BIOTECHNOLOGY IS
CHALLENGING SUBJECT TO TEACH AND UNDERSTAND ......
ITS A VERY INTERESTING TO LEARN ABOUT HYBRIDOMA TECHNOLOGY .. THEIR PRODUCTION AND
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Students of medical and allied subjects must be exposed to the concept of monoclonal antibodies for the efficient practice of clinical and laboratory medicine.
Students of medical and allied subjects must be exposed to the concept of monoclonal antibodies for the efficient practice of clinical and laboratory medicine.
Monoclonal antibodies (mAb or moAb) are antibodies that are made by identical immune cells that are all clones of a unique parent cell. Monoclonal antibodies can have monovalent affinity, in that they bind to the same epitope (the part of an antigen that is recognized by the antibody). In contrast, polyclonal antibodies bind to multiple epitopes and are usually made by several different plasma cell (antibody secreting immune cell) lineages. Bispecific monoclonal antibodies can also be engineered, by increasing the therapeutic targets of one single monoclonal antibody to two epitopes. Given almost any substance, it is possible to produce monoclonal antibodies that specifically bind to that substance; they can then serve to detect or purify that substance. This has become an important tool in biochemistry, molecular biology, and medicine. When used as medications, non-proprietary drug names end in -mab and many immunotherapy specialists use the word mab anacronymically.
What are Antibody
Monoclonal Antibody (mAb)
Structure of mAb
Types of Monoclonal Antibody (mAb)
Preparation of Monoclonal Antibody
Hybridoma Technique, Phage display Technique
Application of Monoclonal Antibody
Advantage and Disadvantage of Monoclonal Antibody
Monoclonal antibodies (mAb or moAb) are antibodies that are made by identical immune cells that are all clones of a unique parent cell. Monoclonal antibodies can have monovalent affinity, in that they bind to the same epitope (the part of an antigen that is recognized by the antibody). In contrast, polyclonal antibodies bind to multiple epitopes and are usually made by several different plasma cell (antibody secreting immune cell) lineages. Bispecific monoclonal antibodies can also be engineered, by increasing the therapeutic targets of one single monoclonal antibody to two epitopes. Given almost any substance, it is possible to produce monoclonal antibodies that specifically bind to that substance; they can then serve to detect or purify that substance. This has become an important tool in biochemistry, molecular biology, and medicine. When used as medications, non-proprietary drug names end in -mab and many immunotherapy specialists use the word mab anacronymically.
What are Antibody
Monoclonal Antibody (mAb)
Structure of mAb
Types of Monoclonal Antibody (mAb)
Preparation of Monoclonal Antibody
Hybridoma Technique, Phage display Technique
Application of Monoclonal Antibody
Advantage and Disadvantage of Monoclonal Antibody
BOTECHNOLOGY IS CHALLENGING SUBJECT TO TEACH AND UNDERSTAND ALSO .....THEIR INTERESTING PART IS TO LEARN ABOUT PRODUCTION OF CITRIC ACID , PENICILLIN, GLUTAMIC ACID , GRISIOFULVIN , VITAMIN B 12
BOTECHNOLOGY IS CHALLENGING SUBJECT TO TEACH AND UNDERSTAND ALSO .....THEIR INTERESTING PART IS TO LEARN ABOUT MICROBIAL BIO TRANSFORMATION WITH BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS
BIOTECHNOLOGY IS CHALLENGING SUBJECT TO TEACH AND UNDERSTAND ALSO .....THEIR INTERESTING PART IS TO LEARN ABOUT IMMUNITY AND THE IMPORTANT PART MAJOR COMPATIBILITY COMPLEX
OTECHNOLOGY IS CHALLENGING SUBJECT TO TEACH AND UNDERSTAND ALSO .....THEIR INTERESTING PART IS TO LEARN ABOUT MICROBIAL GENETICS AND THEIR METHODS OF GENE TRANSFER
BIOTECHNOLOGY IS CHALLENGING SUBJECT TO TEACH AND UNDERSTAND ALSO .....THEIR INTERESTING PART IS TO LEARN ABOUT IMMUNITY AND THE IMPORTANT PART MAJOR COMPATIBILITY COMPLEX
Biotechnology is challenging subject to teach and understand also..its a very interesting subject in pharmacy..all the power point is made as per your syllabus with point to point discussion.
