Explain the roles of apoptosis in development of the tissues and org.pdf
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Explain the roles of apoptosis in development of the tissues and organs of an organism. Solution The programmed cell death is called apoptosis. Apoptosis and necrosis are the two processes through which cell meets death, which are controlled by numerous cell signals. Apoptosis is the most typical form of cell death that is operated by a series of events controlled by genes (programmed cell death). The cellular fragments of an apoptotic cell are ingested by the surrounding cells. The caspases, FAS death receptor and IAP proteins are mainly responsible for occurrence of apoptosis. The tumor cells usually have the mechanism to escape from apoptosis. Apoptosis is necessary for the growth and development of the tissue and organs. It removes the old cells and improper cells and allow the growth of new cells. Apoptosis is also necessary for shaping the organs and balancing the body weight..
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Apoptosis.ppt
A detailed description of programmed cell death mechanism also called Apoptosis.
It explains about the factors, mechanism and pathways involved in the apoptosis.
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A unit that was created for a lesson that would correspond with the caps learning document but what is not in the document
Apoptosis,biological changes,pathways extrinsic, intrinsic, carcinogenecity,n...
Apoptosis,biological changes,pathways extrinsic, intrinsic, carcinogenecity,n...Bahaudin zakriya university multan pakistan
Cell death, particularly apoptosis, is probably one of the
most widely-studied subjects among cell biologists.
Understanding apoptosis in disease conditions is very
important as it not only gives insights into the pathogenesis
of a disease but may also leaves clues on how
the disease can be treated. In cancer, there is a loss of
balance between cell division and cell death and cells
that should have died did not receive the signals to do
so. The problem can arise in any one step along the way
of apoptosis.Apoptosis is an ordered and orchestrated cellular process that occurs in physiological and pathological conditions.
It is also one of the most studied topics among cell biologists. An understanding of the underlying mechanism of
apoptosis is important as it plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of many diseases. In some, the problem is due
to too much apoptosis, such as in the case of degenerative diseases while in others, too little apoptosis is the
culprit. Cancer is one of the scenarios where too little apoptosis occurs, resulting in malignant cells that will not
die. The mechanism of apoptosis is complex and involves many pathways. Defects can occur at any point along
these pathways, leading to malignant transformation of the affected cells, tumour metastasis and resistance to
anticancer drugs. Despite being the cause of problem, apoptosis plays an important role in the treatment of
cancer as it is a popular target of many treatment strategies. The abundance of literature suggests that targeting
apoptosis in cancer is feasible. However, many troubling questions arise with the use of new drugs or treatment
strategies that are designed to enhance apoptosis and critical tests must be passed before they can be used safely
in human subjects.. It is used,
in contrast to necrosis, to describe the situation in
which a cell actively pursues a course toward death
upon receiving certain stimuleApoptosis (programmed cell death)
Apoptosis
Its purpose
What if apoptosis stop?
Necrosis vs Apoptosis
Morphology of Apoptosis
Pathways of Apoptosis
Cell Death physiology for mbbs, BPT, bds........pdf
Cell death physiology with well labelled diagrams...
Apoptosis under physiological conditions and diseases
This presentation discusses the basic concept, mechanism and the functions of apoptosis
programmed cell death .pptx
1. Brief introduction and history about PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH or APOPTOSIS
2. Types of apoptosis
3. Pathways of apoptosis
Laboratory Report Antibiotics Results Table 14.2 Antibiotic Suscepti.pdf
Laboratory Report: Antibiotics Results Table 14.2 Antibiotic Susceptibility (Modified Kirby-
Bauer Test) zone svR zone svR zone surMR zone SAR zone svR zone svRe Intermediate, and S
Questions 1. What relationship did you find, if any. between the Gram-staining reaction of a
microorganism and its susceptibility to an antibiotic? 2. Did you observe any small colonies
growing in the zone of inhibition around the antibiotic disc? Explain how this might occur.
Exercise /4 Antibiotics 14-5
Solution
1..
