The document discusses the key principles and processes involved in industrial wastewater treatment. It begins by outlining the various sources and uses of water in industries and how this leads to wastewater. It then describes the important goals of industrial wastewater treatment as disposal or reuse of effluent while managing water pollution. The document proceeds to detail the major treatment steps, including physical, chemical, and biological processes, and concludes by discussing final disposal methods.

1. MEID 513
BSME-5F
SAN PEDRO, JESSA O.
DE PERIO, KATE G.
CANO, JOHN CHRISTIAN A.
GUTIERREZ, LEIGH ANNE A.
MINA, JULIE-ANN C.

2. ● Industries use water that obtained from the water treatment system for
a variety of purposes, such as
 For manufacturing goods.
 For heating.
 For cooling.
 As carrier of raw material.
 As carrier of waste matter.
 As a solvent.
● The resulting water after several processes is then classified as
wastewater.

3. ● The indiscriminate discharge of these
wastewater streams into the environment
can:
 Render soils "sick ".
 Pollute the receiving bodies of water.
 Cause air pollution by generating
obnoxious gases
● Discharge untreated wastewater into the
domestic sewer system makes the task of
treating domestic sewage, a very difficult and
costly exercise.

4. To prevent any health hazards caused by
discharging wastewater into the
environment and protect domestic sewage,
the wastewater must be treated before
discharge or an INDUSTRIAL
WASTEWATER TREATMENT must be
done.

5. Industrial wastewater treatment covers the mechanisms and processes used to
treat waters that have been contaminated in some way by anthropogenic industrial or
commercial activities prior to its release into the environment or its re-use.
SEWAGE TREATMENT PROCESSWASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESS

6.  The principal objective of industrial wastewater treatment is generally
to allow industrial effluents to be disposed of
or .
 Another objective of industrial wastewater treatment to manage water
discharged from homes, businesses, and industries to reduce the threat
of water pollution.

7. IMPORTANT CONTAMINANTS OF CONCERN IN INDUSTRIAL
WASTEWATER TREATMENT
Suspended
Solids
Nutrients
(P, N2, C)
Priority
Pollutants
Refractory
Organics
Heavy Metals
Dissolved
Inorganics

8. BREWERIES DAIRY INDUSTRY PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY MINES AND QUARRIES PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY

9. COMPLEX ORGANIC CHEMICALS INDUSTRY NUCLEAR INDUSTRY TEXTILE INDUSTRY
LANDFILL LEAKAGE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY GLASS INDUSTRY

11. The first type is classified according to the chemical properties of the main
pollutants contained in industrial wastewater. The inorganic pollutants are
mainly inorganic wastewater, and the organic pollutants are mainly organic
wastewater. For example, electroplating wastewater and wastewater from
mineral processing are inorganic wastewater; wastewater from food or
petroleum processing is organic wastewater.
Petroleum Processing Wastewater
Electroplating Wastewater Food Wastewater

12. The second is classified according to
the products and processing objects of
industrial enterprises, such as
metallurgical wastewater, papermaking
wastewater, coking coal gas
wastewater, metal pickling wastewater,
chemical fertilizer wastewater, textile
printing and dyeing wastewater, dye
wastewater, tannery wastewater,
pesticide wastewater, power station
wastewater, etc.
Dye Wastewater
Power Station Wastewater
Metallurgical Wastewater

13. The third type is classified according to the main components of the pollutants
contained in the wastewater, such as acidic wastewater, alkaline wastewater,
cyanide-containing wastewater, chromium-containing wastewater, cadmium-
containing wastewater, mercury-containing wastewater, phenol-containing
wastewater, aldehyde-containing wastewater, and oily wastewater. , sulfur-
containing wastewater, organic phosphorus wastewater and radioactive
wastewater, etc.
Oily Wastewater
Radioactive Wastewater

15. - The first unit operation encountered in wastewater-treatment
starts in screening. A screen is a device with openings, generally of
uniform size that is used to retain the coarse solids found in
wastewater.
Step Screens are a ”stepping” type of screening systems for
separating suspended solids.

