2.  INTRODUCTION
 HISTORY
 MAJOR CLASSES
 WHAT COLOR IS YOUR FOOD?
CASE STUDY
 INTRODUCTION
 HISTORY
 PLANTS USED
 USES
 ESSENTIAL OILS AND HEALTH CARE
 AROMATHERAPY
 CASE STUDY

4.  Phytonutrients are organic components
found in plants that are thought to promote
human health and longevity.
 The term “phyto” originates from a Greek
word meaning plant.
 Also called “phytochemical” or “plant
bioactive compound”.
 Fruits, vegetables, grains, legumes, nuts
and teas are all rich sources of phytonutrients.
 Plants produce these substances
naturally to protect themselves
against viruses and bacteria.
 They also provide color, aroma and
flavor to food.

5. • Herbalism is a traditional medicinal or folk medicine practice based on the use of plants and
plant extracts.
• Written records about medicinal plants dated back at least 5,000 years to the Sumerians, who
described well-established medicinal uses for such plants as laurel, caraway, and thyme,
archeological studies have shown that the practice of herbal medicine dates as far back as
60,000 years ago in Iraq and 8,000 years ago in China.
http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2014/525340/
• The Old Testament also mentions herb use and cultivation in regards to Kashrut(Jewish dietary
laws)
• Many herbs and minerals used in Ayurveda were described by ancient Indian herbalists such
as Charaka and Sushruta.
• Greek compilers of existing and current herbal knowledge include Pythagoras ,
Hippocrates, Aristotle, Theophrastus etc.
• Arabic indigenous medicine developed from the conflict between the magic-based
medicine and the Arabic translations of the Hellenic and Ayurvedic medical traditions.

6. TYPE DEFINITION FUNCTION MAJOR SOURCES
TANNINS • Phenolic compounds of high
molecular weight, soluble in
water and alcohol.
• Have a characteristic feature
to tan, i.e. to convert things
into leather.
• Antiseptic (due to
presence of phenolic group)
• In Ayurvedic
Formulations, it is used for
treating
leucorrhoea, rhinnorhoea
and diarrhea.
SAPONINS • Derived from Saponaria
vaccaria, a plant, which
abounds in saponins and was
once used as soap. Saponins
possess ‘soap like’
behavior in water, i.e. they
produce foam.
• Hypolipidemic
• Anticancer activity
• Steroidal saponins used
for production of Sex
hormones such as
progesterone.
•Emulsifiers or sweeteners
FLAVONOIDS • Polyphenols,
structurally made of more
than one benzene ring in its
structure (a range of C15
aromatic compounds).
• UV filtration
• Antioxidant
• Anti-inflammatory

7. ALKALOIDS •Largest group of secondary chemical
constituents made largely of ammonia
Compounds.
•Anesthetics & CNS
Stimulants
•Narcotics
• Anti tumor
• Analgesics
GLYCOSIDES • Condensation products of sugars with
a host of different varieties of organic
hydroxy compounds.
• Colorless, crystalline carbon, hydrogen
and oxygen-containing, water-soluble
phyto constituents, found in the cell sap.
• Acts against heart
diseases, skin
infections
• Anti cancer
• Cough suppressant
TERPENES •They are flammable unsaturated
hydrocarbons, existing in liquid form
commonly found in essential oils, resins
or oleoresins.
• Terpenoids includes hydrocarbons of
plant origin of general formula (C5H8)n
•antimicrobial
(particularly
antiprotozoal)
•neurotoxic action
•antihelminthic
activity
PHENOLICS • Aromatic acid compounds
containing phenolic ring and an
organic carboxylic acid function.
•natural
antioxidants
•Nutraceuticals
• Anti cancer
• Anti inflammatory
•Phytochemicals: Extraction Methods,Basic Structures and Mode of Action as Potential Chemotherapeutic AgentsJames Hamuel Doughari
Department of Microbiology, School of Pure and Applied Sciences,federal University of Technology, Yola,Nigeria