It is thermodynamically possible for a prokaryotic microorganism to .pdf
It is thermodynamically possible for a prokaryotic microorganism to oxidize S for energy and
electrons, use Fe+++ as a respiratory electron acceptor, reduce CO2 for carbon and reduce N2
for nitrogen, but such an organism is not known to exist. Why? Why can consortia of
microorganisms perform energy transduction processes that individual populations cannot?
Examples?
Solution
Prokaryotes do not possess membrane bound organells such as mitochondria, nucleus,
endoplasmic reticulum, chloroplast, etc. Hence bacteria can not separate metabolically
incompatible biochemical reactions in descrete components. Thats why bacteria with all the
given features is not known to exist.
The solution to the the problem of compartmentalization is to form association with other
organisms with distinct capabilities of carrying out various biochemical ractions. Bacteria can be
protected from inhibitory environmental factors such as exposure to hihg level of oxygen. Hense
consortia of microorganisms perform energy transduction processes that individual population
can not.
Exampe is microbial mat in which anaerobic, aerobic, photosynthetic, sulphte reducing,
autotrophic, chemoautotrophic, heterotrophic microorganisms are present.
The uppermost layer of microbial mat is generally dominated by photosynthetic aerobic
cynobacteria while the lowest layer is dominated by sulfate reducing anerobic bacteria..
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Apoptosis,biological changes,pathways extrinsic, intrinsic, carcinogenecity,n...
Apoptosis,biological changes,pathways extrinsic, intrinsic, carcinogenecity,n...Bahaudin zakriya university multan pakistan
Cell death, particularly apoptosis, is probably one of the
most widely-studied subjects among cell biologists.
Understanding apoptosis in disease conditions is very
important as it not only gives insights into the pathogenesis
of a disease but may also leaves clues on how
the disease can be treated. In cancer, there is a loss of
balance between cell division and cell death and cells
that should have died did not receive the signals to do
so. The problem can arise in any one step along the way
of apoptosis.Apoptosis is an ordered and orchestrated cellular process that occurs in physiological and pathological conditions.
It is also one of the most studied topics among cell biologists. An understanding of the underlying mechanism of
apoptosis is important as it plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of many diseases. In some, the problem is due
to too much apoptosis, such as in the case of degenerative diseases while in others, too little apoptosis is the
culprit. Cancer is one of the scenarios where too little apoptosis occurs, resulting in malignant cells that will not
die. The mechanism of apoptosis is complex and involves many pathways. Defects can occur at any point along
these pathways, leading to malignant transformation of the affected cells, tumour metastasis and resistance to
anticancer drugs. Despite being the cause of problem, apoptosis plays an important role in the treatment of
cancer as it is a popular target of many treatment strategies. The abundance of literature suggests that targeting
apoptosis in cancer is feasible. However, many troubling questions arise with the use of new drugs or treatment
strategies that are designed to enhance apoptosis and critical tests must be passed before they can be used safely
in human subjects.. It is used,
in contrast to necrosis, to describe the situation in
which a cell actively pursues a course toward death
upon receiving certain stimuleApoptosis (programmed cell death)
Apoptosis
Its purpose
What if apoptosis stop?
Necrosis vs Apoptosis
Morphology of Apoptosis
Pathways of Apoptosis
Cell Death physiology for mbbs, BPT, bds........pdf
Cell death physiology with well labelled diagrams...
Apoptosis under physiological conditions and diseases
This presentation discusses the basic concept, mechanism and the functions of apoptosis
programmed cell death .pptx
1. Brief introduction and history about PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH or APOPTOSIS
2. Types of apoptosis
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Laboratory Report Antibiotics Results Table 14.2 Antibiotic Suscepti.pdf
Laboratory Report: Antibiotics Results Table 14.2 Antibiotic Susceptibility (Modified Kirby-
Bauer Test) zone svR zone svR zone surMR zone SAR zone svR zone svRe Intermediate, and S
Questions 1. What relationship did you find, if any. between the Gram-staining reaction of a
microorganism and its susceptibility to an antibiotic? 2. Did you observe any small colonies
growing in the zone of inhibition around the antibiotic disc? Explain how this might occur.
Exercise /4 Antibiotics 14-5
Solution
1..
