Anti Tubercular Drugs - Mechanism of Action and Adverse effects Thomas Kurian
A brief outline of the mechanism of action and adverse effects of anti tubercular drugs
Only First line and second line drugs are dealt with.First line drugs may be useful for MBBS students and the rest is directed for postgraduate students.
Hope you find it useful.
Anti Tubercular Drugs - Mechanism of Action and Adverse effects Thomas Kurian
A brief outline of the mechanism of action and adverse effects of anti tubercular drugs
Only First line and second line drugs are dealt with.First line drugs may be useful for MBBS students and the rest is directed for postgraduate students.
Hope you find it useful.
Definition
History
Chemistry
Properties
Classification & its Generation
Pharmacokinetics
Mechanism of action
Indication
Contraindication
Therapeutic use
Adverse effect
Resistance
Comparison with penicillin
Market preparation
Antiprotozoal agents is a class of pharmaceuticals used in treatment of protozoan infection. Protozoans have little in common with each other and so agents effective against one pathogen may not be effective against another
This PPT covers drug therapy for tuberculosis. It includes classification of antitubercular drugs, chemotherapy for tuberculosis, strategies for addressing resistance and pharmacotherapy of antitubercular drugs
Presentation about tuberculosis, it's epidemiology, pathology, antituberculosis drugs, and their mechanism of actions, ADR's and case study of a tuberculosis patient.
Definition
History
Chemistry
Properties
Classification & its Generation
Pharmacokinetics
Mechanism of action
Indication
Contraindication
Therapeutic use
Adverse effect
Resistance
Comparison with penicillin
Market preparation
Antiprotozoal agents is a class of pharmaceuticals used in treatment of protozoan infection. Protozoans have little in common with each other and so agents effective against one pathogen may not be effective against another
This PPT covers drug therapy for tuberculosis. It includes classification of antitubercular drugs, chemotherapy for tuberculosis, strategies for addressing resistance and pharmacotherapy of antitubercular drugs
Presentation about tuberculosis, it's epidemiology, pathology, antituberculosis drugs, and their mechanism of actions, ADR's and case study of a tuberculosis patient.
This ppt discusses pharmacological actions, toxic effects and clinical applications of corticosteroids. It also mentions precations to be taken while using steroids
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
2. At the end of the session, students
will be able to
• Enumerate primary and second line anti tubercular
drugs.
• Describe phases of treatment of tuberculosis.
• Describe mechanism of action, and adverse effects of
Primary and secondary Anti Tb drugs.
• Define MDR tuberculosis and measures to prevent
it.
• Describe the roll of Vaccines and drugs to
prevent tuberculosis.
PATKI 2
3. 3
Tuberculosis : A Global Emergency
• One third of the world’s population is infected
• TB kills 5,000 people a day – 2 to 3 million/yr
• More than 100,000 children will die this year
• Hundreds of thousands of children will become
TB orphans this year
• HIV and TB co-infection are producing explosive
epidemics
• MDR is seriously threatening global TB control
4. 4
TB is the Leading Infectious Cause of Death among
Persons >5 years old
0
1
2
3
4
TBARI DiarrheaAIDS Malaria
Tropical
Diseases
Number of deaths (millions)
Source: WHO World Report 2000
5. 5
Tuberculosis the Disease
• Normal progression of disease
– 50% die, 25% spontaneous cure, and 25%
chronic excretors
• Treatment requires multiple drugs for
prolonged periods. Good results possible
• Treatment interruptions or monotherapy
lead to drug resistance
• Drug resistance can be transmitted
(primary) or developed (secondary)
6. • Coughing that lasts at least three weeks
• Coughing up blood
• Chest pain
• Discomfort when breathing or coughing
• Fever
• Chills
• Night sweats where you wake up
soaking wet
• Exhaustion, Loss of appetite,
• Weight loss PATKI 6
7. 7
Treatment of TB
• TB is treated with multiple drugs to avoid drug
resistance and treatment failures
• Intensive phase = 4 drugs: Rifampicin,
Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, and Ethambutol or
Streptomycin
• Continution phase = 2 drugs: INH & Rif or Eth
• If drugs are counterfeit or substandard, may
cause treatment failures and lead to the
development of Multidrug-Resistant TB
(MDRTB)
9. M. tuberculosis: peculiar featuresM. tuberculosis: peculiar features
• Rapid growers: In the wall of cavitary lesion,
extracellular.
