This presents simple facts on the different classes of alkaloids. It has classifications tests and extraction methods

1. Alkaloids
Saptarshi Samajdar
7th semester
Roll no.:27701912039

2. INTRODUCTION
• Definition: Alkaloids are cyclic organic compounds
containing nitrogen in a negative state of oxidation with
limited distribution among living organisms.
Distribution and occurrence:
• Rare in lower plants.
• Dicots are more rich in alkaloids than Monocots.
• Families rich in Alkaloids: Apocynaceae, Rubiaceae,
Solanaceae and Papaveracea.
• Families free from Alkaloids: Rosaceae, Labiatae

3. CLASSIFICATION
• that are derived from amino acids
and have nitrogen in a heterocyclic
ring. e.g Atropine
True (Typical)
alkaloids
• that are derived from amino acids
and do not have nitrogen in a
heterocyclic ring. e.g Ephedrine
Protoalkaloids
• that are not derived from amino
acids but have nitrogen in a
heterocyclic ring. e.g Caffeine
Pseudo
alkaloids

4. CONT.
• CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION:
ALKALOIDS
PHENYL ALKAMINES
Eg. Ephedrine
PYRIDINE &PIPERIDINE
Eg. Nicotine
TROPANE
Eg. Atropine
QUINOLINE &
ISOQUINOLINE
Eg. Quinine
PHENANTHRENE
Eg. Morphine
INDOLE
Eg. Ergometrine
IMIDAZOLINE
Eg. Pilocarpine

5. EXTRACTION
POWDERED
DRUG
CHLOROFORM
AQUEOUS
PHASE( acid ,
glycoside,
sugar)
CHLOROFORM
CONTAINING
ALKALOID , FATS ,
WAXES
FATS AND WAXES
ALKALOIDAL
SALTS.
FREE ALKALOIDS
BASE

6. TESTS FOR ALKALOID
• MAYER’S TEST: REAGENT: POTASSIUM MERCURIC IODIDE
ENDPOINT: CREAM COLOR PRECIPITATE .
• DRAGENDROFF’S TEST: REAGENT: POTASSIUM BISMUTH
IODIDE ENDPOINT: ORANGE COLOURED PRECIPITATE.
• WAGNER’S TEST: REAGENT: KI-IODINE
ENDPOINT: RED BROWN PRECIPITATE
• HAGER’S TEST: REAGENT: PICRIC ACID
ENDPOINT: YELLOW PRECIPITATE

7. REFERENCE
 JS QADRI, TEXTBOOK OF PHARMACOGNOSY
• KOKATE , PUROHIT , GOKHALE , PHARMACOGNOSY
THANK YOU