It is thermodynamically possible for a prokaryotic microorganism to .pdf
It is thermodynamically possible for a prokaryotic microorganism to oxidize S for energy and
electrons, use Fe+++ as a respiratory electron acceptor, reduce CO2 for carbon and reduce N2
for nitrogen, but such an organism is not known to exist. Why? Why can consortia of
microorganisms perform energy transduction processes that individual populations cannot?
Examples?
Solution
Prokaryotes do not possess membrane bound organells such as mitochondria, nucleus,
endoplasmic reticulum, chloroplast, etc. Hence bacteria can not separate metabolically
incompatible biochemical reactions in descrete components. Thats why bacteria with all the
given features is not known to exist.
The solution to the the problem of compartmentalization is to form association with other
organisms with distinct capabilities of carrying out various biochemical ractions. Bacteria can be
protected from inhibitory environmental factors such as exposure to hihg level of oxygen. Hense
consortia of microorganisms perform energy transduction processes that individual population
can not.
Exampe is microbial mat in which anaerobic, aerobic, photosynthetic, sulphte reducing,
autotrophic, chemoautotrophic, heterotrophic microorganisms are present.
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cynobacteria while the lowest layer is dominated by sulfate reducing anerobic bacteria..
in what ways are virtual and learning organizations different fr.pdf
in what ways are virtual and learning organizations different from the typical organization
in what ways are virtual and learning organizations different from the typical organization
in what ways are virtual and learning organizations different from the typical organization
Solution
Difference between Virtual Learning organization and Typical/Conventional organization
Point of Difference
Virtual Learning Organization
Typical/Conventional Organization
Physical Structure
Virtual organizations lack a physical structure and exist as an amorphous and imaginary reality
in the mind of people using the cyber space as a means of operation
Conventional organizations are defined by tangible assets, office space and actual people you can
see and touch.
Geography
Virtual organizations are boundary-less
conventional organizations are confined to one or more geographical locations
Mobility:
Workers in virtual organizations are mobile and not confined because of the availability of a
communication infrastructure (the internet, extranet and organizational portals)
Workers in conventional organizations are static and confined
Flexibility
but virtual organizations are built around people that form the organization.
Conventional organizations have a rigid structure of hierarchy, bureaucracy, rules and
regulations that do not allow for flexibility
Communication
The sophistication required to maintain effective communication in a virtual organization is
higher
The sophistication required to maintain effective communication in a conventional organization
is marginal.
Assessment
Virtual organizations require frequent and continuous assessment of goals and corporate
objective
Conventional organizations not require frequent and continuous assessment of goals and
corporate objective
Learning
Virtual organizations relies on ‘knowledge assets’ more
Virtual organizations relies on ‘knowledge assets’ less
Point of Difference
Virtual Learning Organization
Typical/Conventional Organization
Physical Structure
Virtual organizations lack a physical structure and exist as an amorphous and imaginary reality
in the mind of people using the cyber space as a means of operation
Conventional organizations are defined by tangible assets, office space and actual people you
can see and touch.
Geography
Virtual organizations are boundary-less
conventional organizations are confined to one or more geographical locations
Mobility:
Workers in virtual organizations are mobile and not confined because of the availability of a
communication infrastructure (the internet, extranet and organizational portals)
Workers in conventional organizations are static and confined
Flexibility
but virtual organizations are built around people that form the organization.
Conventional organizations have a rigid structure of hierarchy, bureaucracy, rules and
regulations that do not allow for flexibility
Communication
The sophistication required to maintain effective communication in a virtual organization is
hi.
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How does the Socratic Method or Elenchus proceed to discover wisdom?
Solution
The socratic method for seeking wisdom is the most effective route to discovering unique
insights that transend standerd reflection,introspection or contemplation.The Socratic method is
simply the discipline of obtaining answers through continual questioning that can last for days
,months or even years.The wisdom results from having the discipline and courage to keep asking
questions,even when the subject matter seems too difficult or fearful to ponder.
The socratic method also teaches us that a revolutionary answer may not be the ultimate
discovery.instead,it may just be a transitional answer that leads to another question,that draws us
closer to the truth.The socratic method leads to insight as each piece of the puzzle starts to fit.
