This PPT describes about Urbanization, its objective, challenges and the way ahead.

1. Urbanization and Emerging
Issues
Land and Real Estate Laws (LLB 505)
Submitted to: Submitted By:
Mr. Narender Kumar Abheet Mangleek
Assistant Professor 00417703817
VSLLS IX-A

2. Objective
Urbanization is going to be one of the 21st century's most transformative
trends. Globalization has great impact on a country like India, which increases
the economic growth of the country, and because of this, we are seeing a
growing urbanized India. Through this presentation, an attempt has been made
to examine and analyze urbanization taking place in India, by giving particular
attention to the emerging issues and challenges associated with it and some
suggestions to overcome it.

3. Urbanization: Concept
• Urbanisation is the process where an increasing percentage of a
population lives in urban areas.
• Urbanisation is one of the characteristics of economic development.
Urbanisation in India began accelerating after Independence, with
rising to peak with economic liberalization in 1991. As of 2018, 34%
of Indian Population reside in urban areas as per UN housing report
2018; rising by 3% since 2011-according to UN report.
• Currently, about 4 billion people (55% of the world's population) are
living in urban areas.
• According to the 2011 census, there are 53 cities in India with a
population of a million or more; by 2031, that number will rise to 87.

4. Factors at Play
• There are several factors at play that have led to the urbanization in India –
population growth and migration as one of the 2 major factors. Recently,
a third factor has been seen as a huge contributor to the urbanization
growth: the expansion of towns and cities. This factor is due to the high
economic growth that the city has witnessed over the years.
• But with rising urbanization, various problems like disorganized
urbanization, increasing slum areas, pollution, lack of infrastructure, poverty,
and unemployment arise.

5. Emerging Issues
and Challenges
Some of the important issues which have
been discussed further are:
• Impact on Environment
• Slums and Squatter Settlements
• Overcrowding
• Housing Shortages
• Unemployment
• Water and Sanitation Problems
• Poor Health and Spread of Diseases
• Traffic Congestion
• Urban Crime
While urbanization process resulted
into economic growth in our
society, but it is equally true that,
there exist a number of problems
associated with urbanization.

6. Impact on Environment
• Probably most of the major environmental problems of the next century will
result from the continuation and sharpening of existing problems that
currently do not receive enough political attention.
• Due to uncontrolled urbanization in India, environmental degradation has
been occurring very rapidly and causing many problems like land insecurity,
worsening water quality, excessive air pollution, noise and the problems of
waste disposal.

7. Slums and Squatter Settlements
• In developing countries, about a third of
urban inhabitants live in impoverished slums
and squatter settlements (UN-Habitat,
2012). Slums are urban areas that are heavily
populated and have sub-standard housing
with very poor living conditions, creating
several problems like health issues, sanitation
issues, etc.
• Many low-income families gravitate to these
informal settlements that proliferate in and
around towns. Poverty is one of the most
critical issues facing urban areas. Urban
poverty degrades both the physical and social
environment.

8. Overcrowding
• Overcrowding is a situation whereby a huge
number of people live in a small space. This
form of congestion in urban areas is
consistent because of overpopulation and it
is an aspect that increases day by day as more
people and immigrants move into cities and
towns in search of a better life.
• Most people from rural or undeveloped areas
always have the urge of migrating into the
city that normally leads to congestion of
people within a small area.
• This is well exhibited by almost all the big
cities of India.

9. Housing Shortages
• Urbanization attracts people to cities and towns which leads to a high population
increase. With the increase in the number of people living in urban centers, there is
a continued scarcity of houses.
• This is due to insufficient expansion space for housing and public utilities,
poverty, unemployment, and costly building materials which can only be afforded by
a few individuals.
• Studies have shown that almost 35 per cent (18.9 million) urban families live in one-
room houses and 39 per cent of all married couples in India (about 86 million) do
not have an independent room to themselves.

10. Unemployment
• The problem of unemployment is highest
in urban areas and it is even higher
among educated people. It is estimated
that more than half of unemployed youths
around the globe live in metropolitan
cities.
• And, as much as income in urban areas is
high, the costs of living make the incomes
seem horribly low. The increasing
relocation of people from rural areas to
urban areas is the leading cause of urban
unemployment.

11. Water and Sanitation Problems
• Because of overpopulation and rapid population increase in most urban centers, it is
common to find there are inadequate sewage facilities.
• Municipalities and local governments are faced with serious resource crisis in the
management of sewage facilities. As a result, sanitation becomes poor and sewages
flow chaotically, and they are drained into neighboring streams, rivers, lakes, or seas.
• Eventually, communicable diseases such as typhoid, dysentery, plague, and diarrhea
spread very fast leading to suffering and even deaths. Overcrowding also highly
contributes to water scarcity as supply falls short of demand.

12. Poor Health and Spread of Diseases
• The social, economic and living conditions
in congested urban areas affects access
and utilization of public health care
services. Slum areas in particular
experience poor sanitation and insufficient
water supply which generally make slum
populations susceptible to communicable
diseases.
• Environmental problems such as urban
pollution also cause many health problems
namely allergies, asthma, infertility, food
poisoning, cancer and even premature
deaths.

