BU4.3 Cell Cycle Regulation & Cancer
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The document discusses regulation of the cell cycle and cancer. It explains that there are two types of regulatory proteins that control the cell cycle: internal regulators that allow progression between phases once certain events occur, and external regulators that speed up or slow down the cycle. There are multiple checkpoints in the cell cycle to ensure DNA replication is complete and chromosomes are properly aligned before division. Cells can die through accidental damage or through programmed apoptosis, which plays an important role in development. Cancer occurs when cells lose control of the cell cycle and divide uncontrollably. Cancerous tumors can be benign or malignant, with malignant tumors invading other tissues and spreading. Both genetic and environmental factors can cause cancer.
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Characterstics of transformed cells
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the uptake of external genetic material. Transformed cells exhibit characteristics like genetic instability, immortalization, abnormal growth control, and tumorigenicity. Transformation can occur spontaneously, through viral infection, or exposure to carcinogens or radiation. Transformed cells are studied to understand cancer properties by culturing cells from tumors or transforming normal cells using viruses or chemicals.
Biotransformation of antibiotics, steroids and their applications
Biotransformation is a process in which a drug molecule gets converted from one form to another form.
It may be more or less active than the parent drug molecule.
In the body there are process like absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion which is also called as ADME.
The Biotransformation of the drug usually takes place in the metabolism phase.
Biotransformation of the drug is a very important process which helps eliminate the drug molecules from getting stored in the body after its intended use is over.
The biotransformation of the drug takes place in the liver ( majority of the times it has been seen) other organs also play a role in biotransformation like lungs , kidney etc
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ti plasmid
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Biotransformation of antibiotics, steroids and their applications
Biotransformation is a process in which a drug molecule gets converted from one form to another form.
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In the body there are process like absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion which is also called as ADME.
The Biotransformation of the drug usually takes place in the metabolism phase.
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Cell synchronization helps in obtaining distinct sub population of cells representing different stages of cell cycle.It helps in collecting population wide data of cells progressing through various stages of cell cycle. Immortalization, refers to cells having capability of undergoing cell division infinitely. Immortal cells are particularly preferred in cell culture to enable long time storage and use. This presentation teaches about cell synchronization, methods of cell synchronization, cellular transformation, immortalization and mechanism of immortalization.
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ti plasmid
Ti plasmids are found in Agrobacterium tumefaciens bacteria and contain genes that allow the bacteria to transform plant cells and cause crown gall tumors. The plasmid contains virulence genes that are activated by plant signals and mediate transfer of T-DNA into the plant genome. T-DNA integration results in tumor formation and production of opines that the bacteria can utilize. Ti plasmids have been engineered as vectors for plant transformation by removing oncogenes and adding gene of interest between the border sequences, allowing transformation via Agrobacterium infection of wounded plant tissues.
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Biotransformation is the process by which organisms or enzymes chemically modify compounds not normally part of their metabolism. Microorganisms can modify a variety of organic compounds through biological or microbial transformation. Steroids are biologically active compounds found in plants and animals that are manufactured from sterols. Microorganisms are capable of oxidizing, hydroxylating, dehydrogenating, epoxidizing, aromatizing, and degrading steroid compounds. While microbial transformations provide novel enzymes and pathways, they can also result in low chemical yields if the substrate is toxic or used as an energy source by the microorganism.
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2. Hybrid plasmids that can replicate in both E. coli and B. subtilis are often used, allowing cloning in E. coli and expression in B. subtilis.
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Serum is a complex mix of albumins, growth factors and growth inhibitors.
Serum is one of the most important components of cell culture media and serves as a source for amino acids, proteins, vitamins (particularly fat-soluble vitamins such as A, D, E, and K), carbohydrates, lipids, hormones, growth factors, minerals, and trace elements.
Serum from fetal and calf bovine sources are commonly used to support the growth of cells in culture.
Fetal serum is a rich source of growth factors and is appropriate for cell cloning and for the growth of fastidious cells.
Calf serum is used in contact-inhibition studies because of its lower growth-promoting properties.
Normal growth media often contain 2-10% of serum.
Supplementation of media with serum serves the following functions :
Serum provides the basic nutrients (both in the solution as well as bound to the proteins) for cells.
Serum provides several growth factors and hormones involved in growth promotion and specialized cell function.