16. - It is a process in which floatables, namely non-emulsifies oil and organics
separate from wastewater.
- This separator can handle very large flow. It is designed based the specific
gravity difference between the oil and the wastewater and between the
suspended solids and wastewater.
API Separator

17. - Consist of stacks of plates or
bundles of slanted tubes usually
at 60 degrees , in a vessel or
tank. The solids will slide down
the plates and be collected at
the bottom.
- They are usually more efficient
than API Separators in removing
oil and solids, as more surface
area can be provided.
CPI Units

18. - It is used to overcome the operational problems caused by flow variations
and is also used as an emergency tank to equalize wastewater effluent in
case of any process failure in the treatment process.
- The design must provide for sufficient mixing to prevent solids deposition
and concentration variations and also to provide aeration to prevent odor
problems.

19. - It is the separation from water, by gravitational settling, of suspended
particles that are heavier than water.
- Sedimentation basins are constructed in a variety of shapes and sizes,
circular tanks or rectangular tanks, which is comprised of four zones
according to function:
a.) Inlet Zone is a region where the incoming suspension is
distributed uniformly over the cross- section of the tank.
b.) Settling Zone, the particles settle at the same rate as they
would in a quiescent.

20. c.) Outlet zone, the clarified liquid is collected uniformly over the cross-
section of the basin.
d.) Sludge Zone is where all the solids collect at the bottom of the tank.
Rectangular Basin Circular Basin

21. - It is a unit operation used to separate solid or liquid particles from a liquid
phase.
- Principal advantage of floatation over sedimentation is that very small or
light particles that settle slowly can be removed more completely and in a
shorter time.

22. – air bubbles are
formed by introducing the gas phase
directly into the liquid phase through
a revolving impeller through
diffusers.
– consists
saturating the wastewater with air
either directly in an aeration tank or
by permitting air to enter on the
suction side of a sewage pump.
Air Flotation
Vacuum Flotation

23. - Industrial wastes often contain
acidic o alkaline components
which require neutralization
before discharge or treatment.
- Lime is the most widely used
alkaline material for
neutralization acid wastes
because of its low cost.

24. - Oxidants are used in wastewater treatment as a first step in the removal of
heavy metal to oxidize organics or as a last step in a treatment process, to
oxidize odoriferous compounds such as hydrogen sulfide or to oxidize
inorganics such as cyanide and for disinfection.
Oxidation / Reduction

25. - Chemical precipitation in wastewater
treatment involves the addition of
chemicals to alter the physical state of
dissolved and suspended solids and
facilitate their removal by sedimentation.
Chemical Precipitation

26. - Takes place in rapid mix, or flash
mix basins which are very rapid.
The primary function of rapid mix
basin is to disperse the coagulant
so that it contacts all of the
wastewater.
- form aggregates or flocs from the
finely divided matter. The
flocculation of wastewater by
mechanical or air agitation.

27. Physico-chemical treatment
. This
is achieved
(called coagulants and flocculants), which
change the physical state of the colloids
allowing them to remain in an indefinitely
stable form and therefore form into particles
or flocs with settling properties.

28. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL TREATMENT
• Coagulation (rapid mixing)
- Destabilizes or neutralizes the negative charges
contained in the wastewater by adding a coagulant
during rapid mixing
• Flocculation (slow mixing)
- Flocculants are applied to allow flocs to come
together and adhere
• Sedimentation
- Floc removal by solid - liquid separation.

29. Biological treatment cleans water by
to break down organic wastes.
This treatment is often a secondary treatment process, used to remove any
material remaining after primary treatment.

30. BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT
Aerobic Treatment
-
to break down organic
matter to carbon dioxide and
microbial biomass.
Anoxic Treatment
-
for
growth, such as for the removal
of sulfate, nitrate, nitrite,
selenate, and selenite.
Anaerobic Treatment
-
to break
down organic matter, often
forming methane, carbon
dioxide, and excess biomass.

31. • Disinfection
– Disinfection refers to the selective
destruction of disease-causing
organisms. It is most commonly
accomplished by using chemical agents,
physical agents, or radiation.
• Reuse of Treated Effluent
– The industrial plant can reuse its own
wastewater through recycling or after
treatment or it can be used for
irrigation.

32. AUXILIARY OPERATIONS
Carbon Adsorption – removes certain types of
organic contaminants that are resistant to
primary and secondary wastewater
treatments.
Granular Media Filters – removes organic and
inorganic suspended solids and can be
operated by gravity or pressure.