Socratic goal in using the elenchus seems to be split in several ways.The knowledge of virtuous
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For discrete random variables define the probability mass function a.pdf
For discrete random variables define the probability mass function and the cumulative
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Solution
Probability mass function specifies the probabilities at each discrete point. It is defined as f(x) =
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Cumulative distribution function is defined as F(x) = P(X <= x) for all values in range of X.
Distinguish between coding diversity and junctional diversity for im.pdf
Distinguish between coding diversity and junctional diversity for immunoglobulins. What are
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Solution
Ans.) Difference between coding diversity and junctional diversity for immunoglobulins -
Junctional diversity is the variation in the DNA sequence that is incorporated by the
inappropriate joining of gene segments during the process of VDJ recombination. This process of
VDJ recombination has a very significant roles for the vertebrate immune system, as it is capable
of generating a huge repertoire of different T-cell receptor and immunoglobulin molecules which
are required for pathogen antigen recognition by T-cells and B cells, respectively. The
imprecision of joining provided by junctional diversity is expected to triple the diversity initially
generated by these VDJ recombinations.
Hence junctional diversity is basically the variation in DNA sequence whereas coding diversity
is the different combinations of gene segments that can be used in different rearrangement
events.
On the basis of the proteins involved in the process, there is two types of junctional diversity is P
and N nucleotide.
Generation of junctional diversity generation begins with the proteins, recombination activating
gene-1 and -2 (RAG1 and RAG2), in combination with DNA repair proteins, such as Artemis.
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Describe the mechanism that allows a cell to take up specific molecu.pdf
Describe the mechanism that allows a cell to take up specific molecules from the extracellular
fluid. Include the term “ligand” in your answer.
Solution
The transport of the molecules across the lipid bilayer depends on the chemical properties,
solubility, size and concentration gradient of that particular molecule. These molecules are also
termed as ligand. These can be gas molecule like CO2, O2; small hydrophobic molecule-
methane; large biomolecules- glucose, proteins, lipids; small ions; water molecules etc. The lipid
bilayer is hydrophobic in nature and thus restricts the transport of small ions and hydrophillic
molecules. These molecules are assisted in different ways. The various mechanism are:
1. Diffusion: In this simple diffusion, gases like CO2, O2 and N2 can diffuse across the lipid
bilayer without any restriction. Along with gases certain small hydrophobic molecules ethanol
can also diffuse across the lipid bilayer. The transport is down the concentration gradient.
2. Facilitated diffusion: This is also a form of diffusion but through specific channels. These
channels can open and close in response to a stimulus and can transport the ligand across the
membrane. Through this mechanism, water (aquaporins), small ions and even hydrophobic
molecules are transported. No metabolic energy is spent in this process. However, for small ions
the transport is down the electrochemical gradient and for others the transport is down their
concentration gradient. Eventhough hydrophobic molecules can pass through the lipid bilayer
without assistance, transport through a channel increases the rate of uptake of the molecule.
3. Active transport: In this mechanisms, metabolic energy is spent for transport of the molecule.
This transport of the molecule is against is electrochemical gradient or concentration gradient
and hence ATP is hydrolyzed in the process. This mechanism uses ATP powered pumps that are
integrated in the membrane of the cell or the oragnelle.Example- Na/K ATPase Pump uses ATP
to transport 3 Na ions out and 2 K ions inside the cell. This helps in maintaining the normal
concentration of the ions in the cell.
4. Transporters: The last mechanism uses three kinds of transporters, uniporters: uses the same
concept of facilitated diffusion to transport one kind of molecule in one direction down its
concentration gradient. These uniporters are ligand specific. GLUT 1 for glucose is a uniporter.
Symporters are the second kind of transporters. Symporters transport two molecules in the same
direction- one of the two ligands is transported down its concentration gradient while the other is
transported against its concentration gradient. The ligand transported down its concentration
gradient fuels up the transport of the other ligand. The nature of the energy is stored in the
electrochemical gradient. This is often referred to as secondary active transport. They are
different from ATPase pumps since they dont use ATP as the energy source but th.
