Immunology science and technology this ppt deals with the mechanism of advancement and methods that involoved in the process of extraction and content presentation.

1. HUMORAL MEDIATED IMMUNITY
SEMINAR PRESENTATION ON
Mr. Sujith Kulandaivel (22BTU054)
II B.Sc. Biotechnology
School of Life Sciences
Karpagam Academy of Higher Education
Coimbatore - 641021
Session Handled By

2. HUMORAL MEDIATED IMMUNITY
UNDERSTANDING
The Role of Antibodies in Immune Response
• Antibodies are fundamental components of the immune system.
• Produced by B cells in response to encountered antigens.
• Y-shaped structure with variable regions for antigen specificity.
• Five main classes: IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD, and IgE, each with distinct functions.
• Functions include neutralization, opsonization, and complement activation.
• Memory B cells formed for rapid response upon re-exposure to specific
antigens.

3. HUMORAL MEDIATED IMMUNITY
UNDERSTANDING
The Role of Antibodies in Immune Response
• Clinical applications range from passive immunization to monoclonal
antibody therapies.
• Addressing challenges like emerging diseases and resistance to treatment
is crucial.
• Future directions involve exploring personalized medicine and novel
antibody-based therapies.
• Antibodies play a pivotal role in shaping both natural defenses and
therapeutic interventions in medicine.

4. TO IMMUNE SYSTEM
OVERVIEW
The immune system is a
complex network of cells,
tissues, and organs working
together to defend the body
against harmful invaders,
such as bacteria, viruses, and
other pathogens. It consists of
two main components: innate
and adaptive immunity.

5. Stress and the
Immune Response
Hormonal Changes
and Immunity
Immune-Endocrine
Disorders
SIGNIFICANCE OF
THESE HARMONES
1
2
3
• Cortisol
• Epinephrine (Adrenaline) and Norepinephrine
• Thyroid Hormones
• Sex Hormones (Estrogen and Testosterone)
• Insulin
• Cytokines
Hormones Influencing the Immune System

6. HUMORAL IMMUNITY
ABOUT
Humoral immunity involves
the action of antibodies and
immune system proteins
found in bodily fluids
(humors), such as blood and
lymph. B cells are crucial for
humoral immunity, producing
antibodies in response to
antigens.

7. THE ROLE OF ANTIBODIES
HIGHLIGHTING
(Immunoglobulins)
• Recognition and Binding
• Neutralization of Pathogens
• Opsonization for Phagocytosis
• Activation of Complement System
• Types and Specialized Functions
• Long-Term Protection via Memory B Cells
• Clinical Applications
• Versatility and Adaptability
• Essential Players in Humoral Immunity

8. B Cells
THREE MAIN
COMPONENTS
1
• Integral part of the immune system.
• Responsible for antibody production.
• Differentiate into plasma cells, releasing
antibodies in response to antigens.
• Form memory B cells for long-term immunity.
Components of the Immune System

9. 1
2
• Immunoglobulins produced by B cells.
• Y-shaped proteins with variable regions for
antigen recognition.
• Functions include neutralization, opsonization,
and complement activation.
• Diverse types (IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD, IgE) with
unique roles.
Components of the Immune System
Antibodies
THREE MAIN
COMPONENTS

10. 1
2
3
• Molecules that trigger an immune response.
• Can be part of pathogens or foreign
substances.
• Recognized by antibodies or immune cells.
• Initiates the production of antibodies for
immune defense.
Components of the Immune System
Antigens
THREE MAIN
COMPONENTS

11. ANTIBODY
STRUCTURE OF A
• Y-Shaped Molecule
• Variable and Constant Regions
• Fab and Fc Regions
• Antigen-Binding Sites
• Isotypes and Classes
• Disulfide Bonds
• Flexibility and Adaptability

12. Y-Shaped Molecule:
⚬ Antibodies have a distinctive Y-shaped structure.
⚬ The Y shape is formed by two identical heavy chains and two
identical light chains.
⚬ This structure allows antibodies to interact with antigens effectively.
Variable and Constant Regions:
⚬ The tips of the Y-shaped arms contain variable regions.
⚬ Variable regions are specific to antigens, providing the binding site.
⚬ Constant regions determine the antibody class and contribute to its
overall structure.
Fab and Fc Regions:
⚬ The arms of the Y-shaped antibody are known as the Fab regions
(Fragment, antigen-binding).
⚬ Fab regions contain the antigen-binding sites.
⚬ The stem of the Y is the Fc region (Fragment, crystallizable),
responsible for effector functions.
STRUCTURE
OF
AN
ANTIBODY

