Suborders
Terebrantia
(Fam: Thripidae)
Tubulifera
Female: appendicular
ovipositor (saw like)
Ovipositor absent
Abdomen end not
tube like
Abdomen end tube
like
Wing venation No Wing venation
3rd instar: Prepupa,
4th instar: Pupa
3rd instar: Prepupa,
4th ,5th instar: Pupa
Crop pest Not crop pest
Terebrantia
Tubulifera
27. Thysanoptera
• Most of the thrips species belong to the family
Thripidae and are phytophagous. They suck the
plant sap.
• Some are vectors of plant diseases.
• Few are predators. e.g. Rice thrips:
Stenchaetothrips biformis is a pest in rice
nursery.
i. Thrips tabaci : pest of onion, melon, cotton
ii. Scirtothrips citri : pest of citrus
iii. Frankliniella tritici : pest of flowers, wheat
@Bhubanananda Adhikari
Economic
importance
29. Isoptera (Iso: Equal)
• Syn : Termitina, Termitida, Socialia
• Greyish white soft bodied insects weak
sclerotization
• Compound eyes in alate (Winged) form and
absent in apterous (wing less) forms
• Short and moniliform antennae
• Biting and chewing mouth parts
• Two pairs of identical wings, which are
membranous and semitransparent without
distinct venation
• They are apterous (wingless), brachypterous
(Short or rudimentary wing) or winged.
• Veins near costal and anal margin are distinct
@Bhubanananda Adhikari
General
Characters
30. Isoptera
• Wings are flexed over abdomen at rest. They are
extended beyond abdomen
• Wings are present in sexually matured form during
swarming season
• Legs short and stout. Tarsus usually 4 segmented.
• Some species constructs earthen tubes between the
soil and wood above ground;
• Anal cerci short or very short.
• Metamorphosis is simple or incomplete.
• The cellulose in termites food is digested by the
symbiotic association of a protozoa living in the
digestive tract of the insect. But in higher termites
like termitidae family, cellulose digested in gut
without protozoal association
@Bhubanananda Adhikari
General
Characters
31. Isoptera
• Social insects live in colonies
• Salivary glands are well developed.
• Rectum is distended forming rectal
pouch to accommodate large number
of intestinal symbionts
• Fat body in male and nonreproductive
females.
• Soil inhabiting termites construct
earthen mounds called termitaria
• Food sharing (Trophallaxis) either by
mouth-to-mouth (Oral trophallaxis)
and anus-to-mouth (Anal trophallaxis).
• Nature scavengers
@Bhubanananda Adhikari
General
Characters
32. Isoptera
@Bhubanananda Adhikari
Caste System
Each group of individuals performing the
same function is called caste
Non reproductive
Primary
Reproductive
Supplementary
Reproductive
Reproductive
King
Queen
Workers
Soldiers
Nymph with
wing bud
Nymph without
wing bud
Sexually sterile
Apterous (wing less)
Reproductive
organs atrophied
Blind
Dark sclerotized body
Compound eyes, wings
well developed
Pale body with poor
Sclerotization
Compound eyes, wings
not well developed
Replace the primary
reproductive when
they die
33. Isoptera
• Intermittently fertilizes the queen
• Helps the queen in construction
of nuptial chamber and in rearing
the first brood
@Bhubanananda Adhikari
King
• Single queen
• After fertilization queen attains
obesity in abdomen, ovaries
enlarged, developed fat bodies
called physogastry
Queen
34. Isoptera
• Soft unpigmented body
• Well developed mandibles and salivary glands
• Excavate earth and build earthen mounds with
soil and saliva
• Repair the termitaria
• Go out for foraging
• They feed the king, queen and soldiers.
