this presentation may help you to get better information on what is urbanization, its pros and cons globally as well as special emphasis on Indian Economy with adequate statistics. hope you liked it.

2.  Urbanization refers to a process in which an
increasing proportion of a society live in cities
and the suburbs of cities.
 Urbanization occurs because people move from
rural areas to urban areas .This usually occurs
when a country is still developing.
 Economic forces were such that cities became
the ideal places also to locate factories and their
workers.

4. A "city" refers to a place of relatively dense
settlement,
Dense enough so that city residents can
not grow their own food resources.
A city population, therefore, is always
dependent upon its "hinterlands" to
provide it with food resources.

5. Rural to urban migration
Increase in birth rate with decrease in
death rate.
Industrialization
Availability of easy transportation
Manufacturing centers.
Job Opportunities.

6. Economic
Social
Cultural
Urbanization is encouraged socially and
culturally through the media.

7. Higher standard of living than compared to
rural areas.
Better sanitation
job opportunities

8. Industrialization,
Education
Legislation
Secularization-sequence of development.
reduced transport costs
sharing of natural resources.

9. • Slums and its consequences of overcrowding.
• Lack of sanitation,
• Poverty,
• Unemployment and
• Crime is the worst impact of urbanization.
• Global warming, air ,pollution, water scarcity and
pollution and loss of biodiversity pose serious
threat to environment.

10.  Prevalent in India,
 urban areas have experienced an unprecedented
rate of growth.
 India’s urban population is expected an increase of
over 200 million in just 20 years.
 Most of this increase was in the growth of census
towns (2532) rather than on statutory towns (242).
 India’s urbanization, however, is in smaller
proportion as compared to other large developing
countries such as China (45%), Indonesia (44%),
Mexico (78%) and Brazil (87%).

12. A urban housing shortage
Air quality has deteriorated sharply
Water supply
Urban poor
Travelling time
Migration of people.

13. o To impart relevant skills to urban poor
o Facilitate self employment opportunities for
urban poor
o Provide basic services to the urban poor
especially through re-habilitation of slums
o Ensure financial inclusion of urban poor .
o Accelerate the rate of job creation

14.  According to UN Habitat Report, 2008, urban based
economic activities accounts for 55%, 73% and 85% of
the GDP in low income, middle income and high
income countries respectively.
 Talking in Indian context, 62-63% of GDP contribution
was made by the urban areas comprising of 30% of
the population (Planning Commission 2008). It is
expected to reach 75% by 2021.
 Currently, India is 32.37% urbanized. Thus cities propel
economic growth.
 With increasing urbanizations outgrowth beyond city
boundaries synergies agglomeration economies.

16.  Take the example of Bangalore. It is a IT hub and
has all the human labour and it manages all its
client from one city of India. Technology,
infrastructure and human skill, ideas and
innovations has together contributed towards its
growth.
 Urbanization also impacts land and transport
sector. Rental value increase as one moves from
centre towards the periphery of the city if the city
has good transport system. Take the example of
Delhi or Mumbai. People travel to work from far
distances as they have viable transport facilities.

17. On the National Economy-
 Improvement in the GDP.
 Availability of the skilled force
 Organized sector of economy will grow more.
 Service industry will see much growth as the
increase in the middle class population.
 More Cities- More tourism due to more
facilities.
 More investment in infrastructure etc.
 Change in expenditure pattern

18. On the individuals-
 Per capita income and expenditure will rise.
 Banking facilities etc. will help in increase in
savings and financial services.
 Standard of living will improve with the access
to more urban facilities.
 Employment opportunities will be more
available.

19.  Mckinsey global institute estimated that nearly
70% new jobs will be created by 2030.
 Urbanization leads fourfold increase in per capita
income by 2030
 Estimated that the urban population increase from
340 million(2008) to 590 million by 2030.

20.  Urbanization is expanding at a faster rate
E.g. 1971 to 2008 population increased to 230 million.
estimated to be more then 250 million population by 2025.
 Urban economy provides 85% of total tax revenue.
 200 million rural population are directly benefited from
urbanization.
 Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Punjab
have more population living in urban areas.

26.  Central government has planned to 100 smart
cities in India.
 Eight cities with more then four million people will
developing as a satellite smart city with Rs.1000
crore for each city.
 45 cities with one to four million people will be
upgrading to smart city.
 17 capital cities upgraded to smart city irrespective
of their population.

27. 10 smart cites with tourist and religious
significance
Listed smart cities in Karnataka are
Badami, Bengaluru, Bidar, Vijayapura,
Kalaburagi, Mahakuta and Pattadakallu

28.  In terms of infrastructure, the smart cities should have
24x7 availability of high quality utility services like
water and power.
 A robust transport system that emphasizes on public
transport.
 In social infrastructure, the cities need to be provide
opportunities for jobs and livelihoods for its inhabitants.

29.  The smart cities need to have proper facilities for
entertainment and the safety and security of the
people.
 They should minimize waste by increasing energy
efficiency and reducing water conservation. Proper
recycling of waste materials need to be done in
cities.

30.  More than 50 per cent of medium and large farmers
had allotted land for construction of shops and other
commercial uses on the main road.
 Small farmers sold out the land to meet their
household and social needs.
 large farmers did sold the land because they could not
manage the land due to labour shortage.

31. Unavailability of labor for farm sector.
High wage rate for farm work.
The per capita availability of land declined.
Year Per capita land available
1960-61 1.124ha
2000-01 0.74 ha
2011-12 0.36 ha

32. Air Pollution :-Transportation, Industries and
Domestic air emissions.
Water pollution:-Domestic sewage and
Industrial effluent.
Noise pollution :- Industrial, Aircraft,
Transportation and diesel generator sets.

33.  Plastic waste is regulated through Plastic
Manufacture, sale and usage Rules,1999 and
also by Municipal Solid Waste Rules, 2000.
 Mercury Waste :-medical appliances,
switches, lights and thermal power stations.
 Biomedical Waste sources: hospitals and
health care.

34.  Unemployment
 Housing
 Slums
 Transport
 Water supply and sanitation
 Inadequate provision for social infrastructure

35.  In conclusion, urbanization is one of the most
controversial issues in the world today,
containing various subjects, including both
good and bad effects. Among them, the focus
in urbanization is always on economic and
environmental effects, as this essay
mentioned above. It is important to remember
that urbanization is a long term process, and
it is possible to solve these problems in the
future.