Apoptosis.
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Cell death, also known as apoptosis, is an important and regulated process in the body that occurs through two main pathways: intrinsic and extrinsic. The intrinsic pathway involves mitochondria and proteins from the Bcl-2 family, while the extrinsic pathway is activated by death receptors and ligands like Fas and FasL or TNF and TNFR. Apoptosis removes unwanted, damaged, or infected cells and regulates cell populations through caspase activation to promote healthy tissue development and function.
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APOPTOSIS
Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms. It is characterized by specific morphological changes including cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation, and chromosomal DNA fragmentation. Between 50-70 billion cells die each day due to apoptosis in the average human adult. Apoptosis is generally controlled programmed cell death that is involved in development and immune defense. It can be triggered by internal signals from within the cell or external signals from outside the cell. Caspases are a family of cysteine proteases that play an essential role in apoptosis by cleaving other proteins.
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Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, occurs normally during development and throughout adulthood. There are two pathways for caspase activation in apoptosis: the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway and the extrinsic death receptor pathway. The intrinsic pathway involves pro-apoptotic BAX and BAK oligomerizing in the mitochondrial membrane, allowing cytochrome-C and other proteins to leak out and activate caspase-9. The extrinsic pathway occurs when cell death receptors like Fas and FasL bind, activating caspase-8 and -10. Both pathways activate executioner caspases like caspase-3 and -6, leading to nuclear fragmentation, apoptotic body formation, and phagocytosis of cell remnants.
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Apoptosis (presentation)
Apoptosis, also known as programmed cell death, is a natural process by which cells self-destruct in response to internal or external signals. It is distinct from necrosis in that it involves chromatin condensation, cell shrinkage, and preservation of organelles, allowing for rapid engulfment by neighboring cells without inflammation. Apoptosis is initiated through either the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway or the extrinsic death receptor pathway and is executed by caspases, a family of cysteine proteases. It plays an essential role in development and homeostasis by removing damaged or unneeded cells.
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3) Between 50-70 billion cells die per day in humans due to apoptosis, which is critical for processes like immune system maturation and tissue remodeling.
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Cell death, particularly apoptosis, is probably one of the
most widely-studied subjects among cell biologists.
Understanding apoptosis in disease conditions is very
important as it not only gives insights into the pathogenesis
of a disease but may also leaves clues on how
the disease can be treated. In cancer, there is a loss of
balance between cell division and cell death and cells
that should have died did not receive the signals to do
so. The problem can arise in any one step along the way
of apoptosis.Apoptosis is an ordered and orchestrated cellular process that occurs in physiological and pathological conditions.
It is also one of the most studied topics among cell biologists. An understanding of the underlying mechanism of
apoptosis is important as it plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of many diseases. In some, the problem is due
to too much apoptosis, such as in the case of degenerative diseases while in others, too little apoptosis is the
culprit. Cancer is one of the scenarios where too little apoptosis occurs, resulting in malignant cells that will not
die. The mechanism of apoptosis is complex and involves many pathways. Defects can occur at any point along
these pathways, leading to malignant transformation of the affected cells, tumour metastasis and resistance to
anticancer drugs. Despite being the cause of problem, apoptosis plays an important role in the treatment of
cancer as it is a popular target of many treatment strategies. The abundance of literature suggests that targeting
apoptosis in cancer is feasible. However, many troubling questions arise with the use of new drugs or treatment
strategies that are designed to enhance apoptosis and critical tests must be passed before they can be used safely
in human subjects.. It is used,
in contrast to necrosis, to describe the situation in
which a cell actively pursues a course toward death
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Apoptosis
Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is an important physiological process that eliminates unwanted or damaged cells. There are two main pathways that trigger apoptosis - the extrinsic or death receptor pathway, and the intrinsic or mitochondrial pathway. The extrinsic pathway involves death receptors and ligands that activate caspase enzymes. The intrinsic pathway occurs in response to cellular stress and involves mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization and the release of proteins like cytochrome c. This forms the apoptosome complex and activates caspase-9 and caspase-3, leading to apoptosis. Apoptosis is a highly regulated process involving Bcl-2 family proteins, caspase enzymes, and characteristic morphological changes including cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation, and membrane blebbing. Assays to detect
APOPTOSIS : The programmed cell death
Apoptosis and necrosis are two types of cell death. Apoptosis is a regulated process where cells actively cause their own death, minimizing harm to surrounding cells and tissue. It occurs normally during development and to remove damaged cells, and is controlled through caspase activation via intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. In contrast, necrosis is unregulated cell death caused by external factors like toxins or trauma. Apoptosis plays important roles in development, tissue homeostasis, and diseases like cancer when its regulation is disrupted. The cell cycle and checkpoints also interact with apoptosis to control cell proliferation and death.
