Antibodies can be engineered using genetic techniques to alter their properties for therapeutic applications. Key characteristics that can be modified include immunogenicity, effector function, size and affinity. Techniques like generating chimeric or humanized antibodies can reduce immunogenicity. The effector function can be enhanced or reduced depending on the intended use of the antibody. Size can be decreased by removing nonessential components. Affinity can be increased by altering amino acids in the binding site. Antibody engineering also includes techniques like phage display which can be used to isolate antibodies with desired properties.
It includes general introduction to antibodies; Monoclonal antibodies; comparison between Polyclonal & Monoclonal antibodies; Hybridoma Technology & Hyridoma Selection; advantages & disadvantages of mABs; Applications of mABs; Recombinant Monoclonal antibodies production through Antibody Engineering.
What are an expression vector? Detailed description of plant gene structure. Plant expression vector systems are generally consists of Ri and Ti plasmids.
The other vectors which are generally used are DNA and RNA viruses.
It includes general introduction to antibodies; Monoclonal antibodies; comparison between Polyclonal & Monoclonal antibodies; Hybridoma Technology & Hyridoma Selection; advantages & disadvantages of mABs; Applications of mABs; Recombinant Monoclonal antibodies production through Antibody Engineering.
What are an expression vector? Detailed description of plant gene structure. Plant expression vector systems are generally consists of Ri and Ti plasmids.
The other vectors which are generally used are DNA and RNA viruses.
SYNTHETIC PEPTIDE VACCINES AND RECOMBINANT ANTIGEN VACCINED.R. Chandravanshi
What is a Vaccine?
A vaccine is a substance that is introduced into the body to prevent infection or to control disease due to a certain pathogen (a disease-causing organism, such as a virus, bacteria or parasite). The vaccine “teaches” the body how to defend itself against the pathogen by creating an immune response.
1 Unlike traditional pharmaceuticals, vaccines are biologics since they are made from living organisms (biological sources).
2 Specifically, vaccines are preparations of components derived from (or related to) a pathogen; they can typically induce a protective effect through one to three very small doses, in the range of micrograms to milligrams.
3 Immunity lasts for an extended period, from one year up to lifetime protection, including prevention of disease and/or related sequelae.
Synthetic peptide vaccines represent fragments of protein antigen sequences, synthesizing specific B cell and T cell epitopes offer the potential to induce diseases neutralizing immuno response with completely synthetic structure. Now it is well established that short chain peptides can be used to mimic antigenic sites of viruses and thus can be used the basics for vaccines and development. therefore, attempts have been made to synthesize such peptides which act as the serrogate immuunogens, as an alternative to the existing conventional vaccines.
CLONAL SELECTION THEORY IS AN SCIENTIFIC THEORY IN IMMUNOLOGY THAT EXPALINS THE FUNCTION OF CELLS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IN RESPONSE TO SPECIFIC ANTIGEN INVADING THE BODY.
B Cell Receptor & Antibody Production-Dr C R MeeraMeera C R
Antibody production is the function of B lymphocytes. These slides describe the structure of B cell receptor and steps involved in antibody production by B lymphocytes
In this ppt one can know the diiferent softwares and several online servers for the epitope mapping.This mapping helpful for production of different vaccines and antibodies.
One of the important parts in the study of Immunology.I prepared it for the sake of a seminar series competition conducted in my university. Now I thought of sharing it with others.
Antibodies are compelling proteins that are essential to the immune system and extremely powerful in biotechnology applications; existing as major players in our defence against external agents (viruses, bacteria, etc.), they are also widely used as tools for research, diagnosis and treatments.
SYNTHETIC PEPTIDE VACCINES AND RECOMBINANT ANTIGEN VACCINED.R. Chandravanshi
What is a Vaccine?
A vaccine is a substance that is introduced into the body to prevent infection or to control disease due to a certain pathogen (a disease-causing organism, such as a virus, bacteria or parasite). The vaccine “teaches” the body how to defend itself against the pathogen by creating an immune response.
1 Unlike traditional pharmaceuticals, vaccines are biologics since they are made from living organisms (biological sources).
2 Specifically, vaccines are preparations of components derived from (or related to) a pathogen; they can typically induce a protective effect through one to three very small doses, in the range of micrograms to milligrams.
3 Immunity lasts for an extended period, from one year up to lifetime protection, including prevention of disease and/or related sequelae.
Synthetic peptide vaccines represent fragments of protein antigen sequences, synthesizing specific B cell and T cell epitopes offer the potential to induce diseases neutralizing immuno response with completely synthetic structure. Now it is well established that short chain peptides can be used to mimic antigenic sites of viruses and thus can be used the basics for vaccines and development. therefore, attempts have been made to synthesize such peptides which act as the serrogate immuunogens, as an alternative to the existing conventional vaccines.
CLONAL SELECTION THEORY IS AN SCIENTIFIC THEORY IN IMMUNOLOGY THAT EXPALINS THE FUNCTION OF CELLS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IN RESPONSE TO SPECIFIC ANTIGEN INVADING THE BODY.
