This document provides an overview of water treatment technologies from an Indian perspective. It discusses the objectives of water treatment, which include managing water discharge to reduce pollution and allow for reuse. It outlines various water quality parameters that are tested and regulated. It then describes common water treatment systems like ETPs and STPs, as well as the treatment processes involved in STPs, including pre-treatment, primary treatment, and secondary treatment. Key components of treatment systems like clarifiers, aeration tanks, and filters are illustrated. Advanced processes like reverse osmosis and desalination are also summarized. The document concludes by referencing several sources on water treatment practices.

1. Water Treatment Technologies : An Indian
Perspective

2. Our Portfolio
APAS WATER SOLUTIONS Pvt. Ltd., specializes in areas of water and waste
water management.
The company is manned by dedicated staffs under the guidance of
technocrats with more than 70 years of experience in this field.
We have an experience of working with water treatment pioneers like M/s
Ion Exchange (India) Ltd., Mumbai for more than 20 years .
Our experience is wide due to association with leading industrial groups
such as TVS, Ashok Leyland, Rane, TI, Shakti, Bannariamman etc.
We have involved in many prestigious projects and technology missions.
Delivering quality water treatment systems has been our prime focus.

3. Our Vision
We deliver best quality of water treatment solution to our clients in short
time.
Our dedicated team members have been successful in providing customized
design setups.
We fabricate water treatment systems on based of our clients need.
We focus on providing a sustainable technology in terms of water quality
and cost of maintenance.
We cater to all type of markets and clients need.
Strong belief in after sales service support forms important part of the value
added services we offer.

4. Objectives of the Presentation
Necessity of
Water Treatment
Technologies
Understanding
Important
Terminologies
Studying
Processes

5. Purpose of Treating Water
To manage water discharged from different sectors i.e., Industrial,
Households and other Commercial Sectors.
Reduction of threats towards water pollution.
Prevention of toxic chemicals being discharged in water bodies.
Reuse them for different purposes.
Channelize waste in such a way that doesn’t contaminates our surroundings.
Preserves the physical, chemical and biological properties of water.

6. Water Parameters
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD): It is the measure of dissolved
oxygen needed by aerobic organisms in a water body to breakdown the
organic material present in a water sample.
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD): It is the measure of organic chemicals
present in water.
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) : It is a measure organic and inorganic
material present in water sample.
Total Suspended Solids (TSS) : It is the measure of solid particles present
in the water sample.
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) : It is the measure of nitrogen and
ammonia present in the water sample.

7. …continued
Parts Per Million (ppm): The concentration of solid particles in water is
measured in parts per million/ out of a million. It can also be referred as
milligrams/litre (mg/l).
pH : Logarithmic reciprocal of hydrogen ion concentration in an aqueous
solution.
Carbonate Hardness: The hardness in water caused by the bicarbonates
and carbonates of calcium and magnesium.

8. Types of Water Treatment Systems
Effluent Treatment Plant
(ETP)
For treating waste water
from Commercial Sectors
Sewage Treatment Plant
(STP)
For treating waste water
from Household, Foods and
Beverages Industries

9. Steps Involved in Sewage Treatment Plant (STP)
Pre- Treatment
Preliminary Treatment
Primary Treatment
Secondary Treatment

10. Illustrating Treatment Processes
Figure 1: Treatment Processes

11. Pre- Treatment Process
It primarily occurs in Industrial or Pharmaceutical Sectors.
Prior to the discharge the water is treated.
The water is checked out to have no chemicals or substances.
The organization is needed to process out all the contaminants.
Effluent from the industries containing high chemical or metal levels
contaminates water bodies, aquatic animals and people residing near water
bodies.
Effluent from industries are subjected to treatment according to the norms
of water boards.

12. Preliminary Treatment Process
Effluents moves in the local treatment plants primarily by the help of gravity
flow.
Removal of large objects and non- degradable materials by using bar screen
and grit chambers.
Protects pumps and other materials from getting damaged or blocked.
The grit chamber removes rocks, gravel, broken glasses etc.
The mesh screen traps everything above the size of 6mm.
The debris trapped in the bar screen or grit chamber are taken to the
landfills.

13. Figure 2: Preliminary Treatment

14. Primary Treatment Process
The waste water flow in this process is slowed down and suspended solids
settles to the bottom due to gravity.
The material settled at the bottom of the clarifier is now known as “sludge”
or “bio-solids”.
It greatly reduces the suspended solids and the B.O.D levels from the waste
water.
In this process the fats, lipids and foams from the clarifier are skimmed off
from the surface of the water.
These floating material can cause trouble to the water treatment system in
later stages.