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Apoptosis
1) Apoptosis is a process of programmed cell death that is important for normal development and physiology, as it helps remove excess, damaged, or dangerous cells.
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3) Between 50-70 billion cells die per day in humans due to apoptosis, which is critical for processes like immune system maturation and tissue remodeling.
Apoptosis
Apoptosis is a tightly regulated form of programmed cell death that is controlled by specific genes. During apoptosis, cells fragment their DNA and nuclei and form apoptotic bodies that are phagocytosed by other cells without causing inflammation. This process removes damaged or unnecessary cells in a controlled manner. Apoptosis can be triggered by physiologic processes like development or pathologic conditions like radiation, viral infections, or accumulation of misfolded proteins. It occurs through either the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway involving cytochrome c release or the extrinsic death receptor pathway. Precise genetic control of apoptosis is important for tissue homeostasis and manipulation of these pathways may help treat diseases like cancer.
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the disease can be treated. In cancer, there is a loss of
balance between cell division and cell death and cells
that should have died did not receive the signals to do
so. The problem can arise in any one step along the way
of apoptosis.Apoptosis is an ordered and orchestrated cellular process that occurs in physiological and pathological conditions.
It is also one of the most studied topics among cell biologists. An understanding of the underlying mechanism of
apoptosis is important as it plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of many diseases. In some, the problem is due
to too much apoptosis, such as in the case of degenerative diseases while in others, too little apoptosis is the
culprit. Cancer is one of the scenarios where too little apoptosis occurs, resulting in malignant cells that will not
die. The mechanism of apoptosis is complex and involves many pathways. Defects can occur at any point along
these pathways, leading to malignant transformation of the affected cells, tumour metastasis and resistance to
anticancer drugs. Despite being the cause of problem, apoptosis plays an important role in the treatment of
cancer as it is a popular target of many treatment strategies. The abundance of literature suggests that targeting
apoptosis in cancer is feasible. However, many troubling questions arise with the use of new drugs or treatment
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in contrast to necrosis, to describe the situation in
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This document summarizes apoptosis, or programmed cell death. Apoptosis occurs through a regulated process that eliminates cells without releasing harmful substances. It is caused by physiologic situations like hormone-dependent tissue involution or pathogenic conditions such as DNA damage. The process involves intrinsic and extrinsic pathways that activate caspase enzymes to execute cell death. Examples where apoptosis is important include growth factor deprivation, DNA damage, misfolded protein accumulation in the endoplasmic reticulum, and removal of self-reactive lymphocytes to prevent autoimmunity.
Apoptosis ppt
Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is an important process in multicellular organisms for maintaining tissue homeostasis. The intrinsic and extrinsic pathways precisely regulate apoptosis through molecular signaling within cells and from other cells. Apoptosis removes infected, damaged, and unnecessary cells, and plays critical roles in development, disease prevention, and cell population control.
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This document provides an overview of stem cell technology and research. It discusses the history and types of stem cells, including embryonic and adult stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent and can form virtually any cell type, while adult stem cells are multipotent and more limited in what cells they can become. The document also reviews potential applications of stem cell therapy in treating conditions like diabetes, heart disease, and arthritis. However, ethical issues around the use of embryonic stem cells remain controversial.
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The document discusses apoptosis, or programmed cell death, and its role in cancer. It describes the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathways, noting they both involve caspase activation leading to DNA fragmentation and cell death. The intrinsic pathway is triggered by mitochondrial cytochrome c release while the extrinsic involves death receptors activating caspase-8. The document also discusses how p53 activates apoptosis in response to stresses but cancer cells develop strategies to inhibit apoptosis, like disabling p53 or activating anti-apoptotic proteins, allowing them to survive and proliferate despite DNA damage.
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Stem cell transplantation replaces unhealthy cells with healthy ones. It has a history dating back to the mid-19th century when it was discovered that marrow was the source of blood cells. Modern stem cell transplantation uses stem cells from three sources: peripheral blood, marrow, or umbilical cord. The types of transplantation are syngeneic using identical twins, autologous using one's own stem cells, and allogeneic using donor stem cells which can cause graft-versus-host disease. Stem cell transplantation treats conditions like blood disorders and cancers.
