This presentation deal with the most viable problem of Antimicrobial resistance and its remedy with natural product

1. ANTIMICROBIALS FROM
NATURAL PRODUCTS USED
AGAINST RESISTANT STRAINS
SAPTARSHI SAMAJDAR
16mphyto02
CENTRE FOR PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES AND NATURAL PDTS.

2. CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• WHO REPORTS ON RESISTANCE
• TIMELINE OF RESISTANCE
• EPIDEMIOLOGY
• MECHANISM OF RESISTANCE
• NATURAL PRODUCTS USED AGAINST RESISTANT STRAINS
• MECHANISM OF PHYTOCHEMICALS AGAINST RESISTANCE
• DRUGS FROM NON PHYTOCHEMICAL SOURCES AGAINST
RESISTANCE
• CONCLUSION
• REFERENCES

3. INTRODUCTION
• For last 60 years Antimicrobials have been a panacea to cure
infections.
• But in 1945 in his Nobel Prize discourse, Sir Alexander Fleming
warned that these organisms will be impervious to antimicrobials in
near future.
• Until 1970s new antimicrobials were developed rendering basic
microbes defenceless. But from 80s developmental works have
gone downwards.
• The main worry for resistance are:
A. Increased mortality of human.
B. Resistance may spread in groups.
C. Added loads medical cost.
D. Threat to go back to pre anti microbial period.

4. WHO REPORTS ON RESISTANCE
0
1
2
3
4
Respiratory infections HIV Diarrheal diseases Tuberculosis Malaria
Millionsofdeaths,worldwide,1998
S. pneumonia: Up
to 55% resistance to
penicillin in some
regions
HIV: Report of
resistance to all
marketed agents S. dyentariae: 90%
resistance to
cotrimoxazole S.Typhi:
Outbreaks of multi-
resistant strains in 11
countries
M. tuberculosis:
Multi-drug
resistant
tuberculosis
P. falciparum:
Chloroquine
resistance in
81/92
countries
Source: WHO

5. TIMELINE OF RESISTANCE
Source: http://www.icjournal.org/

6. EPIDEMIOLOGY
• First time reported in 1947 by Barber .
• This lead to development of synthetic or semisynthetic
penicillin like methicillin.
• By 1985 the susceptibility of Penicillin and its synthetic / semi
synthetic compounds increased from 20% to 85%
• As per Italian epidemiology observation resistance is seen
more in adults than in children.
• In India , most resistance are derived from nosocomial
source.

7. MECHANISM OF RESISTANCE
• HYDROLYSIS
• GROUP TRANSFER
• REDOX PROCESS
• MODIFICATION OF TARGET
• EFFLUX PUMP TECHNIQUE

8. NATURAL PRODUCTS USED AGAINST
RESISTANT STRAINS
Casuarina:
Biological source: From the leaves of Casuarina equisetifolia of family
casuarinaceae.
Geographical Source: Burma, Vanuatu, Queensland, North East India
Chemical Constituents: Leaf contains mainly Pentadecanal and 1,8-
cineole, with significant amounts of apiole , α-phellandrene and α-terpinene
Cineole Casuarina equestifolia
Source (http://www.wikiwand.com/es/Casuarina_equisetifolia)

9. Sweet lemon:
Biological Source : Obtained from the rind of Citrus sinensis of family
Rutaceae
Geographical source: : Grown in all tropical countries, in India Kashmir,
Himachal has rich tree content.
Chemical Constituents: : Mainly Carmene, Targentin. Other than this
atripliside B , beta-sitosterol are also present.
Targentin Citrus sinensis
Source:www.pgpf.org

10. • Amla:
• Biological source: Obtained from the fruits of Embelica officinalis of
family Combretaceae.
• Geographical source: All over India especially in eastern region and it is
grown in different tropical and subtropical regions such as China, South-east
Asia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Uzbekistan and Sri Lanka.
• Chemical constituents: Phyllantine, Kaempferol, Ascorbic acid,
Chebulinic acid, Glutamic acid.
Kaemferol Embelica officinalis
source:

11. • Henna:
• Biological source: Obtained from the leaves of Lawsonia inermis of
family Lythraceae
• Geographical source: The henna plant is native to northern Africa,
western and southern Asia, and northern Australasia, in semi-arid zones and
tropical areas. Also grown in China, India, Sudan, Egypt and Caribbean
Islands.
• Chemical Constituents: Lawsone is the active constituent of the Henna
leaves. The other chemical constituents of Henna are gallic acid, white resin,
sugars.
Lawsone Lawsonia inermis
source: www.rarepalmseed.com

12. • Pomegranate
• Biological source: Rind of Punica granatum of family Lythraceae
• Geographical source: The pomegranate originated in the region of
modern-day Iran, and has been cultivated since ancient times throughout
the Mediterranean region.
• Chemical Constituent: Anthocyanins, glucose, ascorbic acid, ellagic
acid, gallic acid, caffeic acid, catechin, quercetin, rutin and numerous
minerals particularly iron, amino acids.
Ellagic acid Punica granatum
source: http://www.dbrexportsindia.com

13. • Arjuna
• Biological source: Obtained from the bark of Terminalia arjuna of
family Combretaceae.
• Geographical source: Terminalia arjuna is native to India and Sri
Lanka, but has been planted as an ornamental tree throughout the tropical
nations. In India , Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal and south
and central India.
• Chemical Constituent: Main chemical constitutes are
tannins, triterpenoid saponins (arjunic acid, arjunolic acid, arjunetin and
arjunic acid), flavonoids, gallic acid, ellagic acid and phytosterols.
Arjunetin Terminalia arjuna
source: WWF- India

14. MECHANISM OF PHYTOCHEMICALS
AGAINST RESISTANCE
• Disintegration of cytoplasmic membrane,
• Interaction with membrane proteins (ATPases and
others),
• Disturbance of outer membrane of gram negative
bacteria with the release of lipopolysaccharides,
• Destabilization of the proton motive force with leakage
of ions,
• Coagulation of the cell content,
• Inhibition of enzyme synthesis.

15. DRUGS FROM NON PHYTOCHEMICAL
SOURCE
• BACTERIOPHAGE THERAPY:

16. CONT.
• Using Nasutitermes corniger (Motchulsky) as adjuvant therapy:
Extracts obtained from extract of nest as well as termites used against
resistant strains of S.aureus and E.coli has shown good result by
decreasing substantial MIC values.
E.coli S.aureus

17. CONCLUSION
• In a situation where we have major chances of going back to pre
antimicrobial era where natality will be very high.
• Before its too late we must find alternatives to stop it and natural
product is one of them.
• Proper research with consideration of anthropological and
ethnobiological aspects.
• There is also requirements of proper checking in every stage so that
drugs of highest quality reaches patient.

18. REFERENCE
• Organization, W. H. (2014). Global tuberculosis control 2014, World Health
Organization.
• Chaves, T. P., Clementino, E. L., Felismino, D. C., Alves, R. R.,
Vasconcellos, A., Coutinho, H. D., & Medeiros, A. C. D. (2015). Antibiotic
resistance modulation by natural products obtained from Nasutitermes
corniger (Motschulsky, 1855) and its nest. Saudi journal of biological
sciences, 22(4), 404-408.
• Ngwoke, K. G., Odimegwu, D. C., & Esimone, C. O. (2011). Antimicrobial
natural products. Science agaianst microbial pathogens: communicating
current research and technology advances. Badajoz, Spain: FORMATEX,
1011.
• Nascimento, G. G., Locatelli, J., Freitas, P. C., & Silva, G. L. (2000).
Antibacterial activity of plant extracts and phytochemicals on antibiotic-
resistant bacteria. Brazilian journal of microbiology, 31(4), 247-256.
• Ahmad, I., & Beg, A. Z. (2013). Antimicrobial and phytochemical studies on
45 Indian medicinal plants against multi-drug resistant human
pathogens. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 74(2), 113-123.
• Pandit, R., Singh, P. K., & Kumar, V. (2015). Natural Remedies against
Multi-Drug Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Journal of Tuberculosis
Research, 3(04), 171.