• Care for eggs and young ones
@Bhubanananda Adhikari
Workers
35. Isoptera
• Two types of soldiers (Mandibulate and
Nasute)
• They defend the colony
• In mandibulate soldiers large and well
sclerotized head with well developed
mandibles
• In nasute soldiers head is drawn into
nozzle shaped projection at the tip of
which frontal gland opens. Defence by
glandular secretion
@Bhubanananda Adhikari
Soldiers
36. Isoptera
• Living place of termite
• Soil inhabiting termites build mounds
below ground or above ground with soil,
saliva and excreta
• Gives protection and temperature
regulation
• 3 structures found inside termitaria
1) Royal cell : King, queen dwelling place
2) Fungal garden: Disributed around
royal cell
3) Forage tunnel: Tunnels to different
directions along with termites , other
fauna called termitophiles also found
@Bhubanananda Adhikari
Termitaria
38. Hemiptera (Hemi: Half)
• Syn : Rhynchota
• Opisthognathous head
• Piercing and sucking mouth having 4 stylets (2
mandibular, 2 maxillary) inside labial groove forming
food canal and salivary canal. Epipharynx and
hypopharynx are absent.
• Mesothorax represented dorsally by scutellum
• Forewings are either uniformly thickened or basally
coriaceous distally membranous.
• Hemimetabola (Gradual metamorphosis)
• Alimentary canal modified (filter chamber)
• Salivary glands universally present
• Extra oral digestion widspread
@Bhubanananda Adhikari
General
Characters
39. Hemiptera
Basic Difference between 2 Suborders (Heteroptera, Homoptera)
Heteroptera (Hetero: different) Homoptera (Homo: uniform)
Horizontal head , not touched by the base of the forelegs. Deflexed head touched by the base of the forelegs.
Beak arises from anterior part of head Beak arises from posterior part of head
Enlarged pronotum Small and collar like pronotum
Scutellum well developed Scutellum not well developed
Forewings Hemelytra (sclerotized only basal half and
apical portion membranous)
Forewings have uniform texture and harder than hind
pair
Wings held flat over back at rest, both side overlap on
abdomen
Wings held roof like over back, don’t overlap
Honeydew secretion not common Honeydew secretion common
Repugnatorial/odoriferous/scent glands Wax glands
Herbivorous, predaceous or blood sucking Herbivorous
Terrestrial and aquatic habitat Terrestrial
40. Coreidae
• Squash bug/ leaf footed bug
• Membrane with many branching veins
arising from a transverse vein
• Stink glands inside metathorax and opening
of glands on side of thorax between middle
and hind coxae.
• Emit bad odour
• Hind tibia and tarsi expanded leaf like
• Nymph and adult suck sap from pods of
pulses
• Pod bug : Riptorus sp.
@Bhubanananda Adhikari
S.O : Heteroptera
41. Pentatomidae
• Stink bug/ Shield bug
• Scutellum prominent shield like
• Adults and nymphs produce foul
odour from stink glands
• Stink glands located in metathorax
and abdomen
• Phytophagous/ Predaceous
• Green stink bug (pest of millet) :
Nezara viridula
@Bhubanananda Adhikari
S.O : Heteroptera
42. Cimicidae
• Bed bugs
• Dorsoventrally flattened body with oval outline
and deeply notched thorax.
• Reduced hemelytra and atrophied hind wings
• Stink glands are present in the dorsal surface of
first three abdominal segments.
• Male insects pierce the integument of female to
inject the sperm into haemocoel of female which
is known as traumatic insemination.
• They are blood sucking ectoparasites on birds and
mammals.
• They hide during day time and emerge at night to
take blood meal.
• Cimex lectularis, Cimex hemipterus
@Bhubanananda Adhikari
S.O : Heteroptera
43. Pyrrhocoridae
• Red bugs/ Stainers
• Exhibit red and black colourations.
• Ocelli absent.
• More branched veins present in hemelytra.
• Coxa is rotatory and tarsi 3 segmented with
pulvilli.
• An important pest species in this family is the
cotton stainer, Dysdercus cingulatus which is a
serious pest of cotton. It stains the cotton fibre
by its feeding and greatly reduces the
marketability.
@Bhubanananda Adhikari
S.O : Heteroptera
44. Lygaeidae
• Seed bug/ Chinch bug
• Cuneus absent in hemelytra
• Membrane has a few irregular veins arising
from a transverse basalvain
• Nymph and adult suck sap from injured
seeds or already opened bolls
• Dusky cotton bug : Oxycarenus sp.