33. AUXILIARY OPERATIONS
Membrane separation techniques
are used to:
• remove very fine particles from
water
• to desalinate water
• to remove organics from water

34. AUXILIARY OPERATIONS
Ultrafiltration (UF) – a pressure-driven barrier
to suspended solids, bacteria, viruses,
endotoxins and other pathogens to produce
water with very high purity and low silt
density.
Reverse Osmosis (RO) – demineralizes
or deionizes water by pushing it under
pressure through a semi-permeable
membrane.

35. • Preliminary Treatment
• Primary Treatment
• Secondary Treatment
• Tertiary Treatment
• Disposal

36. • Purpose is to protect the operation of the wastewater treatment plant.
• Remove from the wastewater any constituents which can clog or damage
pumps, or interfere with subsequent treatment processes.
They are designed to:
1. Remove or to reduce in size the large entrained,
suspended or floating solids.
2. Remove heavy inorganic solids such as sand and gravel as
well as metal or glass.
3. Remove excessive amounts of oils or greases.

37. • These consist of bars usually spaced three-quarter inches to six
inches. Those most commonly used provide clear openings of one
to two inches.
• They are usually set at an angle of 45 to 60 degrees with the
vertical.
• The racks or screens may be cleaned either manually or by means
of automatically operated rakes.
Screening
(Mechanical Screen)

38. Grit Chamber
• Wastewater usually contains a relatively large amount of inorganic
solids such as sand, cinders and gravel which are collectively called
Grit
• Grit chambers are usually located ahead of pumps or comminuting
devices, and if mechanically cleaned, should be preceded by coarse
bar rack screens. The detention period is usually between 20
seconds to 1.0 minute.

39. Skimming Tanks
• A chamber so arranged that the
floating matter like oil, fat, grease etc.,
rise and remain on the surface of the
waste water.
• The chamber is a long trough shaped
structure divided up into two or three
lateral compartments by vertical baffle
walls.
• A theoretical detention period of 3
minutes is enough. The floating
matter can be either hand or
mechanically removed.

40. • Removal of settle-able organic and inorganic solids.
• Approximately 25 to 50% of the incoming biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5),
50 to 70% of the total suspended solids (SS).
• It may be considered sufficient treatment if the wastewater is used to irrigate
crops that are not consumed by humans or to irrigate orchards, vineyards, and
some processed food crops.
• Primary sedimentation tanks or clarifiers may be round or rectangular basins,
typically 3 to 5 m deep, with hydraulic retention time between 2 and 3 hours.

41. a. Sedimentation Tank – Primary Settling Tank

42. b. Coagulation – Secondary Settling Tank

43. c. Flocculation

44. • Sludge from the primary sedimentation tanks is pumped to the sludge
thickener. More settling occurs to concentrate the sludge prior to disposal.
• Primary treatment reduces the suspended solids and the B.O.D. of the
wastewater.
• Measurement and sampling at the inlet structure
- a flow meter continuously records the volume of water entering the treatment
plant
- water samples are taken for determination of suspended solids and B.O.D.
• From the primary treatment tanks water is pumped to the trickling
filter for secondary treatment.

45. • Further treatment of the effluent from primary treatment to remove the
residual organics and suspended solids.
• Follows primary treatment and involves the removal of biodegradable dissolved
and colloidal organic matter using aerobic biological treatment processes.
• High-rate biological processes are characterized by relatively small reactor
volumes and high concentrations of microorganisms compared with low rate
processes.
• The biological solids removed during secondary sedimentation, called
secondary or biological sludge, are normally combined with primary sludge for
sludge processing.

46. Common High-Rate Processes:
• Trickling Filters or Bio Filters
• Rotating Biological Contactors (RBC)

47. Trickling Filters
• Consists of a basin or tower filled with support media such as stones, plastic
shapes, or wooden slats.
• Wastewater is applied intermittently, or sometimes continuously, over the
media. Microorganisms become attached to the media and form a biological
layer or fixed film.
• Forced air can also be supplied by blowers but this is rarely necessary. The
thickness of the biofilm increases as new organisms grow. Periodically, portions
of the film 'slough off the media.
• The sloughed material is separated from the liquid in a secondary clarifier and
discharged to sludge processing.