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Introduction to stem cell notes
Stem cells are unspecialized cells that can renew themselves and differentiate into specialized cell types. There are two main types: pluripotent stem cells like embryonic stem cells which can become any cell type, and adult or multipotent stem cells which can only become certain related cell types. Stem cells have properties of self-renewal and differentiation that make them useful for research, drug development, and cell therapies.
Necrosis. critical injury
Critical damage to cells can result in various forms of cell death, including necrosis, apoptosis, and immune-mediated cell death. Necrosis is the premature death of cells in living tissue due to factors like hypoxia, toxins, or trauma. It is characterized by cellular swelling and membrane breakdown. Apoptosis is a programmed form of cell suicide initiated by damage signals. The cell shrinks and fragments into apoptotic bodies that are phagocytosed. Immune-mediated cell death involves immune cells or complement killing damaged cells through phagocytosis or membrane attack. Necrosis of organs occurs when critical damage stops blood flow, leading to coagulative or liquefactive necrosis of all organ components. Outcomes include organization, inc
Cell Death physiology for mbbs, BPT, bds........pdf
Cell death physiology with well labelled diagrams...
programmed cell death .pptx
Programmed cell death (PCD), also called apoptosis, is a natural and regulated process in multicellular organisms where cells self-destruct in a controlled manner. Apoptosis plays an important role in development, the immune system, and maintaining homeostasis by removing damaged, infected, or unnecessary cells. There are two main pathways that can trigger apoptosis - the intrinsic pathway which responds to internal stressors and the extrinsic pathway which is activated by extracellular signals. Apoptosis is crucial for processes like embryonic development and sculpting tissues.
Stem cells
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into specialized cell types and can self-renew to produce more stem cells. There are three main types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells which are pluripotent, adult stem cells which reside in adult tissues, and induced pluripotent stem cells which are generated from adult cells. Stem cells are currently being researched for their potential uses in cell therapies, drug development and testing, and understanding human development. However, there are also disadvantages such as tumor formation and ethical issues regarding the use of embryonic stem cells. The future of stem cell research remains promising but still has many unanswered questions.
Apoptosis
Apoptosis is a tightly regulated process of programmed cell death that removes unnecessary or damaged cells. It is mediated by caspases, cysteine-dependent aspartate-directed proteases, that cleave key cellular proteins and lead to cell death. Apoptosis occurs through the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway or the extrinsic death receptor pathway and plays an important role in development, tissue homeostasis, and defense against infection and cancer. Defects in apoptosis can lead to neurodegenerative diseases, autoimmunity, and cancer.
Apoptosis.pptx
There are two main forms of cell death: apoptosis and necrosis. Apoptosis is a programmed form of cell death that plays an important role in development and maintaining a healthy immune system. On average, 50-80 billion cells die per day in humans due to apoptosis. Apoptosis occurs through two main pathways - the extrinsic pathway triggered by external stimuli like ligand binding, and the intrinsic pathway triggered by internal stimuli like DNA damage. Apoptosis is significant as it helps maintain homeostasis, proper body size, and constancy of cell number by eliminating unwanted and dangerous cells.
Principles of cancer chemotherapy
This document provides an overview of cancer and chemotherapy. It discusses that cancer is caused by deregulation of cell proliferation and apoptotic mechanisms. Cancer develops through multiple mutations that cause uncontrolled growth. Chemotherapy aims to kill rapidly dividing cells and works through several classes of drugs including alkylating agents, antimetabolites, anthracyclins, plant alkaloids, and cytotoxic antibiotics. These drugs have various mechanisms of action but commonly cause side effects by also killing normal cells. Chemotherapy regimens typically combine multiple drugs to reduce resistance.
BU4.3 Cell Cycle Regulation & Cancer
The document discusses regulation of the cell cycle and cancer. It explains that there are two types of regulatory proteins that control the cell cycle: internal regulators that allow progression between phases once certain events occur, and external regulators that speed up or slow down the cycle. There are multiple checkpoints in the cell cycle to ensure DNA replication is complete and chromosomes are properly aligned before division. Cells can die through accidental damage or through programmed apoptosis, which plays an important role in development. Cancer occurs when cells lose control of the cell cycle and divide uncontrollably. Cancerous tumors can be benign or malignant, with malignant tumors invading other tissues and spreading. Both genetic and environmental factors can cause cancer.
Apoptosis (programmed cell death)
Apoptosis
Its purpose
What if apoptosis stop?