• Slow growers: intracellular, within the macrophages
at inflamed sites.
• Spurters: intermittent growth spurts.
• Dormant: Do not grow for long time, become active
at times of low host resistance.
• ATYPICAL- AVIUM, KANSASII
• Lipoarabinomannan- helps survival in macrophages
Bacilli continuously shift from one to other subpopulation.Bacilli continuously shift from one to other subpopulation.
12. Diagnosis of TB
• Clinical features are not confirmatory.
• Zeil Nielson Stain
• Adenosine deaminase test
• Culture most sensitive and specific test.
– Conventional Lowenstein Jensen media 3-6 wks.
– Automated techniques within 9-16 days
• PCR is available, but should only be performed by
experienced laboratories
• Mantoux test
13. PPD Tuberculin Testing
• Sub cutaneous
• Weal formation
• Itching – no scratch.
• Read after 72 hours.
• Induration size.
• 5-10-15mm
15. Interpretation
• (i) Induration less than 5 mm – no exposure to
tubercular bacilli.
• (ii) Induration between 5-9 mm – this can be due to
atypical mycobacteria or BCG vaccination. It may
suggest infection in immunocompromised children
such as HIV infection or other immunosupression;
• (iii) Induation 10 mm or more – an induration of 10
mm or more at 48-72 hours in a child with symptoms
of tuberculosis should be interpreted as tubercular
disease
17. Chemotherapy in tuberculosisChemotherapy in tuberculosis
• Goals of anti-tubercular chemotherapy
• Kill dividing bacilli: Patient is non-contagious :
transmission of TB is interrupted.
• Kill persisting bacilli: To effect cure and
prevent relapse.
• Prevent emergence of resistance: so that the
bacilli remain susceptible to the drugs.
18. Chemotherapy in tuberculosisChemotherapy in tuberculosis
• Goals of anti-tubercular chemotherapy
• Kill dividing bacilli: Patient is non-contagious :
transmission of TB is interrupted.
• Kill persisting bacilli: To effect cure and
prevent relapse.
• Prevent emergence of resistance: so that the
bacilli remain susceptible to the drugs.
20. Overview-Anti TB regimen.
Essential anti-TB drugs-Primary drugs.
Anti TB therapy.
TB a rampant infectious
disease .
Anti TB drugs have
revolutionized the
management.
Standard Category I
regimens (new cases)
Management of smear-
negative suspect case-
Category 2 patients
20PATKI
21. Lines and Regimens Defined
• First-Line Therapy
– Category I regimen for new patients
– Category II regimen for re-treatment patients
– Suspicion of resistance to one anti-TB drug
Category III- New cases of smear –ve pulmonary TB with limitedNew cases of smear –ve pulmonary TB with limited
parenchymal involvement or severe form of extraparenchymal involvement or severe form of extra
pulmonary TB .pulmonary TB .e.g.-Lymph node TB Unilateral pleural effusion Bone (excluding spine )
Peripheral joint & skin TB
• Second-Line Therapy
– For patients with resistant TB to more than one
drug
21PATKI
22. First Line Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs
• Isoniazid (INH, H)
• Rifampicin (RIF, R)
• Pyrazinamide (PZA, Z)
• Ethambutol (EMB, E)
• Streptomycin (SM, S)
Plus Pyridoxine
22PATKI
26. Drugs used in TuberculosisDrugs used in Tuberculosis
1st
line drugs
high efficacy, low toxicity
• Isoniazid (INH)
• Rifampin
• Pyrazinamide
• Ethambutol
• Streptomycin
2nd
line drugs
Low efficacy, high toxicity or both
• Ethionamide
• Para aminosalicylic acid
• Cycloserine
• Amikacin/ Capreomycin
• Fluoroquinolones
• Rifabutin
27. Antitubercular AgentsAntitubercular Agents
Isoniazid (Isonicotinic acid hydrazide,H):Isoniazid (Isonicotinic acid hydrazide,H):
Essential component of all anti TB regimen
(except intolerance to H or resistance)
-It is tuberculocidal , kills fast multiplying
organism & inhibit slow acting organism
-Acts both on intracellular ( present in
macrophages ) & extracellular bacilli
-It is the cheapest AT AgentIt is the cheapest AT Agent
28. Antitubercular AgentsAntitubercular Agents
-Atypical mycobacteria are not inhibited by
INH.