It provides several binding proteins like albumin, transferrin, which can carry other molecules into the cell. For example: albumin carries lipids, vitamins, hormones, etc. into cells.
It also supplies proteins, like fibronectin, which promote the attachment of cells to the substrate. It also provides spreading factors that help the cells to spread out before they begin to divide.
It provides protease inhibitors which protect cells from proteolysis.
It also provides minerals, like Na+, K+, Zn2+, Fe2+, etc.
It increases the viscosity of the medium and thus, protects cells from mechanical damages during agitation of suspension cultures.
It also acts a buffer.
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The cell cycle is regulated by cyclins and other regulatory proteins. Cyclins levels fluctuate throughout the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells. Internal regulators allow the cell cycle to proceed after certain intracellular processes, while external regulators like growth factors stimulate or slow the cycle. Cancer occurs when cells lose control of division and grow uncontrollably due to defects in genes regulating growth.
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Gene cloning strategies
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NEED OF SYNCHRONIZATION
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Lambda bacteriophage vectors overcame limitations of lambda's genome size and multiple restriction sites. The non-essential region was deleted to increase capacity for foreign DNA. Natural selection was used to isolate lambda phages lacking unwanted restriction sites. Common lambda vectors include insertion vectors like gt10 that allow cloning into unique sites, and replacement vectors like EMBL4 that replace stuffer DNA between restriction sites.
Introduction to animal cell culture
This document provides an introduction to animal cell culture by Dr. Anu P. Abhimannue. It discusses the history and development of animal cell culture from the early 20th century. It describes different types of animal cell culture such as primary versus secondary culture and finite versus continuous cell lines. It also discusses various cell culture methods like monolayer, suspension, types of culture vessels used and morphology of cultured cells. The document provides advantages and limitations of animal cell culture techniques.
Yeast artificial chromosomes
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1. Vectors for cloning in B. subtilis are often derived from Staphylococcus aureus plasmids which can replicate in B. subtilis.
2. Hybrid plasmids that can replicate in both E. coli and B. subtilis are often used, allowing cloning in E. coli and expression in B. subtilis.
3. Recombinant DNA can be structurally unstable in B. subtilis, so vectors that replicate through the theta mechanism tend to be more stable.
Yeast Artificial Chromosomes (YACs)
Yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) are engineered DNA molecules that can clone and replicate large DNA sequences in yeast cells. YACs contain essential yeast elements like a centromere and telomeres that allow them to behave like natural yeast chromosomes. YACs can clone very large inserts of up to 10 megabases of foreign DNA, making them useful for generating whole genome libraries.
Cytotoxicity
This document discusses cytotoxicity and methods for measuring it in vitro. It defines cytotoxicity as the ability of chemicals or cells to destroy living cells, which can lead to necrosis, apoptosis, or cytostasis. Measuring cytotoxicity is important for drug development and safety testing. In vitro assays are now commonly used as they are faster, cheaper, and more accurate than animal models. Several types of cytotoxicity assays are described, including dye exclusion assays like trypan blue, colorimetric assays like MTT, fluorometric assays like CFDA-AM, and luminometric assays like ATP assays. These assays measure endpoints such as membrane integrity, enzyme activity, proliferation, and ATP production to determine cytotoxic effects of chemicals on cells.
Protein micro array
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8. Biology and characterization of cultured cells
Immediate environment and environment of surrounding medium governs the various properties of cell. The in vitro condition markedly affects the cellular property of cultured cells. For e.g. Reduction in Cell–cell and cell-material interaction. Therefore, it is imperative to develop understanding of biology of cells in response to various environmental conditions. Characterization of cells helps to identify the origin, purity and authenticity of cells and cell lines.
Tumour supressor gene
Tumor suppressor genes regulate cell growth and division. When functioning properly, they inhibit tumor formation but when mutated or inactivated, they lose this ability. Examples include p53, Rb, APC, BRCA1, BRCA2. p53 is mutated in 50% of cancers and regulates DNA repair/cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. Li-Fraumeni syndrome results from germline p53 mutations increasing cancer risk. The APC gene regulates beta-catenin to control cell growth. Mutations in tumor suppressor genes are often required for tumor development according to the two-hit hypothesis as seen with retinoblastoma caused by Rb mutations.
Stem cell technology
Blood production agency. all types of blood cellls are produced in it. to understand it is the need of this era. it also will help in the physiology of blood making mechanism.