48. Principle of Trickling Filters

49. Rotating Biological Contactors (RBC)
• Fixed-film reactors similar to bio filters
in that organisms are attached to
support media.
• In the case of the RBC, the support
media are slowly rotating discs that are
partially submerged in flowing
wastewater in the reactor. Oxygen is
supplied to the attached biofilm from
the air when the film is out of the water.
• Sloughed pieces of biofilm are
removed in the same manner described
for bio filters.

50. • Employed when specific wastewater constituents which cannot be removed
by secondary treatment must be removed.
• Individual treatment processes are necessary to remove nitrogen,
phosphorus, additional suspended solids, refractory organics, heavy metals
and dissolved solids.
De-chlorination and Disinfection
Reverse Osmosis
Ion Exchange

52. • Disposal of wastewater and storm-water should preferably be considered
only when reuse options are not feasible. Ultimate disposal of wastewater is
either onto land or water (river, lake, ocean).
• The general problem areas that are of concern in final disposal are
pathogenic microorganisms (viruses, etc.), heavy metals and the presence of
biologically resistant organic compounds, such as pesticides or insecticides
which can find their way into water supplies.
• There are three methods by which final disposal of wastewater - Surface
Disposal, Subsurface Disposal, Disposal by Dilution.

53. Surface Disposal
• Generally this is disposal by irrigation. This
involves spreading the wastewater over the
surface of the ground, generally by irrigation
ditches.
• This method is largely restricted to small
volumes of wastewater from a relatively
small population where land area is available
and where nuisance problems will not be
created.
• It has its best use in arid or semi-arid areas
where the moisture added to the soil is of
special value.

54. Subsurface Disposal
• Wastewater is introduced into
the ground below its surface
through pits or tile fields.
• It is commonly used for disposal
of settled wastewater from
residences or institutions where
there is only a limited volume of
wastewater.
• Little application for large scale
use in municipalities.

55. Disposal by Dilution
• The simple method of discharging wastewater into a surface water such as a
river, lake, ocean, estuaries or wetlands.
• The degree of pollution depends on the dilution, volume and composition of the
wastewater as compared to the volume and quality of the water with which it is
mixed.
• However, in spite of the continued aerobic status of the receiving water,
microbial pollution remains a health menace and floating solids in the
wastewater, if not previously removed, are visible evidence of the pollution.
• The presence of excessive amounts of nutrients can stimulate plant
and algae growth in the receiving waters. This is of special concern
in inland, enclosed waters such as lakes and ponds.

56. Disposal by Dilution

57. INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER
TREATMENT PRINCIPLES
Industrial wastewater often contains various
toxic substances. These substances are great
harm to human health and environment,
thus, it is necessary to develop
comprehensive utilization and minimize the
hazard.

58. There are 7 basic principles of industrial
wastewater treatment that should be
noticed
1. Choose non-toxic production
technology to replace or improve
the antiquated production
process as well as eliminate or
reduce the production of
poisonous and harmful
wastewater as far as possible in
the production process.

59. 2. In the process of using toxic raw
materials and producing toxic
intermediates and products, adopt
reasonable process and equipment, and
implement strict operation and
supervision to eliminate leakage and
minimize the loss.

60. 3. Waste water containing highly
toxic substances, such as some
heavy metals, radioactive materials,
high concentrations of phenol,
cyanide and other wastewater
should be SEPARATED from other
wastewater to facilitate the
treatment and recovery of useful
materials.

61. 4. Some wastewater with large flow and
low pollution, such as cooling
wastewater, SHOULD NOT BE
DISCHARGED INTO THE SEWER to avoid
increasing the load on urban sewers and
sewage treatment plants. This type of
wastewater should be RECYCLED after
proper treatment in the plant.

62. 5. Organic wastewater similar to
urban sewage, such as food
processing wastewater, sugar
wastewater, and papermaking
wastewater can be discharged into
an urban sewage systems.

63. 6. Some toxic wastewaters can be
biodegraded, such as phenol and
cyanide-containing wastewater, can be
discharged into urban sewers according
to the allowable discharge standards
after being treated in the factory, and
further subjected to bio-oxidative
degradation treatment by the sewage
treatment plant.

64. 7. Toxic wastewater that
are difficult to biodegrade
should be treated
separately and should not
be discharged into urban
sewage.