8. EAT THE RAINBOW FOR GOOD HEALTH…..
Got the blues? Not your mood, your food! ;)

10. Survey by institute of ionic detox, NY

11. Dietary Phytochemical Index and the Risk of Breast Cancer:
A Case Control Study in a Population of Iranian Women
• Conducted on 100 incident breast cancer cases and 175 healthy controls.
Dietary data were obtained using a validated food frequency questionnaire and a energy-
adjusted dietary phytochemical index (PI) was calculated .
• Newly diagnosed cases (identified within 5 month of diagnosis), aged 30-65 years, with
histologically confirmed breast cancer referred to oncology, radiotherapy, chemotherapy or
surgery sectors of Shohada-e-Tajrish hospital between April 2010 and July 2010, were recruited.
• Age-matched controls without any history of cancers or cyst, hormone therapy or special diet,
were also recruited from the individuals referred to other sectors of the hospital.
• Data regarding socio-demographic factors including age, educational level, occupation, ethics,
life aria, alcohol and tobacco use, medical history of disease, familial history of breast cancer or
other cancers, history of hormone therapy, medications and supplements, oral contraceptives,
age at menarche, marital status, number of full pregnancies, menopause status and other
lifestyle-related factors were collected by trained interviewers.
•Dietary data were collected using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire
(FFQ) with 168 food items.
PI= (phytochemical-rich foods (fruits, vegetables, tea and coffee) g/d/
total food intake g/d)×100.

12. Results
• The mean age of participant was 46.2±8.9 and 45.9±9.4y in cases and controls, respectively.
• There were no significant differences in BMI, physical activity, energy intakes, menopause
status, educational levels, occupation, marital status and family history of breast cancer
between two groups. The use of tobacco was significantly higher, while life satisfaction was
significantly lower in women with diagnosed breast cancer as compared with controls .
• The results from this case-control study, showed that increased energy intakes from
phytochemical-rich foods (more than 30% of energy per each 1000 kcal), independent of
confounding variables, may be related to decrease the risk of breast cancer.
Dietary Phytochemical Index and Risk of Breast Cancer in Iranian Women
Zahra Bahadoran1,2, Zeinab Karimi3, Anahita Houshiar-rad4, Hamid-Reza Mirzayi5, Bahram Rashidkhani
;Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, Vol 14, 2013

15. An essential oil is a concentrated hydrophobic liquid containing
volatile aroma compounds from plants.
ALS0 CALLED :
VOLATILE OILS
ETHEREAL OILS
AETHEROLEA
Or simply as “OIL OF” the source from which they are extracted.
PROCESSES USED FOR EXTRACTION:
STEAM DISTILLATION SOLVENT EXTRACTION RAM PRESS

16. The earliest evidence of human knowledge of the healing properties of plants
was found in Lascaux, located in the Dordogne region in France. There, cave
paintings suggest the use of medicinal plants in every day life that have been
carbon dated as far back as 18,000 B.C.E.
PLACE SIGNIFICANCE PURPOSE OF USE MAJOR SOURCES
EGYPT Papyrus, dating back to 1500
B.C., was found listing over
800 herbal prescriptions and
remedies that included the
use of many oils.
Medical practice
Beauty treatment
Food preparation
Religious ceremony
Frankincense
Sandalwood
Myrrh
Cinnamon
(EXCHANGED FOR GOLD
AT TIMES)
CHINA Huang Ti, a legendary
emperor wrote“The Yellow
Emperor’s Book of Internal
Medicine” containing uses for
several aromatics and is still
considered a useful classic by
practitioners of eastern
medicine.
Medicine
Beauty
Camphor
Jasmine

17. INDIA Traditional Indian medicine called
“AyurVeda” has a 3000-year
history of incorporating essential
oils into their healing potions.
Healing
Spiritual wellness
Cinnamon
ginger
myrrh
sandalwood
GREECE Ointment of Myrrh was carried
by soldiers to counter infections.
The Greek physician Hippocrates
(460-377 B.C.E.), known to us as
the “Father of Medicine”
documented the effects of some
300 oil yielding plants.
Medical use Thyme
saffron
marjoram
Cumin
peppermint.
EUROPE Frankincense and pine were
burned in the streets to ward off
“evil spirits” during the Bubonic
Plague of the 14th Century.
In 1653 Nicholas Culpeper wrote
his ” The Complete Herbal”
which still stands as a valuable
reference.
Trade
Herbal medicine
Spice extracts
Pine oils

18. Essential oils are derived from
sections of plants.
BERRIES :
Allspice
Juniper
May Chang
Black Pepper
SEEDS :
Almond
Anise
Celery
Cumin
BARK :
Cassia
Cinnamon
Sassafras
WOOD :
Camphor
Cidar
Rosewood
Sandalwood
Agarwood

19. Leaves :
Basil, Bay leaf, Cinnamon, Common
sage, Eucalyptus, Guava
Lemon grass, Oregano
Patchouli, Peppermint, Pine, Rosemary
Spearmint, Tea tree
Thyme, Wintergreen
Flowers :
Cannabis, Chamomile
Clary sage, Clove
Scented geranium,
Hops
Hyssop, Jasmine
Lavender, Manuka
Marjoram, Orange,
Rose, Ylang-ylang
Rhizome:
Galangal
Ginger
Resin :
Benzoin
Copaiba
Frankincense
Myrrh