Role of serum and supplements in culture medium k.s
ROLE OF SERUM AND SUPPLEMENTS IN CULTURE MEDIA
Serum is a complex mix of albumins, growth factors and growth inhibitors.
Serum is one of the most important components of cell culture media and serves as a source for amino acids, proteins, vitamins (particularly fat-soluble vitamins such as A, D, E, and K), carbohydrates, lipids, hormones, growth factors, minerals, and trace elements.
Serum from fetal and calf bovine sources are commonly used to support the growth of cells in culture.
Fetal serum is a rich source of growth factors and is appropriate for cell cloning and for the growth of fastidious cells.
Calf serum is used in contact-inhibition studies because of its lower growth-promoting properties.
Normal growth media often contain 2-10% of serum.
Supplementation of media with serum serves the following functions :
Serum provides the basic nutrients (both in the solution as well as bound to the proteins) for cells.
Serum provides several growth factors and hormones involved in growth promotion and specialized cell function.
It provides several binding proteins like albumin, transferrin, which can carry other molecules into the cell. For example: albumin carries lipids, vitamins, hormones, etc. into cells.
It also supplies proteins, like fibronectin, which promote the attachment of cells to the substrate. It also provides spreading factors that help the cells to spread out before they begin to divide.
It provides protease inhibitors which protect cells from proteolysis.
It also provides minerals, like Na+, K+, Zn2+, Fe2+, etc.
It increases the viscosity of the medium and thus, protects cells from mechanical damages during agitation of suspension cultures.
It also acts a buffer.
Due to the presence of both growth factors and inhibitors, the role of serum in cell culture is very complex.
Unfortunately, in addition to serving various functions, the use of serum in tissue culture applications has several drawbacks .
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External and internal factors regulate the cell cycle to control cell division. External factors include cell-cell contact and growth factors that signal cells to divide. Internal factors include cyclins and kinases that help control the cell cycle. Cancer occurs when cell division becomes uncontrolled, potentially forming tumors that are either benign or malignant. Malignant tumors can metastasize by spreading cancerous cells to other parts of the body, making the cancer difficult to treat. Mutations in genes that regulate the cell cycle can cause cancer if they accelerate cell growth or disable cell cycle brakes, which may result from inheritance, exposure to carcinogens like tobacco or radiation, or viruses carrying oncogenes.
Cancer
This file is about cancer knowledge of initial level along with its cycle that shows how a cell change into cancerous one.
It's given cell cycle also help one in getting idea about what and how is it going on.
Regulation of the_cell_cycle
The cell cycle is regulated by internal and external factors that control when a cell divides. External factors include cell-cell contact and growth factors, while internal factors include cyclins and kinases that help control the cell cycle. Uncontrolled cell division can lead to cancer as cancer cells divide without regard for growth signals and contact inhibition. Cancer occurs due to mutations in genes that regulate the cell cycle, which can be caused by environmental exposures like radiation, viruses, and carcinogens. Treatment options aim to stop rapidly dividing cells like chemotherapy but may also harm healthy cells.
Erythrose defeat Cancer
Cancer cells divide rapidly and may spread to other organs. They rely mainly on fermentation rather than respiration, producing lactate. Controlling cell division can control cancer. Cancer cells differ from normal cells in that they can divide but not differentiate into specialized cell types. Increasing cellular respiration, such as by using the sugar erythrose, stops cell division and causes cancer cells to differentiate or die while leaving normal cells unharmed. Studies show erythrose kills various cancer cell lines at concentrations that do not harm normal cells, and it inhibits tumor growth in mice without side effects.
Cancer Cells Die with Erythrose
Cancer cells mainly depend on fermentation to produce energy and divide, while normal cells rely more on cellular respiration. Increasing cellular respiration, especially in mitochondria and cytosol, can stop cell division of both cancer and normal cells. Studies have found that the sugar erythrose is able to increase cellular respiration in cancer cells through its conversion to carbon dioxide and water without residue, causing cancer cell lines of various types to die at an erythrose concentration of around 4mM, while having similar effects on growth as glucose on normal cells up to 30mM. Erythrose shows potential as a targeted cancer treatment by increasing cellular respiration in cancers to kill them without damaging normal tissues.