13. • Neutralization of Pathogens:
⚬ Antibodies bind to pathogens, preventing them from infecting host
cells.
⚬ Neutralization occurs through blocking pathogen entry points or
disrupting their functional components.
• Opsonization:
⚬ Antibodies mark pathogens for phagocytosis by immune cells.
⚬ Enhances the efficiency of phagocytosis by making pathogens
more recognizable to phagocytes.
• Activation of Complement System:
⚬ Antibodies trigger the complement system, a group of proteins in
the blood.
⚬ Complement activation leads to pathogen lysis, opsonization, and
the recruitment of immune cells
• Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity (ADCC):
⚬ Antibodies attach to infected or abnormal cells.
⚬ Immune cells, such as natural killer (NK) cells, recognize the
antibodies and destroy the targeted cells.
FUNCTIONS
OF
AN
ANTIBODY

14. B
CELL
ACTIVATION
Steps involved in B Cell Activation:
• Internalization of Antigens:
⚬ Antigens bound to BCRs are internalized by the B cell
through endocytosis.
• Antigen Presentation:
⚬ Processed antigens are presented on the B cell surface
using major histocompatibility complex class II molecules
(MHC-II).
• Interaction with Helper T Cells:
⚬ B cell-MHC-II-antigen complex interacts with helper T cells.
⚬ CD40-CD40L interaction and cytokine signaling from helper
T cells provide co-stimulation.

15. B
CELL
ACTIVATION
Antigen Recognition:
• BCR Binding:
⚬ BCRs on the B cell surface recognize and bind to specific
antigens.
⚬ Each B cell has BCRs with unique antigen specificity.
• Affinity Maturation:
⚬ B cells undergo affinity maturation, refining the specificity of
BCRs through mutation and selection.
• Memory B Cells:
⚬ Some activated B cells differentiate into memory B cells.
⚬ Memory B cells "remember" the encountered antigen for
future rapid responses.

16. B
CELL
ACTIVATION
ClonalSelection:
⚬ Proliferation:
￭ Selected B cell clones undergo rapid proliferation.
￭ Results in a larger population of B cells with the same antigen
specificity.
⚬ FormationofEffectorCells:
￭ Proliferating B cells differentiate into two main types: plasma cells
and memory B cells.
￭ Plasma cells are responsible for immediate antibody production.
DifferentiationintoPlasmaCells:
⚬ AntibodyProduction:
￭ Plasma cells are highly specialized in antibody production.
￭ Secrete large quantities of antibodies into the bloodstream.
⚬ ShortLifespan:
￭ Plasma cells have a short lifespan, but their antibody production
provides immediate defense against the specific antigen.

17. B CELLS
MEMORY OF
Formation of Memory B Cells:
• Subset of B cells during clonal selection becomes memory B cells.
• Affinity maturation enhances their specificity.
Role of Memory B Cells:
• Rapid and robust response upon re-exposure to the same antigen.
• Contribute to long-lasting immunity.
• Diverse specificities for comprehensive coverage.
• Critical for vaccine effectiveness.
Long-Term Immunity:
• Persistence of memory B cells for years.
• Enables swift and effective secondary responses.
• Adaptability to antigen variants.
• Crucial for preventing disease recurrence.

18. HUMORAL IMMUNITY
VACCINATION AND
⚬ Vaccine Contains harmless pathogen components or antigenic fragments.
⚬ Antigen-presenting cells process and present antigens to B cells
⚬ B cells with matching receptors are activated.
⚬ Activated B cells undergo proliferation.
⚬ Some B cells differentiate into plasma cells.
⚬ Plasma cells produce antibodies specific to vaccine antigens.
⚬ Vaccines promote the formation of memory B cells.
⚬ Memory B cells enable a rapid and robust response upon re-exposure.
⚬ Overall, vaccines establish immunological memory, providing effective
protection.

19. DISORDERS RELATED TO HUMORAL IMMUNITY
PRIMARY IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISEASES
1. Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)
2. Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID)
3. X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia (XLA)
4. DiGeorge Syndrome

20. DISORDERS RELATED TO HUMORAL IMMUNITY
AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES AFFECTING HUMORAL IMMUNITY
1. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
2. Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
3. Sjögren's Syndrome
4. Multiple Myeloma
5. Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS)
6. Goodpasture's Syndrome
7. Myasthenia Gravis
8. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)

21. MEDIATED IMMUNITY
HUMORAL
• Antibody Production by B Cells
• Diverse Functions of Antibodies
• Memory B Cells and Rapid Secondary Responses
• Clinical Applications in Medicine
• Protection Against Extracellular Pathogens
• Establishment of Long-Term Immunity
• Collaboration with Cellular Immunity
• Vital Role in Vaccine Effectiveness
• Overall Significance in Infection Prevention
RECAP

22. QUESTIONS AND DISCUSSION
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23. THANK YOU ALL
FOR YOUR PATIENCE
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