Necrosis vs Apoptosis
Morphology of Apoptosis
Pathways of Apoptosis
Cancer character and types
Cancer character and typesMarudhar Kesari Jain College for Women Vaniyambadi - 635 751, Tamil Nadu, INDIA.
Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells anywhere in a body
Causative agents – chemical, toxic compound exposures, ionizing radiation, some pathogens
Most cancer form tumors, but not all tumors are cancerous.
Explain the roles of apoptosis in development of the tissues and org.pdf
Explain the roles of apoptosis in development of the tissues and organs of an organism.
Solution
The programmed cell death is called apoptosis. Apoptosis and necrosis are the two processes
through which cell meets death, which are controlled by numerous cell signals. Apoptosis is the
most typical form of cell death that is operated by a series of events controlled by genes
(programmed cell death). The cellular fragments of an apoptotic cell are ingested by the
surrounding cells. The caspases, FAS death receptor and IAP proteins are mainly responsible for
occurrence of apoptosis. The tumor cells usually have the mechanism to escape from apoptosis.
Apoptosis is necessary for the growth and development of the tissue and organs. It removes the
old cells and improper cells and allow the growth of new cells. Apoptosis is also necessary for
shaping the organs and balancing the body weight..
Cell injury
Cell injury can occur through various causes and results in either reversible or irreversible injury and cell death. Reversible injury involves changes that can be repaired if the stressor is removed, while irreversible injury leads to cell death through either necrosis or apoptosis. Necrosis is unprogrammed cell death that occurs due to external factors and results in cell contents leaking out and triggering inflammation. Apoptosis is programmed cell death where cells activate internal enzymes to degrade themselves without inflammatory response. The key differences between the two types of cell death include apoptosis affecting individual cells while necrosis affects groups of cells.
Apoptosis
Apoptosis is a controlled, programmed cell death process that is essential for normal development and homeostasis. During apoptosis, cells actively trigger intracellular events that lead to cell fragmentation and phagocytosis without causing inflammation. Apoptosis is distinct from necrosis, which is unregulated cell death caused by external cellular injuries. Key aspects of apoptosis include activation of caspases, DNA fragmentation, and changes to cell membranes that mark cells for phagocytosis. Apoptosis pathways can be triggered by extracellular signals or internal cell damage and are important in development, tissue homeostasis, and diseases like cancer when the process goes awry.
Apoptosis
The document discusses apoptosis, or programmed cell death. It defines apoptosis as a tightly regulated suicidal program in cells that activates enzymes to degrade the cell's own DNA and proteins. Apoptosis is important for normal development and tissue homeostasis by removing unwanted cells. The mechanisms of apoptosis involve both intrinsic pathways related to mitochondrial damage and extrinsic pathways activated by death receptors. Key regulators and effectors of apoptosis like caspases, Bcl-2 family proteins, and cytochrome c are discussed. Disorders related to too much or too little apoptosis can lead to conditions like neurodegeneration or cancer.
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Cell Death physiology for mbbs, BPT, bds........pdf
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Explain the roles of apoptosis in development of the tissues and org.pdf
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在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
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留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
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Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
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Calcium gluconate
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Complex titration with EDTA.
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With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
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Apoptosis.
- 1. CELL DEATH – APOPTOSIS Presented by Anil B. –18/MBT/003 Azad Kumar -18/MBT/005 Shivangi Asthana – 18/MBT/022 Sachin Kumar-18/MBT/025
- 2. CELL DEATH- Cell death is an important process in the body as it promotes the removal of unwanted cells. But why a cell should die ? because a. To allow body structures to grow and develop correctly. b. To remove body structures that are no longer required. c. To regulate the sizes of cell populations in adult bodies cell proliferation must be balanced with cell death. d. To kill cells that have been infected by pathogens. e. To prevent the survival of cells with damaged DNA (these have the potential to become cancerous). f. To prevent cells from surviving in environments where they should not be present. etc.
- 4. The two forms of cell death Apoptosis: programmed cell death(cell death by suicide ) Necrosis: uncontrolled cell death (cell death by injury)
- 5. TYPES OF APOPTOSIS Broadly of two types Caspase independent (less common) Caspase dependent(more common) Then the more common 2 caspase dependent pathways are mainly divided into two types – 1. Intrinsic Pathway 2. Extrinsic Pathway
- 6. PROTEINS AND SOME OTHER FACTORS INVOLVED IN APOPTOSIS
- 7. INTRINSIC PATHWAY OF APOPTOSIS
- 8. EXTRINSIC PATHWAY OF APOPTOSIS
- 10. CONCLUSION
- 11. THANK YOU