Aging- the biology of senescence
Aging is a natural phenomenon. it is the law of nature
this slide is about the various factors which independently or in combinations contribute to aging in humans
Mitosis part 1 revised
Cells need to divide through the process of mitosis in order to repair and replace damaged or dead cells, to grow and develop, and for sexual reproduction. Mitosis involves the replication of DNA and the division of the cell into two identical daughter cells. The cell cycle is tightly regulated by internal and external factors to ensure proper cell division, growth and function. Deregulation of the cell cycle controls can lead to cancer if cells divide uncontrollably and form tumors that may metastasize and spread to other parts of the body. Treatments for cancer include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.
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LT4.2 Skeletal System
There are two types of bone tissue: compact bone which is dense and forms the outer layer, and spongy bone which is less dense and found in low stress areas. Bones are composed of osteocytes embedded in bone matrix, as well as osteoblasts which build bone, osteoclasts which resorb bone, and osteogenic cells which develop into osteoblasts. A long bone has a central shaft made of compact bone surrounding marrow, expanded ends made of inner spongy and outer compact bone lined with marrow, and growth plates between the shaft and ends.
LT4.2 Skeletal System
There are two types of bone tissue: compact bone which is dense and forms the outer layer, and spongy bone which is less dense and found in low stress areas. Bones are composed of osteocytes embedded in bone matrix, as well as osteoblasts which build bone, osteoclasts which resorb bone, and osteogenic cells which develop into osteoblasts. A long bone has a central shaft made of compact bone surrounding marrow, expanded ends made of inner spongy and outer compact bone lined with marrow, and growth plates between the shaft and ends.
LT4.1 Introduction to the Skeletal System
The skeletal system has several key functions:
1. It provides structure and support for the body, protects vital organs, and allows for movement.
2. Bones act as a reservoir for minerals and as sites for blood cell formation in the bone marrow.
3. The skeletal system is divided into the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebrae, and thorax, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the limbs and their attachments.
4. Bones are classified based on their shape into long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, and sesamoid bones, with each shape relating to its particular functions.
LT2.4 Carbon Cycle
The document describes the carbon cycle and key concepts about carbon. It discusses how carbon is the fundamental building block of life and is present in all living and once-living organisms. Carbon cycles between reservoirs in the atmosphere, biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere through natural fluxes and processes. It moves between these spheres and reservoirs as carbon dioxide and other gases, and is exchanged between the atmosphere, plants, animals and fossils through photosynthesis, respiration, fossil fuel formation and burning.
LT2.2 Cellular Respiration PowerPoint Notes
Cellular respiration is the process by which organisms generate energy (ATP) from glucose. It occurs in three stages: glycolysis in the cytoplasm, the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria, and the electron transport chain in the mitochondria. Aerobic cellular respiration uses oxygen and produces the most ATP, while anaerobic respiration does not use oxygen and produces less ATP. All organisms undergo cellular respiration to break down glucose and generate energy in the form of ATP, which is required for life processes like growth and repair.
LT2.1 Photosynthesis PowerPoint Notes
The document discusses photosynthesis and provides information about the process. It defines photosynthesis as the process by which sunlight energy is converted to glucose energy. It also notes that photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of plants and involves the reactants of carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight being converted to the products of glucose and oxygen. Producers that undergo photosynthesis supply the entire food chain with energy.
U3.6 integumentary system
The document discusses the effects of aging on the integumentary system. As people age, their skin becomes more prone to injuries and infections, their immune system becomes less sensitive, and their muscles and bones weaken. The skin also thins and becomes dry and scaly, hair thins and changes color, and the skin sags and wrinkles. The body's ability to lose heat and repair skin damage also decreases with age.
U3.5 integumentary system
The document summarizes the four phases of skin injury repair: 1) Inflammatory phase where bleeding occurs and an inflammatory response is triggered. 2) Migratory phase where a scab forms and cells migrate to remove debris. 3) Proliferation phase where the scab is undermined by epidermal cell migration and fibroblast activity produces collagen. 4) Scarring phase where the scab is shed and scar tissue forms and elevates the epidermis over several weeks.
LT1.1 Characteristics of Life ppt
All living things share certain characteristics:
1) They are made of cells, metabolize energy, respond to stimuli, reproduce, evolve over generations, and maintain homeostasis.
2) They are organized into hierarchical levels from cells to organisms and ecosystems.
3) They grow and develop throughout their lifecycles according to their unique processes of asexual or sexual reproduction.