@Bhubanananda Adhikari
S.O : Heteroptera
45. @Bhubanananda Adhikari
S.O : Heteroptera
Gerridae
(water strider, pond skater)
Foreleg raptorial, middle leg for
pushing and hind leg for
steering. Legs with non wetting
hairs. Skate on water surface
Reduviidae
(Assassin bug, Kissing bug)
3 segmented proboscis in
elongated head. Lateral margins
of abdomen extend beyond
wings
Tingidae
(Lacewing bug)
Pronotum has lace like lateral
expansions. Forewings have
lace like markings. Nymphs
show difference from their
adults.
46. @Bhubanananda Adhikari
S.O : Heteroptera
Miridae
(Plant bugs, Leaf bugs)
forewings tilted at the
distinct angle posterior
to abdomen.
Tea mosquito bug
Anthocoridae
(Flower bugs)
black with white
markings. Forewings
possess embolium
Nepidae
(water scorpion)
Raptorial forelegs, and
ambulatorial middle
and hind legs. A long
caudal breathing tube
formed by cerci
Belostomatidae
(Giant water bug)
Antenna concealed in ear like
pockets. Raptorial forelegs
and swimming posterior legs.
terminal breathing tube. In
some species eggs are laid on
the back of males
48. Cicadellidae
• Leaf hoppers/ Jassid
• Wedge shaped body/ attractively coloured
• Hind tibia have double row of spines
• Ovipositor suited for lacerating plant tissue
• Suck sap and transmit disease
• Green leaf hopper: Nephotettix virescens
@Bhubanananda Adhikari
S.O : Homoptera
49. Delphacidae
• Plant hoppers
• Large mobile flattened spur at apex of hind
tibia
• Brow plant hopper: Nilaparvata legens
• Causes hopper burn transmit viral disease
@Bhubanananda Adhikari
S.O : Homoptera
50. Aphididae
• Aphids/Plant lice
• Pear shaped body
• Apterous and alate forms present
• Pair of cornicles on dorsum of 5th
or 6th abdominal segment
• Excrete honeydew and sooty
mould fungus grow
• Parthenogenetic reproduction
• Suck sap and transmit disease
• Aphis gossypii
@Bhubanananda Adhikari
S.O : Homoptera
51. Coccidae
• Scale insects
• Sexual dimoprphism
• Males are gnat like one pairs of
wings hind wings are halteres
• Females have distinct body
segments and body wall covered by
waxy coatings. Wingless leg less
suck sap
• Coccus viridis
@Bhubanananda Adhikari
S.O : Homoptera
52. Pseudococcidae
• Mealybugs
• Body oval shape
• Segmentation distinct
• Body covered by long radiating
thread of mealy secretion
• Functionallegs present in all instars
• Wings absent
• Nymphs and adult suck the sap
• Pseudococcus longispinus
@Bhubanananda Adhikari
S.O : Homoptera
53. Lophopidae
• Aeroplane bug
• Head is produced into snout
• Hind trochanter backward
• Nymph adult suck sap
• Sugarcane pyrilla : pyrilla purpusilla
@Bhubanananda Adhikari
S.O : Homoptera
54. Aleyrodidae
• Whitefly
• Resemblance with tiny moth
• Wings with mealy white powdery wax
• Wing venation reduced
• Vasiform orifice at last abdominal tergite
• Immature instars sessile, scale like
• Approaches to holometabolous
• Bemisia tabaci
@Bhubanananda Adhikari
S.O : Homoptera
55. @Bhubanananda Adhikari S.O : Homoptera
Cicadidae
(Cicada)
Transparent wings. Eggs inserted
into tree twigs. Males have
sound producing mechanism.
Nymph dropto ground. Nymphal
anterior femurs with spines for
digging
Membracidae
(Tree hopper, Cow bug)
Large pronotum covers head
also extended backward over
abdomen
Cercopidae
(Spittlebug, Frog hopper)
Adults resemble tiny frogs. Hind
tibia with 1-2 lateral spines.
Nymphs are in froth.
56. @Bhubanananda Adhikari S.O : Homoptera
Psyllidae
(Jumping plant lice)
Small active insect resemble
minute cicada. Move actively by
leaping and flying
Diaspididae
(Armoured scale)
Female lacks antenna, legs
wings. Body covered by hard
shells.
Kerridae
(Lac insects)
Females without legs, wings
antenna. Body is irregularly
globular and enclosed in a
resinous cell. Laccifer lacca.
Dermal gland secretion