The document discusses anti-urbanization as an implicit development policy, highlighting the trend of migration from urban to rural areas for lifestyle and quality of life improvements, particularly among individuals over 45. It contrasts direct government interventions with implicit policies that influence demographic outcomes, focusing on examples from Turkey and India to illustrate the impacts of such policies on rural development and urban migration. Conclusively, the document outlines how certain governmental strategies, while intending to benefit rural areas, may inadvertently perpetuate anti-urbanization sentiment.

1. Anti-Urbanization: An implicit
development policy
Kolli Rajesh M. City Planning, B.Arch
Kollirajesh888@gmail.com
Dynamics of
Settlement Systems

2. Anti-Urbanization
Anti-Urbanization: An implicit development policy ( Amaresh Mohan Kolli Rajesh Pinaki Ranjan Biswas) 02/15
• A simple rejection of urbanisation, i.e. not intended to move to an urban
area.
• Its also a form of counter- urbanisation, i.e. migration from the city to the
country side
o Search for a radical often self-sufficient lifestyle
o Relocation to enhance one’s quality of life
o amenity driven retirement migration.
– Mainly seen in middle aged and retired groups.
URBANRURAL
RURALURBAN
Voluntary choice

3. • A Policy is a set of government statements and actions that are designed
to influence the behavior of the people in order to achieve a desired
outcome.
• Direct or Explicit – government actions taken for the purpose of affecting
a demographic outcome , e.g., migration laws
• Indirect or Implicit – government actions that only have indirectly some
demographic effects, e.g., promoting female education
– suggested though not directly expressed
Implict Policy
Anti-Urbanization: An implicit development policy ( Amaresh Mohan Kolli Rajesh Pinaki Ranjan Biswas) 03/15

4. Direct - Implict
Anti-Urbanization: An implicit development policy ( Amaresh Mohan Kolli Rajesh Pinaki Ranjan Biswas) 04/15
Explicit Policies
• Provide free family
planning services
• Increase taxes for each
additional child
• Restrict immigration
• Raise the age of marriage
Implicit policies
• Compulsory secondary
education
• Restrict child labor
• Limit size of houses
• Raise status of women
• Provide old age security

5. Antiurbanization: An implicit development policy ( Amaresh Mohan Kolli Rajesh Pinaki Ranjan Biswas) 05/15
• From 2000’s , there has been an marked increase in relocation from the
capital to rural.
• Even though cities growing at a rapid rate, but the people of over 45 age
group intended to move away from urban areas
- Relocation motivated for lifestyle reasons-from Copenhagen
- flexible, knowledge, competence, self-employment
- Dependent on local area
- To start their own micro business in rural area
• They need to Drive far for kids- schools, infrastructure facilities and for
leisure, etc.
• To avoid this, Most facilities move to that provincial area by the local
bodies.
Case Example: Copenhagen
Source: Lise Herslund and Christian Fertner . (2011). Who can attract peripheral municipalities? Byplan, 12-17.

6. Antiurbanization: An implicit development policy ( Amaresh Mohan Kolli Rajesh Pinaki Ranjan Biswas) 06/15
Case Example: Copenhagen
• the group over 45 years moving
farther away from the big city highly
attracted to nature and landscape
values.
• combine a country life With a
continuing career
• These one-man businesses are
addicted of networking at regional
level
• connects local businesses with
knowledge outside.
Source: Lise Herslund and Christian Fertner . (2011). Who can attract peripheral municipalities? Byplan, 12-17.

7. Antiurbanization: An implicit development policy ( Amaresh Mohan Kolli Rajesh Pinaki Ranjan Biswas) 07/15
• Turkey has urbanized at an extremely from 1940’s to 1980’s.
• This unforeseen increase in migrated population from rural to urban led to
serious problems in urban areas.
• So, the policymakers tried to control this by making policies which are
beneficiary for rural development.
Case Example: Turkey
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1935 1950 1960 1970 1975 1980 1990 2000 2010 2018
%ofurbanpopulation
Year
Source: Levine, N. (1980). Anti-urbanization: An Implicit Development Policy in Turkey. The Journal of Developing Areas, 513-538.

8. Antiurbanization: An implicit development policy ( Amaresh Mohan Kolli Rajesh Pinaki Ranjan Biswas) 08/15
• They made policies to improve medical (short term rather than long
term), education, etc..
Health Policy:
• Initially the distribution of doctors were very uneven. The three largest
provinces- Istanbul, Ankara, and Izmir had 67% of all the doctors in
Turkey, 44 provinces had fewer than 100 doctors in each province.
• In 1961 the Mother-Child Health Program was made the main health
priority. In terms of establishing medical infrastructure, there has been
some success.
• For example, 30% of the hospitals and 48 %of hospital beds were
located in the 3 largest provinces in 1965, but by 1972 these figures had
dropped to 22% and 44%.
Case Example: Turkey
Source: Levine, N. (1980). Anti-urbanization: An Implicit Development Policy in Turkey. The Journal of Developing Areas, 513-538.