15. Figure 3: Primary Treatment

16. Secondary Treatment Process
The waste water after the primary treatment is passed on to the trickling
filters/ aeration chambers.
Secondary treatment helps in removing B.O.D further to a greater extent.
This level of treatment involves biological treatment of water.
It utilizes bacteria and algae's to metabolize organic matter in the waste
water.
After aeration/ trickling process the water is allowed to settle down further
for the removal of sludge
Sludge obtained here is dried and can be used as manure.
The water can be discharged to the water bodies now.

17. Figure 4: Secondary Treatment

18. Illustrating Important
Components

19. Clarifier
5.Launder
1. Sewage Inlet Pipe
2. Centre Feed Well
3. Bottom
4. Weir
5. Launder
6. Outlet Pipe
7. Squeegers
8. Collection Pit
9. Motor
10. Speed Reduction Gear
11. Shaft
12. Frame
13. Platform or Bridge
Figure 5: Clarifier

20. Aeration Tank
1. Air Supply Pipeline
2. Fine Bubble Diffusers/
Air Spargers
Figure 6: Aeration Tank

21. Bar Screen Chamber
1. Inlet Pipe
2. Debris
3. Sediments in Sewage
Water
4. Grill
5. Screened Sewage
6. Outlet Pipe
7. Platform with Weep
HolesFigure 7: Bar Screen Chamber

22. Oil and Grease/ Grit Trap
1. T- Joint
2. Minimum Level
3. Fat and Scum
4. Grit and Solids
5. Baffle Plate
6. Waste Water free from Fats
and Scum
7. Outlet
Figure 8: Oil and Grease/ Grit Tap

23. Pressure Sand Filter (PSF)
Figure 9: Pressure Sand Filter

24. Activated Carbon Filter (ACF)
Figure 10: Activated Carbon Filter

25. Desalination and Reverse Osmosis
Process of removing salts and other minerals from water; this process can
also be referred as tertiary treatment.
Water is desalinated in order to convert the salt water to fresh water suitable
for human consumption.
This technology is extremely costly as it requires a huge amount of energy
and specialized infrastructure.
Uses membrane to desalinate applying reverse osmosis techniques.
Uses semi-permeable membrane and pressure to separate salts from water.
Less energy usage compared to thermal distillation; provides fresh water to
medicals, industries and household sectors.

26. Differentiating Osmosis and Reverse Osmosis
Water molecules are forced to
move from a region of lower
concentration to a region of
higher concentration by applying
a huge amount of pressure is
termed as Reverse Osmosis.
Water molecules move from a
region of higher concentration to
a region of lower concentration
through a partially permeable
membrane is termed as Osmosis.

27. Reverse Osmosis Process Description
The solute is retained on the pressurized side of the membrane, while pure
solvent is allowed to pass on the other side.
The membrane is designed only to allow water molecules to pass through
and trap other large molecules.
Pressure applied must overcome the natural osmotic pressure.
600-1200 psi of pressure must be used for sea water, as it has natural
osmotic pressure of 390 psi.
Reverse osmosis has proved to be quite efficient and is very popular in all
segments of water treatment.

28. M-1
M-2
M-3
Pre-
Treatment P Permeate
Reject
Figure 11: Reverse Osmosis Layout (Single Array)

29. Upflow Sludge Blanket Filtration (USBF)TM
A latest technology launched by ECOfluid.
It’s a modification of conventional activated sludge process that incorporates
an anoxic selector zone and an upflow sludge blanket filter.
Incorporates aeration zone, clarifier and anoxic zone in a single tank.
The only mechanical equipment involved is blower for aeration and air
lifting return sludge.
Requires less space for installation and low power consumption.

30. Figure 12: USBF Bioreactor

31. References
South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control. (n.d.). Septic
systems in coastal South Carolina for professional real estate professionals. Retrieved
November 20, 2009.
United State Geological Survey. (n.d.). South Florida Information Access -
Hydrogeology of a Dynamic System in the Florida Keys: A Tracer Experiment.
Retrieved December 15, 2009.
Bowman, J.J., Lough Ree: an investigation of eutrophication and its causes,
Environmental Protection
Agency, 1996.
Environmental Protection Agency, Waste Water Treatment Manuals: Preliminary
Treatment, 1995.
Metcalf & Eddy, Wastewater Engineering, Treatment, Disposal and Reuse, McGraw
and Hill Publishing Company, 3' Ed., 1991.

32. …thank you!!!