Biotechnology is challenging subject to teach and understand also..its a very interesting subject in pharmacy..all the power point is made as per your syllabus with point to point discussion.
thank you
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MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
2. Monoclonal antibodies
History of Hybridoma Technology.
Hybridoma technology is a well-established
method to produce monoclonal antibodies
(mAbs) specific to antigens.
Hybridoma cell lines are formed via fusion
between a short-lived antibody-producing B
cell and an immortal or living myeloma cell.
Myeloma is develops from cells in the bone
marrow blood cancer that called plasma cells.
3. HISTORY
Hybridoma technology was discovered in 1975 by
two scientists, Georges Kohler and Cesar Milstein
They wanted to create immortal hybrid cells by
fusing normal B cells from immunized mice with
their myeloma cells.
By cloning individual hybrid cells, they established
the first hybridoma cell lines which can produce
single type of antibody specific to the specific
antigen.
Their discovery is considered one of the greatest
breakthroughs in the field of biotechnology.
4. Advantages
monoclonal antibodies are cheaper to develop
than conventional drugs because it is based
on tested technology.
Side effects can be treated and reduced by
using mice-human hybrid cells or by using cell
fragments or small amount of antibodies.
They bind to specific diseased or damaged
cells needing treatment.
They treat a wide range of conditions
5. Disadvantage
It is Time consuming process takes time between 6-9
months.
Very expensive and needs considerable effort to
produce them.
Small peptide and fragment antigens may not be good
antigens.
monoclonal antibody may not recognize the original
antigen.
Hybridoma culture may be subject to contamination.
System is only well developed for limited animal and
not for other animals.
More than 99% of the cells do not survive during the
fusion process.
6. Steps Involved in Hybridoma
Technology
Hybridoma technology is composed of several
technical procedures, including
antigen preparation,
animal immunization,
cell fusion,
hybridoma screening and
sub cloning,
characterization and
production of specific antibodies
7. (1) Immunization of a mouse
(2) Isolation of B cells from the
spleen
(3) Cultivation of myeloma cells
(4) Fusion of myeloma and B cells
(5) Separation of cell lines
(6) Screening of suitable cell lines
(7) in vitro (a) or in
vivo (b) multiplication
(8) Harvesting
8. 1) Cell fusion
Laboratory animals (mammals, e.g. mice) are first exposed to the antigen
against which an antibody is to be generated.
These injections are typically followed by the use of in
vivo electroporation,
(electroporation process is done by using a electric pulse to transfect the
cells with DNA )which significantly enhances the immune response.
Once splenocytes are isolated from the mammal's spleen, the B cells are
fused with immortalised myeloma cells.
The fusion of the B cells with myeloma cells can be done using
electrofusion.
Electrofusion causes the B cells and myeloma cells to align and fuse
with the application of an electric field.
Alternatively, the B-cells and myelomas can be made to fuse by chemical
protocols, most often using polyethylene glycol.
The myeloma cells are selected beforehand to ensure they are not
9. 2) Hybridoma screening
Fused cells are incubated in HAT medium (hypoxanthine-
aminopterin-thymidine medium) for roughly 10 to 14 days.
Aminopterin blocks the pathway that allows for nucleotide synthesis.
Hence, unfused myeloma cells die, as they cannot produce
nucleotides because they lack HGPRT.
Removal of the unfused myeloma cells is necessary because they
have the potential to outgrow other cells, especially weakly
established hybridomas.