20. Peel :
Bergamot
Grapefruit
Lemon
Lime
Orange
Tangerine
Root :
Valerian
Angelica
Spikenard
Vetiver
NEEDLES :
Cypress
Scotch Pine
Fir
Spruce
MOSS/LICHENS :
Oak Moss

21. CLEANING SPA &
RELAXATION
SKIN & BEAUTY HEALTH CARE
CLEAN AIR
MOSQUITO &
PEST REPELLANT
ELIMINATE MOLD
DETOXIFY AIR
ROOM FRESHNER
CLEAN DISHES &
CLOTHES
PURIFY FRIDGE
RELIEVE TENSION
CURE INSOMNIA
SAUNA THERAPY
TREAT
DEPRESSION
MASSAGE
THERAPY
DETOX BATH
IMMEDIATE
RELAXATION
REDUCE
CELLULITE
PERFUMES &
DEODRANTS
ANTI AGING
SKIN SCRUBS
SHAMPOOS
TREAT CRACKED
HEELS &
WRINKLES
TOOTH CARE
TREAT SINUSITIS
MIGRAINE
HEAL BURNS &
BRUISES
TREAT ARTHRITIS
TREAT ALLERGIES
REDUCE WEIGHT
RELIEVE BODY ACHE
& SUN BURNS
………AND A LOT MORE

22. Essential oils are used for a very wide range of
emotional and physical wellness applications.
They can be used a single oil at a time or in
complex blends depending on user experience and
desired benefit.
INHALATION
TOPICAL
APPLICATION
ORAL
ADMINISTRATION
MODE OF ADMINISTRATION :
Environmental fragrancing
respiratory disinfection
decongestion, psychological effects
General massage,
Baths
Therapeutic skin care
ttt
Treating GI tract
disorders, respiratory
diseases etc

23. How does it work..?
TOPICAL APPLICATION
Our skin is somewhat permeable. The active chemicals in
essential oils are absorbed just like the ingredients in
common pharmaceuticals.
Skin Absorption
• Massage will increase circulation to the area, causing an
increase in absorption of essential oils.
• Heat will likewise increase circulation and thus enhance
absorption.
• Essential oils may be more readily absorbed from skin
locations with greater concentrations of sweat glands
and hair follicles, such as the head, soles, palms, and
armpits (Battaglia, 2003).
Example : Applying a blend that contains black pepper
(Piper nigrum) or ginger (Zinziber officinalis) essential oil
to reduce arthritis pain and improve flexibility, or applying
German Chamomile (Matricaria recutita) essential oil to
treat eczema.

24. INHALATION
• Through the nose or mouth.
• Example includes inhaling eucalyptus (Eucalyptus
globules) essential oil when you have a cough or inhaling
peppermint (Mentha piperita) essential oil to reduce fatigue
or nausea.
• Often, essential oils are put into a diffuser.
The Olfactory System
• The olfactory system includes all physical organs or cells
relating to the sense of smell.
• On inhalation, airborne molecules interact with the
olfactory organs, the brain, respiratory system.
Interaction with the Limbic System (Emotional Brain)
Odor molecules affect the brain through a variety of
receptor sites, one of which is the limbic system.
The limbic system is directly connected to those parts of the
brain that control heart rate, blood pressure, breathing,
memory, stress levels, and hormone balance (Higley &
Higley, 1998). Thus, essential oils have some very profound
physiological and psychological effects.

25. INGESTION
The third way that essential oils enter the body is by
ingestion (swallowing).
The ingestion of essential oils is not common practice
in the US. In France, it is more common, but only
when specially trained physicians and pharmacists
prescribe and dispense them.
There are several reasons for caution, including the
following :
• Some essential oils can be toxic to the liver or
kidneys when ingested.
• Chemical breakdown of essential oils during gastric
processing can change the effects.
• There could be potential drug interactions.
Example :Lavandula flos. (Lavandula angustifolia) is
indicated for internal use for: Mood disturbances such as
restlessness or insomnia, functional abdominal
complaints

26. Aromatherapy is a form of alternative medicine that uses plant
materials and aromatic plant oils, including essential oils, and
other aromatic compounds for the purpose of altering
one's mood, cognitive, psychological or physical wellbeing.
AROMATOGRAM:
Test used to determine the antibacterial activity of essential oils
in which the oil is introduced into the center of a bacteria-laden
Petri dish. A clear zone indicates the bactericidal activity
of the oil.
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/10884.php

27. MATERIALS EMPLOYED IN AROMATHERAPY
Essential oils: Fragrant oils extracted from plants
chiefly through steam distillation (e.g., eucalyptus oil)
or expression (grapefruit oil).
Absolutes: Fragrant oils extracted through solvent
or supercritical fluid extraction. Absolute oils are
primarily used in the perfume industry. As they are
very concentrated, they should not be applied directly
to the skin, as with essential oils. They can be used to
treat many mental and physical symptoms
(e.g., blue lily absolute used as a mild sedative)
Carrier oils : Typically oily plant
base triacylglycerides that dilute essential oils for use
on the skin (e.g., sweet almond oil).