Not active against any other micro-orgs.
Mechanism of Action :Mechanism of Action :
Inhibit synthesis of mycolic acid ( unique
fatty acid component of mycobacterial cell
wall .)
29. Antitubercular AgentsAntitubercular Agents
-INH enters the bacilli by passive diffusion. It
must be activated to become toxic to bacilli.
It becomes toxic by Kat G (multifunctional
Catalase - peroxidase , a bacterial enzyme )
which catalyzes the product from INH an
Isonicotinoyl radical that subsequently
inter-acts with mycobacterial NAD & NADP.
30. Antitubercular AgentsAntitubercular Agents
a nicotinoyl NAD isomer which ↓ the activity
of enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase
(Inh A) & β- ketoacyl carrier protein
synthase ( Kas A) , inhibition of these
enzymes↓ the synthesis of mycolic acid an
essential component of the mycobacterial
cell wall & causes cell death.
31. MOA of 1MOA of 1stst
line drugsline drugs
Mycolic Acid
Arabinogalactan
Peptidoglycan
Cell membrane
DNA RNA
polymerase
mRNA R
I
B
O
S
O
M
e
Protein
Isoniazid
-
Pyrazinamide
- Mitochondria
(ATP)
- Rifampin
-
Ethambutol
-
Streptomycin
- Cytoplasm
32. Antitubercular AgentsAntitubercular Agents
- If INH is given alone , inherent resistant bacilli
proliferate selectively & after 2-3 months an
apparently resistant infection emerges .
34. Antitubercular AgentsAntitubercular Agents
PharmacokineticsPharmacokinetics :
-Completely absorbed orally , penetrate all
body tissues, tubercular cavities , placenta
& meninges .
- Metabolized in liver by acetylation &
metabolites are excreted in urine .
- Rate of acetylation shows genetic variation
( fast acetylators > 30% Indians - t½ -1 hr
Slow acetylators >60% Indians -t ½- 3 hrs)
35. Antitubercular AgentsAntitubercular Agents
(daily regimen is not affected but biweekly
regimens are less effective in fast
acetylators )
DoseDose – 4-6 mg/ kg for >50 kg – 300 mg daily
- 600 mg bi-wkly
36. ISONIAZID (INH): PharmacokineticsISONIAZID (INH): Pharmacokinetics
Acetylation
(Phase II)
Hydrolysis
(Phase I) Isonicotinic acid
INH
N-acetyl transferase
N-acetyl Isoniazid
Acetyl hydrazine
Genetic polymorphism affects INH metabolismGenetic polymorphism affects INH metabolism
Slow acetylators are at higher risk of developing neuritisSlow acetylators are at higher risk of developing neuritis
37. Antitubercular AgentsAntitubercular Agents
ADRs -ADRs -
Well tolerated drug
1.Peripheral neuritis & other neurological
manifestations- parasthesia , numbness,
mental disorientation & rarely convulsion
( due to interference with utilization of
pyridoxine & ↑ excretion in urine )
38. Antitubercular AgentsAntitubercular Agents
Due to this Pyridoxine given prophylactically
-10 mg/day10 mg/day which prevents neurotoxicities
(INH neurotoxicity treated with Pyridoxine-100 mg/ day100 mg/ day )
2. Hepatitis – more common in older patients
& alcohlics ( reversible)
3. Rashes , fever , acne & arthralgia .
39. Rifampicin
• Bactericidal to M Tub. N Menig, H Influen,
Klebsi, Lepre,
• All population of M Tub. Extra and
intracellular. Sterilizing effect.
• DNA dependent RNA Polymerase.
• Bioavailability 70 %- ABSENCE OF FOOD.