13. Traffic Congestion
• When more people move to towns and cities,
one of the major challenges posed is in the
transport system. More people means an
increased number of vehicles which leads to
traffic congestion and vehicular pollution.
• Many people in urban areas drive to work
and this creates a severe traffic problem,
especially during rush hours. Also as the
cities grow in dimension, people will move to
shop and access other social needs/wants
which often cause traffic congestion and
blockage.

14. Urban Crime
• Issues of lack of resources, overcrowding, unemployment, poverty, and lack
of social services and education habitually lead to many social problems
including violence, drug abuse, and crime.
• Most of the crimes such as murder, rape, kidnapping, riots, assault, theft,
robbery, and hijacking are reported to be more prominent in the urban
vicinities. Besides, poverty-related crimes are the highest in fast-growing
urban regions. These acts of urban crime normally upset the peace and
tranquility of cities/towns.

15. Steps taken by the Government to Combat
Issues related to Urbanization
• 74th Amendment to the Constitution of India which was passed in 1992 emphasized on the need to strengthen
urban planning and gave Urban Local Bodies a constitutional status.
• Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM), launched in 2005, was a major initiative for
focused and integrated urban development. It covers two components viz. provision of Basic Services for Urban
Poor (BSUP) and an Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme (IHSDP).
• JNNRUM has been replaced by another similar city-modernization scheme AMRUT. AMRUT (Atal Mission for
Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation) was launched in 2015. The focus of the AMRUT scheme was on
infrastructure creation that has a direct link to provision of better services to the citizens. Closely connected to the
Swachh Bharat Mission, the scheme includes provision of water supply facilities, sewerage networks, stormwater
drains, urban transport, and open and green spaces, across the selected 500 Indian cities.
• Swachh Bharat Mission - Urban was launched on October 2, 2014, The Swachh Bharat Mission is the
government’s nationwide flagship programme with the objective of universal sanitation coverage in urban areas. It is
a comprehensive sanitation scheme which aims to make the country open defecation free.

16. Steps taken by the Government to Combat
Issues related to Urbanization (cont.)
• Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) (Urban) or Housing for All Scheme was launched on June 25, 2015
for providing 20 million affordable homes for the urban poor including slum dwellers. The beneficiaries include
Economically weaker section (EWS), low-income groups (LIGs) and Middle-Income Groups (MIGs).
• Smart Cities Mission, launched on June 25, 2015, is a flagship scheme which aims at building 100 Smart Cities
across India with focus on planned urbanisation and sustainable development. It also involves the development of
high-quality infrastructure with provision of basic amenities, education, health services, IT accessibility, digitisation,
e-governance, sustainable development, safety and security.
• Skill India Programme to provide skill set for employment to unemployed.
• Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY), 2015 for the holistic development of
heritage cities.
• National Urban Transport Policy, 2006 involves incorporating urban transportation as an important parameter at
the urban planning stage. It also focuses on the introduction of intelligent transport systems, reduction of pollution
levels and encouraging greater use of public transport.

17. An Analysis of Projects Undertaken by the
Government
Government has taken many steps like PM Awas Yojana (Urban), Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan,
Smart Cities Mission, etc. but these initiatives have not been able to deliver much due to:
• Lack of implementation. For example, over 70% of projects under Smart Cities Mission are
at various stages of preparation.
• Lack of systemic policy to deal with urban migration.
• Skewed development in the favour of already urbanized areas.
• There is a serious lack of finances, for example, India spends a meagre $17 per capita on
urban infrastructure as compared to global benchmark of $100.
• The Urban Local Bodies do not have any autonomy or financial resources to function
properly.

18. WAY AHEAD
• Building Sustainable and Environmental-
friendly Cities by investing in green
infrastructure, recycling and pollution
management, renewable energy and water
recycling.
• Ensure provision of essential social services to
urban poor.
• Population Control- campaigns and counseling
for effective medical health clinics and family
planning.
• Urban Local Bodies need to be given more
autonomy.

19. Other Suggestions
• Creation of more jobs in rural areas- More employment opportunities should be
created in the villages. For example- opening factories and industries in the rural
areas.
• Education in rural areas- Adequate schools and colleges should be opened in the
rural areas so that the children in rural areas need not migrate to urban areas for
good education.
• The essential social services must be made available in the rural areas at cheaper
rates.
• Daily wages in rural areas must be fair and adequate.

20. Conclusion
• While the process of urbanization occurs at global scale, it is more visible in developing countries. This
growth has led to concerns about the sustainability of these urban centres. Explosive growth in the
world population and migration of people to in urban centres is causing major concern about the
quality of life in these urban centres and the life-supporting capacity of the planet ecologically and
communally.
• The society should work together closely with the authorities to assist in modernizing life in urban
area.
• Presently, India already has numerous mega cities. Many researchers believe that urbanization is good
for the financial growth of country, but careful planning is required to develop cities and offer basic
amenities for healthy living.
• We need to empower our cities, with a focus on land policy reforms, granting urban local bodies the
autonomy to raise funds and enforce local land usage norms.

21. Thank You!