Define information architecture and explain its importance in the we.pdf
Define information architecture and explain its importance in the web development process.
Solution
Information architecture is a more difficult field to define than many others. Unlike content
strategy, which is accomplished by content strategists, or interaction design, which is
accomplished by designers, information architect is very infrequently a job title. It is, however, a
valuable and necessary field which crosses multiple roles.
Information architecture is about helping people understand their surroundings and
find what they’re looking for, in the real world as well as online.
In other words, information architecture is the creation of a structure for a website, application,
or other project, that allows us to understand where we are as users, and where the information
we want is in relation to our position. Information architecture results in the creation of site
maps, hierarchies, categorizations, navigation, and metadata. When a content strategist begins
separating content and dividing it into categories, she is practicing information architecture.
When a designer sketches a top level menu to help users understand where they are on a site, he
is also practicing information architecture..
Complete this table Solution Transport mechanism concent.pdf
Complete this table:
Solution
Transport mechanism concentration gradient Energy requirement Selectivity Osmosis Along
the concentration gradient No energy required Only solvent molecules Facilitated diffusion
Along the concentration gradient No energy required Solutes including mineral ions Active
transport Against the concentration gradient Energy required Solutes, mineral ions, small organic
molecules.
Can someone please explain the whole life cycle of listeria Mococyto.pdf
Can someone please explain the whole life cycle of listeria Mococytogenes?
Solution
Morphology and culturing. The small Gram-positive rods feature peritrichous flagellation. They
show greater motility at 20 8C than at 37 8C. Culturing is most successful under aerobic
conditions on blood agar. Following incubation for 18 hours, small gray colonies surrounded by
inconspicuous hemolytic zones appear. The zones are caused by listeriolysin O. listeriae can also
reproduce at 5–10oC, which fact can be used in their selective enrichment (“cold enrichment”).
Adherence. To phagocytic cells (e.g., macrophages) and nonphagocytic cells (e.g., enterocytes).
Invasion. Endocytosis, induced by the protein internalin on the surface of the listeriae. Formation
of the endosome.
Destruction of the endosome. The virulence factor listeriolysin forms pores in the endosomal
membrane, releasing the listeriae into the cytoplasm.
Replication of the listeriae in the cytoplasm of infected cells.
Local intercellular dissemination. Polymerization of the actin of infected cells at one pole of the
listeriae to form so-called actin tails that move the listeriae toward the membrane. Formation of
long membrane protuberances (known as listeriopods) containing listeriae. Neighboring cells
engulf the listeriopods, whereupon the process of listeria release by means of endosome
destruction is repeated.
Dissemination is generally by means of hematogenous spread..
Briefly describe the four IEEE 802.11i phases of operationSolut.pdf
Briefly describe the four IEEE 802.11i phases of operation?
Solution
The main thing we have to do is correct tap on the system status notice symbol and open the
Network and Sharing Center from the setting menu.
At that point tap on the Change connector settings hyperlink on the left-hand side of the Network
and Sharing Center.
Presently right-tap on the system connector you wish to change the DNS settings for and select
properties from the setting menu.
At the point when the properties for your system connector open, you should choose Internet
Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) from the rundown, then snap properties.
Our illustration will have opened the IPv4 settings for your system connector. You will find in
the base portion of the discourse that your PC is set to get its DNS settings \"consequently\". You
should change that with the goal that we can physically determine the DNS servers we need to
utilize. Presently basically pick an administration underneath and enter the DNS server
addresses.
Google DNS
Favored: 8.8.8.8
Interchange: 8.8.4.4
OpenDNS
Favored: 208.67.222.222
Interchange: 208.67.220.220
We selected to run with Google DNS for the time being — while they could utilize this
information to track your perusing propensities, by and by we\'re not that stressed over.
B) Based on the allele frequency for this trait in the population, w.pdf
B) Based on the allele frequency for this trait in the population, what assumptions would you
make about the genotype of each outsider in this family tree if you were expecting it to be a
recessive trait? Explain your reasoning.