• Enzyme inducer- Drug interactions. OC. INH
• High sterilizing effect. All forms of bacteria
PATKI 39
40. R
• 450-600 MG Oral , Morning
• Color of urine
• Hepatitis
• With INH
• With PYRAZINAMIDE
• ADR- Hepatitis, Cutaneous syndrome
• Abdominal syndrome
• Meningococcal meningitis –Prophylaxix
PATKI 40
41. SM- 1 G- IM
Activity against bacteria:
Bactericidal
Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis.
Active – Aerobic Gr - ve bacilli , not anaerobic.
Exibit post-antibiotic effect
Adverse Effects:
Narrow margin of safety
All are ototoxic and nephrotoxic.
PATKI 41
42. Mechanism of action
• Protein synthesis inhibitors- 3 steps
1. Transport into bacteria.
2. Inhibition of initiation complex of peptide chain,
misreading of RNA chain → termination of peptide chain
→ Abnormal proteins.
3. Incorporation of ab proteins in cytoplasmic membrane
→↑ permeability → ↑ transport.
03/27/19 42PATKI
43. Antibacterial spectrum
• Primarily active against - Gr –ve aerobic bacilli.
- E.coli, klebsiella, shigella , Proteus , psuedomonas etc…
- But none is active against salmonella.
• Few gr +ve cocci - Staplylococcus aureus, Str. Viridans, Str.
Feacalis(streptomycin,gentamicin).
• Aminoglycosides not active against str.pnuemoniae.
• Not effective against - Gr +ve bacilli, Gr –ve cocci,
and Anaerobes
03/27/19 43PATKI
44. Adverse effects
• I) Ototoxicity - cochlear damage
• vestibular damage
• Cochlear damage - Deafness is permanent with tinnitus
• Auditory nerves degenerate in retrograde manner
• Hearing loss affects high frequency sounds first, than low
frequencies leading to progressive hearing loss.
• Vestibular – Head ache, nausea & vomiting vertigo, Ataxia –
Streptomycin ,Gentamicin.
• Potentiated by pre-existing disease / other drugs
( Ethacrynic acid, Furosemide) .03/27/19 44PATKI
45. Pyrazinamide
• More active at pH 5.5- Intracellular action.
• Converted to pyrazinoic acid . Cidal.
• Distributed to all tissues including meninges
• Sterilizing effect, -Inhibits mycolic acid
• 70 mg/ kg
• Hepatitis
• Uricacid. Hyperurecemia
PATKI 45
47. Activities of Antituberculosis Drugs
Drug
Early
bactericidal
activity
Preventing
drug
resistance
Sterilizing
activity
Isoniazid ++++ +++ ++
Rifampicin ++ +++ ++++
Pyrazinamide + + +++
Streptomycin ++ ++ ++
Ethambutol ++ - +++ ++ +
Highest ++++ High +++ Intermediate ++ Low +
47PATKI
48. Continuation Phase of Treatment
• The preferred continuation phase consists of
isoniazid and rifampicin given for four
months.
• Isoniazid and ethambutol given for six
months is an acceptable continuation phase
regimen that may be used when adherence
cannot be assured, but is associated with a
higher rate of failure and relapse, especially
in patients with HIV infection.
48PATKI
49. Treatment Recommendations
1. Streptomycin may be substituted for EMB.
2. Ethambutol may be omitted for adults and children who have negative sputum
smears, do not have extensive pulmonary tuberculosis or severe forms of extra-
pulmonary disease and who are HIV negative
3. Associated with higher rate of treatment failure and relapse; should generally
not be used in patients with HIV infection.
Ranking Initial Phase (2 mos.) Continuation Phase
Preferred INH, RIF, PZA, EMB1,2
daily INH, RIF daily, 4 mos.
INH, RIF, PZA, EMB1,2
3x/wk. INH, RIF 3x/wk, 4 mos.
Optional3 INH, RIF, PZA, EMB daily INH, EMB daily, 6 mos.
