This document discusses antibody generation and diversity. It begins with an overview of antibodies, including their history, structure, and classification. It then defines key terms like antigen and antibody. The document explores the mechanisms that generate antibody diversity, including multiple germline genes, combinatorial joining of gene segments, addition of nucleotides, junctional flexibility, and somatic hypermutation. Finally, it summarizes the process of antibody production, including antigen processing, activation of T helper cells and B cells, proliferation of B cells into plasma cells, and the production and secretion of new antibodies by the plasma cells.

1. ANTIBODY GENERATION
SUBMITED BY,
S.MUTHUSELVI
1ST MSC
REG NO:2017502008
DEPARTMENT OF BIOINFORMATICS

2. OVERVIEW OF PRESENTATION
Introduction of antibody(Ab)
History of antibody
Structure of antibody
Antibody classification
Definition and key terms
Antibody diversity
Basic concept
Generation antibody diversity
Antibody production

7. ANTIBODY CLASSIFICATION

8. DEFINITION AND KEY TERMS
1) Antigen – A molecule can specifically binds to an antibody
or a T-cell receptor(TCR) and usually induces an adaptive
immune response.
2) Antibody – Also called immunoglobulin(Ig).A type of
glycoprotein is produced by B cell that binds to Ags with
high specificity and affinity.
3) Antiserum – Serum from Ag-immunized individual that
contains Ab specific Ag.

9. MECHANISM OF ANTIBODY

10. ANTIBODY DIVERSITY
What is antibody diversity?
There are millions of antigens / epitopes
Our immune system has the ability to produce
specific antibody (variable regions) against all antigens.
This diversification of antibody production is
known as antibody diversity.

16. THEROY OF ANTIBODY DIVERSITY

18. BASIC CONCEPT
 One gene protein concept
 All immunoglobulin are protein
 According to one gene protein concept – as genetic
concept theory there are 2types of theory
1) GERM LINE THEROY
2) SOMATIC THEROY

20. GENERATION OF ANTIBODY DIVERSITY
Antibody diversification have been identified in humans
Multiple germ
line genes
Combinatorial
v(D) J joining
P regions
nucleotide addition
N region nucleotide
addition
Junctional
flexibility
Combinatorial
association of H
and L chain
Somatic hyper mutation

22. ANTIBODY PRODUCTION
Macrophages take in antigen by endocytosis. The
macrophages process the antigen and attaches it to a
membrane protein called a MHC protein. The MHC proteins is
moved to the cell surface membrane by exocytosis so that the
antigen is displayed on its surface.
Activation of helper T-cells
Helper T-cells have receptors on their cell surface membrane
which can blind to antigen presented by marcophages
Activation of B-lymphocytes
B cells have antibodies in their cell surface membranes
antigens bind to the antibody in the surface membrane of B-
cells.

25. PROLIFERATION
The activated B-cell starts to divide by mitosis to form a
clone of plasma cells.
plasma cells are activated B-cells with a very extensive
network of rough endoplasmic reticulum
plasma cells are synthesis large amounts of antibody,
which they excrete by exocytosis.

27. NEW ANTIBODY PRODUCTION