C) You collect phenotypic data from the living family member and determine that the following
family members have tooth agenesis
Affected member of this family are: II2, II4, II7, II8, III2, III4, III5, III7, III8, IV1, IV2
Which, if any, modes of inheritance may be ruled out for this family? Briefly explain your
reasoning for each mode you rule out (use table below).
D) Are the two sets of twins in this family identical or fraternal twins? What is the basis of your
answer?
E) If III-2 and III-7 married and had a child, what is the probability that their child would have
tooth agenesis? State the mode of inheritance that you think is most likely for this tree. Show
your calculations based on that mode of inheritance.
Mode of Inheritance:
Probability:Rule out? (Yes or No)Rationaleautosomal dominantautosomal recessiveX-linked
dominantX-linked recessive
Solution
A) The outsiders of the family tree are
II-1, II-5, II-6, II-9, III-1
B) The genotype of outsiders are as under
II-1, a carrier, because one of the offspring is affected (III-2).
II-5, affected, because both of its offsprings are affected (III-4, III-5).
II-6, normal, also not a carrier, because its offspring is normal (III-6).
II-9, affected, because both of its offsprings are affected (III-7, III-8)
III-1, affected, because both of its offsprings are affected (IV-1, IV-2).
C)
The mode of inheritance is not autosomal dominant, because the offspring of the affected parent
(II-7) is normal.
The mode of inheritance is outosomal recessive. Because the parents I-1, I-2 are carriers and
offspring of the affected parent (II-7) is normal.
The inheitance is not X-linked dominant nor X-linked recessive, because both male and female
are affected.
D) The two sets of twins in this family- one set is identical and other is fraternal twins
Twins (II-1, II-2) are fraternal twins, because one is affeted (II-2) and other is unaffected (II-1).
Twins (II-7, II-8) are identical twins, because both the twins are affected.
E) If III-2 and III-7 married, their 100% probability that the child would have tooth agenesis.
Because the inheritance is autosomal recessive and both are affected..
Art labeling Activity. Organs of the Abdominopelvic Cavity (1 of 2, C.pdf
Art labeling Activity. Organs of the Abdominopelvic Cavity (1 of 2, Cato Gallbladder
Ascending colon Ileocecal sphincter Mesentery Pancreas ileum urinary bladder Duodenum Right
lateral lobe of liver
Solution
In first picture
1st Top most label is for lobe under liver is for Gall bladder.
2nd label is for right lateral lobe of liver.
3rd label is for Duodenum
4th label is for Pancreas
5th label is for Ascending colon
6th label is for Ileocecal sphincter/junction
7th label is for Cecum
8th label is for ileum
9th label is for Urinary bladder
10th label in the right side is for Mesentery
In second picture
1st Top most label is for Falciform ligament.
2nd label is for Location of pyloric sphincter.
3rd label is for Jejunum
4th label is for Descending colon
1st Top most label in the right side is for Left medial lobe of Liver.
2nd label in the right side is for Left lateral lobe of Liver.
3rd label in the right side is for Lesser omentum
4th label in the right side is for stomach
5th label in the right side is for Greater Omentum (retracted)
6th label in the right side is for Spleen.
Altitudinal zonation of vegetation on a mountain often resembles lat.pdf
Altitudinal zonation of vegetation on a mountain often resembles latitudinal distribution of
vegetation. Why is this? Where on a mountain would you expect to find alpine tundra?
Solution
Altitudinal zonation of vegetation on a mountain often resembles the latitudinal distribution of
vegetation because with the increase in altitude the temperature drops. The change in climate
with increasing altitude mimic the change in climate with changing latitude from tropics to the
poles. Due to the change in the climate, the vegetation also resembles the corresponding zones in
the latitudes.
Alpine tundra are expected on the top of the mountains at 11,500 -14750 feet above the sea level..
A Type I error occurs when we Do not reject the null hypothesis when.pdf
A Type I error occurs when we Do not reject the null hypothesis when it is actually false
Reject the null hypothesis when it is actually false Do not reject the null hypothesis when it is
actually true Reject the null hypothesis when it is actually true
Solution
Type I error is the probability of rejecting the true null hypothesis. So option:
\"Reject the null hypothesis when it is actually true. \".