Station 24 digestive system
The digestive system processes an average of 60,000 to 100,000 pounds of food over a lifetime. The digestive tract is 27 feet long on average and can take 15 to 48 hours to fully digest a meal. The digestive process begins with sight and smell of food and involves saliva production, stomach acid secretion, and movement of food through the esophagus and stomach over time.
Station 23 digestive system
The digestive system breaks down food into smaller molecules using specialized enzymes. Nutrients are then absorbed into the bloodstream and used by cells through metabolic reactions to produce energy, build substances, and drive cellular activities. Nutritional needs vary between individuals based on their age, gender, height, weight, and activity level.
Station 22 digestive system
The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients that can be absorbed and used by the body. There are two categories of nutrients - micronutrients like vitamins and minerals which are required in small amounts for proper body functioning, and macronutrients like proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates which provide energy and are used to build and repair tissues. The digestive system breaks down foods into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and utilized by cells as building blocks, energy sources, or other functions.
Station 21 digestive system
The digestive system undergoes several changes with age that can affect its normal functioning. The mucus layer and tissues throughout the digestive tract thin with age, making it more susceptible to damage. Peristaltic contractions also weaken over time, slowing intestinal movement and potentially causing constipation. An aging digestive system is also more vulnerable to infections, toxins, and cancers like colon and stomach cancer. Elderly individuals also commonly experience tooth loss due to issues like cavities and gum disease.
Station 20 digestive system
The document discusses three key aspects of the digestive system:
1) Absorption is the process by which digested nutrients pass from the gastrointestinal tract into the bloodstream and lymph systems to be distributed to cells. This occurs mainly through diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport.
2) In the large intestine, sluggish movements and occasional mass movements help move waste toward the rectum while allowing for nutrient absorption.
3) Defecation involves the relaxation of the internal anal sphincter and contraction of the external anal sphincter in a reflex triggered by the presence of waste in the rectum, allowing for the voluntary elimination of solid and liquid waste from the anus.
Station 19 digestive system
The document discusses two key aspects of the digestive system:
1. The swallowing process is initiated voluntarily but then proceeds automatically through a series of phases, beginning with mastication (chewing and crushing food) in the oral phase.
2. The regulation of gastric activity is controlled by the central nervous system and reflexes within the digestive tract walls, as well as hormones. Control occurs over three phases - the cephalic phase prepares the stomach for food, the gastric phase enhances secretions to break down the food, and the intestinal phase controls gastric emptying and triggers other organs.
Station 18 digestive system
The digestive system allows us to break down food and absorb nutrients. It consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. Food enters the mouth where it is chewed and mixed with saliva before traveling to the stomach for further breakdown. Nutrients are then absorbed through the small intestine into the bloodstream and unused waste moves into the large intestine to be excreted from the anus.
Station 16 digestive system
The digestive system includes several accessory organs that help break down food and nutrients. The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes and hormones to regulate blood sugar. The liver produces bile to break down fats, stores vitamins and minerals, and breaks down toxins and old blood cells. The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile before sending it to the small intestine to help digest dietary fats.
Station 15 digestive system
The large intestine, also known as the colon, accepts undigested material from the small intestine. It is approximately 4-5 feet long and includes the cecum, colon (ascending, transvers, descending, and sigmoid portions), and rectum. The large intestine absorbs water and vitamins back into the body, undergoes microbial fermentation where bacteria produce vitamins, and compacts and eliminates waste through defecation. It contains billions of beneficial bacteria that aid in digestion and keep harmful bacteria away.
Station 14 digestive system
The small intestine is the body's major digestive organ that is around 20 feet long. It is subdivided into the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The small intestine uses enzymes from the pancreas and liver to further break down nutrients and its main function is to absorb these nutrients into the bloodstream. It accomplishes absorption through villi, finger-like projections that increase the intestinal surface area. The small intestine processes around 2 gallons of food and liquid per day through contractions that move the chyme through the intestine.
Station 13 digestive system
The document discusses two conditions related to imbalances in the digestive system: ulcers and heartburn. It states that ulcers are usually caused by a bacterial infection from Helicobacter pylori that burrows into the stomach lining. Most ulcers occur when there is not enough mucus lining in the stomach to protect it from hydrochloric acid, allowing the acid to damage the stomach muscle and potentially leak into the abdominal cavity. The document also explains that heartburn is caused by stomach acid regurgitating into the esophagus, usually because the muscle at the end of the esophagus does not close properly after swallowing, sometimes from overeating spicy foods or during pregnancy. Antacids provide temporary relief from
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BU4.3 Cell Cycle Regulation & Cancer
- 1. UNIT 4 REPRODUCTION & CELLULAR DIVISION Section 3 Cell Cycle Regulation & Cancer Biology - DeFord
- 3. Read pages 350 & 351 together as a class. TEXTBOOK READING TIME!