49PATKI
50. Dose Recommendations
Drug Daily 3x Week
INH 5 (4-6), max 300/d 10
RIF 10 (8-12), max 600/d 10 (8-12) max 600/ d
PZA 25 (20-30) 35 (30-40)
EMB
children: 20 (15-25)*
adults: 15 (15-20)*
30 (25-35)
Streptomycin 15 (12-18) 15 (12-18)
*The recommended daily dose of ethambutol is higher in children (20 mg/kg) than in adults
(15mg/kg), because the pharmacokinetics are different (peak serum ethambutol concentrations are
lower in children than in adults receiving the same mg/kg dose)
mg/kg (range)
50PATKI
51. Success story
• 37 million lives have been saved between
2000-2013.
• TB incidence fell world wide -1.5% per year.
• But- 2013- 9 million cases- 1.5 million died,
-60% men.
PATKI 51
52. Second line
• PAS- SAME like Sulpha
• Cycloserine- cellwall synthesis-Neurotoxicity,
psychiatric illness, Oral
• Caproemycin, 1 gm im. Nephrotoxicity,
ototoxic
• Amikacin
• Thiacetazone
• Rifabutin- Atypical, Rifapentine
PATKI 52
54. TB Treatment and Liver
• Hepatitis-Main ADR of Anti TB regimen.
• Use standard short-course regimen for
patients without clinical evidence of chronic
liver disease but history of:
– Hepatitis virus carriage
– Acute hepatitis
– Excessive alcohol consumption
• Use a liver-sparing regimen for patients with
established chronic liver disease
– 2SHRE/6HR or 2SHE/10 HE
54PATKI
55. Hepatitis
• Hepatitis (asymptomatic elevation AST/ALT
occurs in 20% patients on 4 drugs)
– Drug induced hepatitis = ↑ AST or ALT ≥3 times
upper limits of normal in the presence of symptoms
OR ↑ >5 times if asymptomatic
– INH, PZA and RIF can all cause hepatotoxicity
– Hepatitis from INH is age related, from PZA is dose
related, and RIF is unpredictable and less common
55PATKI
56. TB Treatment and Hepatitis
• If ↑ ≥3x normal with symptoms or >5x normal
without symptoms:
– stop all anti-TB medications and evaluate patient
– refer patient to doctor for clinical evaluation
– try to rule out other causes of acute liver disease
– if severely ill, may start 3 non-hepatotoxic drugs
– after AST <2 times upper limit of normal —
rechallenge drugs one-by-one starting with drugs
that are not hepatotoxic
56PATKI
57. ANTI-TB DRUGS
Possible mechanism of the liver injury
Drug Acetyl agent
Acetyl hydrazine - intermediate
Acylating agent
Liver cell necrosis
57PATKI
58. streptomycin
• Use restricted to certain infections in combination with other
drugs.
• Given by deep IM inj- 0.5 – 1 gm /day.
• Uses –
1. Bacterial endocarditis
2. Tularemia , Brucellosis
3. Plague
4. Tuberculosis
03/27/19 58PATKI
60. Antitubercular TherapyAntitubercular Therapy
Short course chemotherapy-Short course chemotherapy-
Regimen of 6-9 months treatment
In 1997 WHO framed clear cut guidelines
for different category of TB treatment .