B Cell Receptor & Antibody Production-Dr C R MeeraMeera C R
Antibody production is the function of B lymphocytes. These slides describe the structure of B cell receptor and steps involved in antibody production by B lymphocytes
In this ppt one can know the diiferent softwares and several online servers for the epitope mapping.This mapping helpful for production of different vaccines and antibodies.
One of the important parts in the study of Immunology.I prepared it for the sake of a seminar series competition conducted in my university. Now I thought of sharing it with others.
Antibodies are compelling proteins that are essential to the immune system and extremely powerful in biotechnology applications; existing as major players in our defence against external agents (viruses, bacteria, etc.), they are also widely used as tools for research, diagnosis and treatments.
Monoclonal Antibodies as drug delivery systemNithin Kurian
in current scenario apart of traditional route of drug administration monoclonal antibodies can be used which are proved to be more effective in many cases.
it will help you to understand how the protein microarrays are made, what are the different types and what all purposes they are used for. its very useful ppt
Solid waste disposal and mangrove destructionsana sana
its describes what is waste type of wastes and solid wastes and different type of solid wastes and its disposal at last it describes mangrove destruction and its effects on environment
sand mining,food adulteration,changing crop pattern,quarringsana sana
its explain sand mining,quarrying ,changing crop pattern ,food adulteration and how it affect the environment and this each one explain each and every thing about it and the effects and some legislative method to prevent these processes
environmental movements in india and keralasana sana
this presentation describes environmental movements in india and kerala and it list number of movements in india and kerala also describes environmental and biodiversity acts
in environmental education it possess a lot of techniques that ensure the environmental education studies in higher level through higher education strategies
indutrialisation,modernisation,urbanisation and its impacts on the environmentsana sana
this slide explains the processes like urbanization modernization and industrialization and its negative impacts on environments and the solution to prevent the negative impacts
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
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2. Antibodies often termed immunoglobulin. They
are glycoprotein that bind antigens with high
specificity and affinity
They are molecules originally identified in
serum
5. Antibodyengineeringservices, involvesmost formsof recombinant antibodygene
manipulation. These include v-region discovery and sequencing,isotype switching, discovery
of enhancedbindingvariantsthroughin vitroaffinitymaturation
Fullyintegrated workpackages involving
Humanization
Productionof cell line development
Productionof the purified antibody
Antibodyengineeringhas been an extremelyintensive research
areafor manyyears
6. Recent achievementsin this field includes
• 1 . significant improvement in the field of selection of antigen-specific
Antibody fragment on bacteriophages
Production of
antibody
fragments.
Reduce the
size of
Antibody.
Simplifying the
expression/production
of antibodies.
7. •2. New structural network ,in particularusingNMR
• 3. The cloningof essentiallythe completeset of human VHgenes
• 4. The use of antibodiesto catalyze complicatedchemical
reactions
• 5. Novelantibodyfusion proteins to potentiateimmunetherapy
• 6. Newdevelopment is the replacement of antibodies withmore stable protein scaffold
for manyfuture biotechnological
Applications
8. RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY FOR ANTIBODY
ENGINEERING
•The work of Cesar Milstein has paved the way to design and construct
genes that encode Ig molecule in which the variable region genes come
from one species to and constant gene come from another
•By this technique molecular hybrids or chimers can be made to deliver
a powerful toxin to a particulate antigenic target such as tumour cell
•Transplanted Ig genes have endured receiver to respond to immunization
by producing antibodies encoded that of the donor
•The entire antibodies repertoire of individuals may be reconstructed
by the selected L & M chain variable region genes
9. ADDITIONAL APPRORACHES TO r -DNA TECHNOLOGY
1. HUMANIZED CHIMERIC ANTIBODIES
2. BISPECIFIC ANTIBODIES ( HETEROCONJUGATES)
3. DERIVATION AND USE OF IG –GENE COMBINATORIAL
LIBRARIES ( H & L LIBRARIES)
10. HUMANIZED CHIMERIC ANTIBODIES
• Cloning the recombinant DNA from mouse containing the promoter
leader and variable region sequences, from a human mouse antibody
gene and the constant region exons from a human antibody gene is
called humanized chimeric antibodies
• The humanized chimeric antibodies are potential to trigger human
competent activation or Fc receptor binding
•This technique has been used to treat patients of Hodgkin's lymphoma
Unlike the major therapies used in treatment of lymphomas
•By this grafting entire B cell population including b lymphomas cells
Were cleared from the body in a way that other cell population are
spared.
11. •The therapeutic agent used in the
humanized chimeric antibodies is
known as CD20 .