9. • In 1966, approximately 47% of the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare's
annual budget was spent on hospital facilities, almost all on personnel
salary.
• By 1972, it did not have enough resources to appoint doctors to make a
socialized medical system.
• This policy had benefitted the rural people for a short time, rather than a
long term.
Antiurbanization: An implicit development policy ( Amaresh Mohan Kolli Rajesh Pinaki Ranjan Biswas) 09/15
Case Example: Turkey
Source: Levine, N. (1980). Anti-urbanization: An Implicit Development Policy in Turkey. The Journal of Developing Areas, 513-538.

10. Antiurbanization: An implicit development policy ( Amaresh Mohan Kolli Rajesh Pinaki Ranjan Biswas) 10/15
Education Policy:
• On the beginning of the Republic a two-tier education policies were
introduced. Village people were never expected to have higher aspirations
or to need broader intellectual and scientific knowledge.
• From the 1930s onward, the growth of rural primary school attendance
was rapid. Unlike the doctors and the health services, teachers could be
made to go to the rural areas (because they were public employees and
"cheaper").
• The expansion of primary education increased aspirations, consequently,
has increased pressure for secondary & technical education, primarily
through middle class rather than through formal government policy.
Case Example: Turkey
Source: Levine, N. (1980). Anti-urbanization: An Implicit Development Policy in Turkey. The Journal of Developing Areas, 513-538.

11. Antiurbanization: An implicit development policy ( Amaresh Mohan Kolli Rajesh Pinaki Ranjan Biswas) 11/15
• People with educational skills would migrate to use those skills.
• So, this policy failed in preventing migration to urban area.
• Many students who enrolled in secondary schools from rural areas find
extremely difficult to compete with students from big cities.
• Later the job market was very poor in urban area. So there was no job
guarantee for the technical educated people.
• So, this policy had created negative impact on urbanization.
• So they invested more government funds go into agricultural research than
any other research area.
Case Example: Turkey
Source: Levine, N. (1980). Anti-urbanization: An Implicit Development Policy in Turkey. The Journal of Developing Areas, 513-538.

12. Antiurbanization: An implicit development policy ( Amaresh Mohan Kolli Rajesh Pinaki Ranjan Biswas) 12/15
• RURBAN mission, a policy of Government of India which aims to provide
urban amenities in the rural areas.
• Though it is not an implicit policy it helps in reducing rural-urban
migration.
• SJGSY-1999, To help the self-help groups formed by women of the rural
areas to develop their economic condition through subsidized loans from
the banks, to do household industrial works and also skill development
programs are conducted among the rural women.
• MGNREGA-2005: Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act. was
taken into account to provide 100 days job guarantees to the unskilled
rural population.
• These policies might act as an Implicit Development in rural areas which
supports towards Anti-Urbanization.
In India

13. • As in India, most cities are too small and thus do not fully avail of the
benefits of urbanization, as India’s urbanization rate is slower than the rest
of Asia. At 28%, India’s urbanization rate is lower than China’s (over 40%)
and Korea’s (over 75%).
• In part, this is may be due to an anti-urbanization bias in policy as well as
in public perception both in rural and urban areas.
• Policies such as the Rural Employment Guarantee Act, the non-taxation of
agricultural income, and especially the relatively poor state of municipal
governance, and the meagre investment in urban infrastructure, illustrate
the anti-urban bent in policy.
• These gains in the rural areas may prevents the realization of the gains
from urbanization.
Antiurbanization: An implicit development policy ( Amaresh Mohan Kolli Rajesh Pinaki Ranjan Biswas) 13/15
Conclusion

14. • Levine, N. (1980). Anti-urbanization: An Implicit Development Policy in Turkey. The
Journal of Developing Areas, 513-538.
• Lise Byskov Herslund, Christian Fertner. (2010). Anti-urbanization as Development
Chance for Rural Areas. Managing the Rural Urban Interface (pp. 1-72). Copenhagen:
University of Copenhagen.
• Lise Herslund and Christian Fertner . (2011). Who can attract peripheral municipalities?
Byplan, 12-17.
• Poddar, T. (2007, August 16). India's Urbanization Bonus. Livemint, p. 3.
Antiurbanization: An implicit development policy ( Amaresh Mohan Kolli Rajesh Pinaki Ranjan Biswas) 14/15
References

15. Thank You
Anti-Urbanization: An implicit development policy
15/15
Kolli Rajesh M. City Planning, B.Arch
Kollirajesh888@gmail.com