All regimen have initial intensive phase -2
3 months to rapidly kill the TB bacilli & bring
sputum conversion & afford symptomatic
relief followed by continuation phase last
4-6 months for elementary remaining bacilli
61. Antitubercular TherapyAntitubercular Therapy
Categories:Categories:
Category I
–New ( untreated ) smear +ve pulmonary TBNew ( untreated ) smear +ve pulmonary TB
-New smear –ve pulmonaryTB with extensiveNew smear –ve pulmonaryTB with extensive
parenchymal involvementparenchymal involvement
-New cases of severe forms of extra- pulmonary-New cases of severe forms of extra- pulmonary
TB e.g.-TB e.g.- meningitis , miliary TB , pericarditismeningitis , miliary TB , pericarditis
-B/L or extensive pl. effusion , intestinal orB/L or extensive pl. effusion , intestinal or
genitourinary TBgenitourinary TB
62. Antitubercular TherapyAntitubercular Therapy
((Revised National Tub. Control programmeRevised National Tub. Control programme
In India in 1997— DOTs –follow thrice wklyIn India in 1997— DOTs –follow thrice wkly
regimen to ↓ cost & it is more practicalregimen to ↓ cost & it is more practical )
WHOWHO :
- 2HRZE(S) (initial phase)-daily
- 4HR or 6HE (continuation phase,)daily
total duration 6-8 months6-8 months
RNTCP :RNTCP :
2H3R3Z3E3 + 4H3R3 -2H3R3Z3E3 + 4H3R3 -total duration- 6month6month
63. Antitubercular TherapyAntitubercular Therapy
Category II
-Smear +ve failure ,relapse & interrupted Tt casesSmear +ve failure ,relapse & interrupted Tt cases
-Relapse- cured TB Patient again become sputum +ve-Relapse- cured TB Patient again become sputum +ve
-Tt after interruption –interrupted Tt x 2month →return to-Tt after interruption –interrupted Tt x 2month →return to
sputum + ve casesputum + ve case
WHO:WHO: Initial phase –dailyInitial phase –daily 2 HRZES +1 HRZE2 HRZES +1 HRZE
Continuation phaseContinuation phase –5HRE -5HRE - total 8 monthotal 8 month
RNTCP:RNTCP:
Initial phase -2H3R3Z3E3S3 +1H3R3Z3E32H3R3Z3E3S3 +1H3R3Z3E3
Continuation phase -5H3R3E35H3R3E3 –total 8 months
64. Antitubercular TherapyAntitubercular Therapy
Category III
New cases of smear –ve pulmonary TB with limitedNew cases of smear –ve pulmonary TB with limited
parenchymal involvement or severe form of extraparenchymal involvement or severe form of extra
pulmonary TB .pulmonary TB .
e.g.-Lymph node TB
Unilateral pleural effusion
Bone (excluding spine )
Peripheral joint & skin TB
Overview: [Review content of slide]
Lecture/module includes International Standards for Tuberculosis Care 7, 8, and 10
Standards 7 & 8 refer to both pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB, although most of the public health issues relate to pulmonary TB. Differences in the treatment of extrapulmonary TB are presented later in this session
[Image credit: World Lung Foundation Image Library, Pierre Virot]
First-line therapy includes two treatment regimens:
category I (and III) for new patients, and
category II for re-treatment patients who may have TB resistant to one medication
Second-line therapy is treatment for patients with TB resistant to more than one drug and will be covered in Module 10 on Chronic and MDR-TB
They are called first-line because of their effectiveness, fewer side-effects and they are less costly than the drugs listed as second-line
Five drugs are considered first-line: The first four are used in category I regimens; streptomycin is added to the category II regimen
Standard abbreviations for each of these medications are shown
The Caribbean TB Guidelines for the Prevention, Treatment, Care and Control of Tuberculosis advises the use of treatment regimens recommended by WHO and all Stop TB partners
This table shows the relative activities of the first line antituberculosis drugs
Isoniazid has the most potent early bactericidal effect and is also effective in preventing resistance, but has less sterilizing effect
Rifampicin has a weaker early effect but is more potent than isoniazid in its sterilizing activity
Pyrazinamide is only effective as a sterilizing agent. [Note: relatively poor agent for prevention of drug resistance]
Streptomycin has an intermediate effect in all three activities as does ethambutol
Source: Mitchison DA. The action of anti-tuberculosis drugs in short-course chemotherapy. Tubercle. 1985;66:219-25
Standard 8 continued: [Read Standard]
This portion of standard 8 addresses the continuation phase regimens
The major points from the slide are that it is preferable to use rifampicin throughout the continuation phase, although isoniazid and ethambutol may be used in some circumstances
The reason for this alternative continuation phase regimen is to reduce the likelihood of resistance to rifampicin developing when treatment cannot be supervised effectively
A review of the outcomes of treatment of TB in patients with HIV infection clearly shows that TB relapse is minimized by the use of a regimen containing rifampicin throughout a six-month course. Thus, the 6 month regimen containing rifampicin throughout the entire course is preferable in patients with HIV infection to minimize the risk of relapse; however, the patient’s HIV stage, the need for, and availability of, antiretroviral drugs, and the quality of treatment supervision/support must be considered in choosing an appropriate continuation phase of therapy
Second, the shortest total duration of treatment is 6 months. Although regimens of less than 6 months have been evaluated in clinical trials, a Cochrane systematic review on this topic, and a more recent review found that regimens &lt;6 months have an unacceptably high rate of relapse. The current international standard, therefore, is a regimen administered for a minimum duration of 6 months
[Gelband H., et al. Regimens of less than six months for treating tuberculosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000(2):CD001362; and Santha T, et al. What is the optimum duration of treatment? In: Friedan TR,ed. Toman’s tuberculosis. Case detection, treatment and monitoring, 2nd Edition. Geneva: WHO,2004]
Treatment recommendations for persons not previously treated.