- 4. Discuss the two types of proteins that regulate the cell cycle. How do they work? TURN AND TALK!
- 5. CONTROL OF THE CELL CYCLE The cells of some tissues divide frequently throughout their lifespan. e.g., skin, intestine Cell division occurs rarely, or not at all, in other tissues. e.g., brain, heart, skeletal muscles Cell division in eukaryotes is driven by enzymes and controlled at specific checkpoints. Enzymes – special regulatory proteins used by the cell control the rate of chemical reactions and are used to monitor a cell’s progress from phase to phase during the cell.
- 6. REGULATORY PROTEINS There are two types of proteins that regulate the cell cycle. Internal regulators allow the cell cycle to proceed certain events have occurred. External regulators speed up or slow down the cycle.
- 7. CHECKPOINTS OF THE CELL CYCLE Although enzymes drive the cell cycle, multiple checkpoints ensure that: the cell successfully completes DNA synthesis during interphase. proper chromosome movements occur during mitotic cell division.
- 8. CHECKPOINTS OF THE CELL CYCLE G1 to S Ensures that the cell’s DNA is suitable for replication. Triggers cell death (apoptosis) if damage can’t be repaired.
- 9. CHECKPOINTS OF THE CELL CYCLE G2 to Mitosis Ensures that DNA has been completely and accurately replicated. Chromosomes remain extended and accessible to DNA Repair Enzymes, which fix DNA before cell enters Mitosis.
- 10. CHECKPOINTS OF THE CELL CYCLE Metaphase to Anaphase Ensures that the chromosomes area aligned properly at the metaphase plate.
- 11. Read page 352 together as a class. TEXTBOOK READING TIME!
- 12. Discuss the two ways cells end their life cycle. Describe apoptosis and the role it plays in the development of organisms. TURN AND TALK!
- 13. APOPTOSIS Cells end their life cycle in one of two ways: A cell may die by accident due to damage or injury. A cell may actually be “programmed” to die. Apoptosis is a process of programmed cell death; it plays a key role in development by shaping the
- 14. Read page 353 & 354 together as a class. TEXTBOOK READING TIME!
- 15. Discuss how cancer cells are different from other cells. TURN AND TALK!
- 16. CANCER Occasionally, cells lose control of the cell cycle and do not respond to the signals that regulate the growth of most cells. They continue to divide when healthy cells would stop. Cancer is defined as the uncontrolled and division of cells that results from a failure in the regulation of the cell cycle. Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States.
- 17. Discuss the difference between benign and malignant. TURN AND TALK!
- 18. CANCER Cancerous cells form masses of tissue called tumors that deprive normal cells of nutrients. Benign are noncancerous tumors that do not spread to surrounding healthy tissue or to other parts of the body. Malignant tumors are cancerous and will invade and surrounding healthy tissue.
- 19. Discuss some plausible causes of cancer. TURN AND TALK!
- 20. CANCER Both genetic and environmental factors are involved in causing cancer. Substances and agents that are known to cause cancer are called carcinogens. Genetic Factors center around changes DNA. More than one change in DNA is required to change an abnormal cell into a cancer cell. Environmental Factors include where live, cigarette smoke, air and water
- 21. CANCER PREVENTION Diets high in fiber, low in fat Fruits and vegetables and grains Vitamins A, C, E, and Calcium Carotenoid containing foods Daily exercise Avoid using tobacco
Editor's Notes
- 3
- 4
- Growth factors, for example, stimulate growth and division; these are especially important during embryonic development and wound healing. Would want to slow the cycle to prevent excessive cell growth and to keep body tissues from disrupting one another.
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- Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally, and is responsible for an estimated 9.6 million deaths in 2018. Globally, about 1 in 6 deaths is due to cancer. Heart disease and stroke take the lead!
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- So how are the growth of a tumor and the repair of a scrape on your knee similar? How are they different? They are similar because the both involve rapid cell division. They are different because once a scrape is repaired, the rapid cell division will stop; however, in a tumor the rapid cell division does not stop.
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