•A membrane bound phospho
protein
•The important issues with such a
treatment efficacy ,safety, and
immunogenicity are under
vigorous and intensive studies is
illustrative of application of CD20
12. BISPECIFIC ANTIBODIES ( HETEROCONJUGATES)
• Bispecific antibodies are
hybrids of two different
molecules
• Constructed by chemically
cross linking of two different
antibodies or synthesised
monoclonal antibody cells
• The destruction of tumour cells
begin when the effector cell is
cross linked to the tumour cells
13. DERIVATION AND USE OF Ig GENE
COMBINATORIAL LIBRARIES
• Producing gene libraries encoding Fab fragments is another approach
for generating monoclonal antibodies
• PCR is employed to amplify the DNA that encodes antibody H & L
chain Fab from hybridoma cells or plasma cells
• Amplified sequences are endowed with a promoter region and ECoR1
restriction site and resultant construct are then inserted in to
bacteriophage yielding separate H & L libraries
• It have specificities against a wide varieties of antigen can be achieved
from these gene libraries
• The immune response is important and highly potential ,in comparison
to gene libraries and they have different effective functions so they
high versatility and higher affinity
14. Antibody engineering is useful in large scale production
Of antibodies ,in production of active antibody fragments, bifunctional,
Single domain and catalytic antibodies ,and has lead to the production
of novel expression systems useful in may other areas
it allows production of new antibody conjugates
E.G : antibody –toxin or antibody –enzyme linked proteins
Engineered antibodies have many potential application
E.G : imaging, therapy and biosensors
mouse antibodies can be humanized ,resulting in chimeric or reshaped
antibodies ,engineered antibody molecules ,and their fragments, are
being increasingly exploited as scientific and clinical tools
one factor that can be limit the applicability of this technology is the
ability to express large amount of active protein
20. Antibodies are other proteins have been engineered using a
variety of immunogenicity evaluation strategies and some have
advanced in to clinical development
The characteristics of an antibody that may prevent its use , or
reduce its efficacy as an immunotherapy, can be altered through
genetic engineering
Thus the immunogenicity of an antibody can be reduced or
eliminated and the effector function ,size, structure, and affinity of
the antibody can be altered
21. Four key characteristics of relating to the efficacy
of therapeutic antibody
1. The antibodies that are used in research and as cancer therapies
are monoclonal antibodies.
2. Which are identical antibodies derived originally from mouse cells
3. Monoclonal antibodies can generate an anti mouse antibody
response in patients
4. It rapidly clearing the injected antibodies from the blood and
Rendering it useless
5. Then depending upon the manner in which it will be used
6. Therapeutic antibody may need a stronger or weaker effector
Function, increased or decreased antibody affinity ,and / or
reduction in size , for maximum efficacy
22.
23. IMMUNOGENICITY
• Most mAbs are originally produced in a mouse cell system, because i
produces large amount of antibodies
• The human immune system may recognize the mAbs as foreign
even though mouse and human mAbs are structurally identical
• A mAb be found to be immunogenic during clinical characterisation
• Genetic engineering techniques substitutes mouse gene sequences
With the corresponding human gene sequence, by altering the
Protein sequence of immunogenic mouse derive mAbs
• the risk that the patients own immune system will reject the therapy
can be reduced or eliminated .Alternatively scientists may generate
fully human antibody that targets the same antigen as the mouse
mAbs
24. EFFECTOR FUNCTION
Genetic engineering methods to enhance or reduce the effector
function of an antibody in order to suit the strategy for its
clinical application
A strong effector function is required for a naked antibody therapy,
in which the antibody is designed to be cytotoxic
The antibody can be engineered to enhance the effector function so
that the cytotoxicity is via complement dependent cytotoxicity ,
which is a part of humoral response, or via immune response
25. ANTIBODY SIZE AND STRUCTURE
The size of an antibody has direct impact on its ability to penetrate
the tumour and other tissues, as well as pharmacokinetics
Scientist reduce the size of antibody by removing non essential
components through genetic engineering ,to increase its tumour
penetration and improve its pharmacokinetics
Therapies that utilize the delivery of a toxin or radioisotope have
comprised of an antibody with a conjugated toxin or radio isotope
Scientist now fuse the toxin and radioisotope directly to the antibody
structure ,minimizing the potential for loss of the toxin from the
antibody and thus maximizing the delivery of antibody –toxin
conjugate to the tumour
26. AFFINITY
The affinity of an antibody for its
antigen can also be increased or
decreased through genetic engineering
,by altering the amino acids within the
antibody’s binding site
27. V –region discovery is a critical step in the commencement
of an antibody engineering project
Capture of the correct v- region sequences from a starting
hybridoma can lead to a number of project outcomes depending
On the study objectives
These may include the development of a lead therapeutic
candidate with enhanced properties such as
Better potency
Productivity
Reduced antigenicity
28. 1. Short primers to consensus sequences in heavy and light chain
variable regions of immunoglobulin genes are used to generate
a library of heavy and light chain v-region DNA’S by PCR. with
spleen DNA as the starting material .
2. These heavy and light chain v region genes are cloned randomly
into a filamentous phage such that each phage expresses one
heavy chain and one light chain v region as a surface fusion
protein with antibody like properties
29. 3. The resulting phage display library is multiplied in bacteria, and
the phage are then bound to a surface coated with antigen. The
bounded phages are washed away , the bound phage are recovered
,multiplied in bacteria, and again bound to antigen
4. After a few cycles, only specific high affinity antigen binding
phage are left .these can be used like antibody molecules or their
v genes can be recovered and engineered into antibody genes to
produce genetically engineered antibody molecule
5. this technology may replace the hybridoma technology for
producing mAbs and has advantage that humans can be use as
the source of DNA