28. Herbal distillates or hydrosols: The aqueous by-
products of the distillation process (e.g., rosewater).
Common herbal distillates are chamomile, rose,
and lemon balm.
Infusions: Aqueous extracts of various plant material
which yields more oil by using small amount of plant
material (e.g., infusion of chamomile by soaking in
hot water ).
Vaporizer (Volatized) raw herbs: Typically higher oil
content plant based materials dried, crushed, and
heated to extract and inhale the aromatic oil vapors
in a direct inhalation modality.(e.g.,Eucalyptus)

29. CASE STUDY : Lavender essential oil in the treatment of migraine headache:
a placebo-controlled clinical trial.
Lavender essential oil has been used as an anxiolytic drug, a mood stabilizer, a sedative,
spasmolytic, antihypertensive, antimicrobial, analgesic agent as well as a wound healing
accelerator.
METHOD:
Forty-seven patients with definite diagnosis of migraine headache were divided into cases and
controls. Cases inhaled lavender essential oil for 15 min, whereas the control group used liquid
paraffin for the same time period. Patients were asked to record their headache severity and
associated symptoms in 30-min intervals for a total of 2 h. They matched the two groups for key
confounding factors.
Visual analog scale

30. RESULTS:
The mean reduction of headache severity in cases was 3.6 ± 2.8 based on Visual
Analogue Scale score. The reduction was 1.6 ± 1.6 in controls. This difference between
the controls and cases was statistically significant with p < 0.0001. From 129 headache
attacks in cases, 92 responded entirely or partially to lavender. In the control group, 32
out of 68 recorded headache attacks responded to placebo. The percentage of
responders was significantly higher in the lavender group than the placebo group
(p = 0.001).
CONCLUSION:
The present study suggests that inhalation of lavender essential oil may be an
effective and safe treatment modality in acute management of migraine headaches.
Sasannejad P, Saeedi M, Shoeibi A, Gorji A, Abbasi M, Foroughipour M.
Eur Neurol. 2012;67(5):288-91. doi: 10.1159/000335249. Epub 2012 Apr 17.
PMID: 22517298[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

33. YIELD CALCULATION AFTER SOLVENT EXTRACTION :
Solvents used for extraction are :
1. Water
2. Acetone
3. Ethanol
4. Methanol
5. Ethyl acetate
6. Petroleum ether
7. Chloroform

34. 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
PERCENTAGE OF YIELD
PERCENTAGE OF YIELD
*NOTE: 1.WATER, 2.ACETONE, 3.ETHANOL, 4.METHANOL, 5.ETHYL ACETATE, 6.PETROLEUM
ETHER, 7.CHLOROFORM

35. WATER ACETONE ETHANOL METHANOL ETHYL
ACETATE
PETROLEUM
ETHER
CHLOROF
ORM
ALKALOIDS - + ++ + - - -
CARBOHYDRATES +++ +++ ++ + + + -
CARDIAC
GLYCOSIDE
+++ +++ ++ ++ ++ - -
FLAVONOIDS - - + + +++ ++ -
PHENOLS +++ +++ +++ +++ - - -
PHLOBATANINS - - - + - - -
SOLVENTS USED FOR EXTRACTION
TEST FOR

36. SAPONINS + + - - - - -
STEROLS &
TRITERPENOIDS
+ + ++ +++ + - -
TANNINS
+ + ++ +++ +++ - -
QUINONES
+++ - + ++ - - -
OXALATES
- - - - - - -
TERPENOIDS
+++ ++ + ++ - - -

37. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
UNDER VISIBLE LIGHT UNDER UV LIGHT
*NOTE: 1.WATER, 2.ACETONE, 3.ETHANOL, 4.METHANOL, 5.ETHYL ACETATE, 6.PETROLEUM
ETHER, 7.CHLOROFORM

39. 1. STUDY OF ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES
2. STUDY OF ANTI MITOTIC PROPERTIES BY
USING SEED GERMINATION TECHNIQUE
3. PERFORMING HPLC
4. GC-MS
5. FUTHER PURIFICATION