An org^+ cys^+ his^+ met pro bacterial strain is known to be lysoge.pdf
An org^+ cys^+ his^+ met pro bacterial strain is known to be lysogenic for a newly discovered
phage that undergoes specialized transduction. The bacterial chromosome map is... The
lysogenic strain is used as a source of the phage, and the phages are added to a bacterial strain of
genotype org cys his met pro. After a brief incubation, samples of these phage-exposed
bacteria are plated on five different types of minimal media (1-5), with the supplementations as
indicated in the following table. A plus sign means the minimal media contained that particular
supplement (indicated at the top of each column), a minus sign means the media was missing
that supplement. Based on this information, tell me whether or not you\'d find colonics (growth)
on each of the five media if specialized transduction occurred. OK cool. Why would those
media have grown colonies?
Solution
a)Growth on each of the five media are:
1) N
2) C
3) N
4) C
5) N
N= no colonies are formed,C = colonies are formed
b)The media have grown colonies because these selected for cys+ or met+ transductants and
indicate that the prophage is located in cys-met region..
8. A cytologist needs to test if a virus replicates in the cytoplasm.pdf
8. A cytologist needs to test if a virus replicates in the cytoplasm or the nucleus of the live host
cells. The cytologist should use a _______ for the examination.
A. A SEM
B. A TEM
C. A darkfield LM
D. A high-end STED LM
E. A confocal microscope
Solution
Answer: (D). A high-end STED LM
STED LM or stimulated emission depletion light microscopy is used to visualize the replication
process of virus in live host cells. It is a newly invented light imaging technique with super
lateral resolution and aids in observing sub-cellular compartments which are not possible with
other microscopy techniques.
Hence a cytologist can use high-end STED LM to observe whether viruses are replicating in the
cytoplasm or nucleus of host cell..
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15. If the goal is to make an inference about a population from a sample, and each member of
the population has an equally likely chance of being chosen for the sample, we say the sample
has been ____________ chosen. (Points : 10)
Solution
randomly
is the answer.
When each member has an equal chance, then there is absolutely no bias and the selection of one
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1) In the summer of 1998, after extrely hot, dry weather, the Georgi.pdf
1) In the summer of 1998, after extrely hot, dry weather, the Georgia corn harvest was expected
to be reduced by at least 25%. Using your knowledge of the dual functions of guard cells relative
to water retention and gasexchange, explain the reduction in photosynthetic productivity.
2) Plant cells have cell walls and animal cells do not. How does this difference relate to
differences in plant andanimal function?
3) Table 20.2 – Structure and Function of Plant CellsCell
TypeStructureFunctionPlantEpidermisGuard
CellsParenchymaCollenchymaSclerenchymaTracheidsVesselsSieve TubesEndodermisPrimary
MeristemsVascular CambiumPericyclePeridermRay Parenchyma
Solution
1). Plants draw water through roots, Cuticle is the outer covering o plants, which is a waxy
substance and it prevents the entry of water to and from stem and leaves. Cuticle contains
specialized pores called stomata, which allow the passage of o2 and co2 through it. The Stomata
contain two guard cells, they swell and shrink when water moves into and out of them and this
controls the loss of water from the leaf while allowing the passage of gases.
During summer, the guard cells remain closed for most of the time to avoid water loss at an
expense of reduced gaseous exchange. Means, less carbon dioxide (CO2) is available for
photosynthesis, which reduces the rate of photosynthesis in summer in corn plants..
Why are two phases of meiosis necessary In order to maximize variat.pdf
Why are two phases of meiosis necessary? In order to maximize variation in the next generation
In order to both reduce the chromosome number and separate sister chromatics. In order to
produce two daughter cells. In order to produce 4 gametes. All of these.
Solution
Answer - To Produce 4 gametes
Meiosis consist of two phases of cell division - Meiosis I and Meiosis II
Meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes by half, and is thus known as reductional form of
cell division. This process is necessary for the formation of gametes for fertilization.
The number of daughter cells formed are four..
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