Unfused B cells die as they have a short life span.
In this way, only the B cell-myeloma hybrids survive, since the
HGPRT gene coming from the B cells is functional.
These cells produce antibodies (a property of B cells) and are
immortal (a property of myeloma cells).
The incubated medium is then diluted into multi-well plates to such an
extent that each well contains only one cell.
Since the antibodies in a well are produced by the same B cell, they
will be directed towards the same epitope, and are thus monoclonal
antibodies.
10. 3) MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY
PRODUCTION
The next stage is a rapid primary screening process, which
identifies and selects only those hybridomas that produce
antibodies of appropriate specificity.
The first screening technique used is called ELISA.
The hybridoma culture supernatant, secondary enzyme labeled
conjugate, and chromogenic substrate, are then incubated, and
the formation of a colored product indicates a positive hybridoma.
Flow cytometry (flow of particles study ) screening has been the
local form of the antigen on the cell surface.
Flow cytometry is used to detect and analyze the chemical and
physical characteristics of cells or particles.
In the flow cytometry-based screening, a mixture of antigen-
negative cells and antigen-positive cells is used as the antigen to
be tested for each hybridoma supernatant sample.
11. The B cell that produces the desired antibodies can be cloned to
produce many identical daughter clones.
Once a hybridoma colony is established, it will continually grow in
culture medium and produce antibodies.
Multiwell plates are used initially to grow the hybridomas, and
after selection, are changed to larger tissue culture flasks.
This maintains the well-being of the hybridomas and provides
enough cells for cryopreservation (Biological material preserve
at −80 °C (−112 °F) or −196 °C (−321 °F) using liquid nitrogen) .
the supernatant is the liquid found above a precipitate or
sediment.
The culture supernatant can yield 1 to 60 μg/ml of monoclonal
antibody, which is maintained at -20 °C or lower until required.
By using culture supernatant or a purified immunoglobulin
preparation, further analysis of a potential monoclonal antibody
producIng hybridoma can be made in terms of reactivity,
specificity, and cross-reactivity
12. HAT - medium (hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine medium
hypoxanthine-guanine phospho ribosyl transferase (HGPRT) gene,
13. Application
Pregnancy Testing
MAbs that have been developed to detect
human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) are now
present in pregnancy test kits.
Radioimmuno detection (RID) of Cancer
An imaging technique used to detect the
presence of cancerous or cancer-specific cells
has been produced as mAbs.
14. Treatment of Cancer through Drugs
Many different drugs are being developed in
clinical trials used to treat various strains of
cancer.
In fact, some of these are already on the
market.
In 1997, a drug named Ritoxin was approved
by the FDA for commercial use which is based
on mAb technology.
15. Viral Disease Treatment
Doctors hope that with further research into
mAbs and an increased knowledge of their
properties, treatments will become available for
diseases previously thought to be incurable,
such as AIDS.
Identifying Pathogens
MAbs can now be used to identify strains of a
single pathogen, for example neisseria
gonorrhoeae.
16. Rhesus disease Immunization
Rhesus disease is condition where antibodies
in a pregnant woman's blood destroy her
baby's blood cells.
Anti-rhesus antiserum has been made to cure
rhesus disease.
17. References
1. Zaroff, S., & Tan, G. (2019). Hybridoma technology:
the preferred method for monoclonal antibody
generation for in vivo applications.
2. Zhang, C. (2012). Hybridoma technology for the
generation of monoclonal antibodies. In Antibody
methods and protocols (pp. 117-135). Humana Press,
Totowa, NJ.
3. Liu, J. K. (2014). The history of monoclonal
antibody development–progress, remaining
challenges and future innovations. Annals of Medicine
and Surgery, 3(4), 113-116.
4. Greenfield, E. A. (2018). Polyethylene Glycol
Fusion for Hybridoma Production. Cold Spring Harbor
Protocols, 2018(3), pdb-prot10317