This slide presents in tabular form the information contained in Standard 8 and also indicates that streptomycin can be substituted for EMB
[Interactive option: Ask participants about what their standard practice is locally for the initiation and continuation phases of treatment.]
[World Health Organization. Treatment of Tuberculosis: Guidelines for National Programmes, Third Edition. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2003.]
The evidence base for currently recommended anti-TB drug dosages derives from human clinical trials, animal models, pharmacokinetic and toxicity studies. The evidence on drug dosages and safety and the biological basis for dosage recommendations have been extensively reviewed in publications by the WHO, The Union, the ATS, the CDC, and IDSA
Intermittent administration of anti-TB drugs enables supervision to be provided more efficiently and economically with no reduction in efficacy. The evidence on effectiveness of intermittent regimens was reviewed recently. These reviews, based on several trials, suggest that anti-TB treatment may be given intermittently 3 times a week throughout or twice weekly in the continuation phase without apparent loss of effectiveness
However, the WHO and The Union do not recommend the use of twice-weekly intermittent regimens because of the potentially greater consequences of missing 1 of the 2 doses
Treatment of TB in special clinical situations such the presence of liver disease, renal disease, pregnancy, and HIV infection may require modification of the standard regimen or alterations in dosage or frequency of drug administration
[For further guidance in these situations: World Health Organization. Treatment of Tuberculosis: Guidelines for National Programmes, Third Edition. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2003; ATS/CDC/IDSA Statement: Treatment of Tuberculosis. American Thoracic Society/Centers for Disease Control/Infectious Diseases Society of America, Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 167(4):603-62.]
Review the slide content
Liver-sparing regimens: these are the regimens recommended in the 2003 WHO TB Treatment Guidelines and the Interim Caribbean TB Guidelines
2SHRE/6HR = Initial phase includes 2 months strep, INH, RIF and ethambutol; continuation phase with 6 months INH and RIF
Alternate/optional regimen 2SHE/10HE = 2 months strep, INH and ethambutol in the initial phase followed by 10 months INH and ethambutol in the continuation phase.
Note: other liver-sparing regimens using only one hepatotoxic drug or no potentially hepatotoxic drugs can be found in the American Thoracic Society, CDC, and Infectious Diseases Society of America document titled Treatment of Tuberculosis published in 2003. These can be downloaded from the CDC, Division of TB Elimination website under guidelines.
Patients on TB treatment should be monitored for clinical, not laboratory, signs of toxicity (covered in greater detail in Module 7B on Monitoring)
Usually lab tests are only done if there are symptoms or signs to suggest a problem, therefore, most laboratory confirmed hepatitis will be in symptomatic patients
In the absence of any symptoms, however, ALT or AST up to 5 times normal can be tolerated without stopping or changing therapy
In hepatotoxicity, stop all TB drugs until the patient improves
Admit ill patients to the hospital
Try to rule out other causes of acute liver disease before attributing it to the TB treatment
Alcohol?
Acute viral hepatitis?
In cases of severe TB when it would be dangerous to halt all treatment, the doctor may consider using a “liver sparing regimen” (e.g., Ethambutol, strep, and a fluoroquinolone)
The drugs that are not hepatotoxic, like strep and ethambutol, can be started together at full doses. Then add rifampicin in gradually increasing doses over several (5-7) days. If tolerated, then add isoniazid in gradually increasing doses (over 5-7 days). If these are tolerated, then PZA is the likely cause of the original hepatotoxicty and should be avoided. If hepatitis recurs with one of the drugs on challenge, then it must be discontinued and a regimen devised for the patient excluding the hepatitis-causing drug
The process of reintroducing drugs and creating a new regimen is best done by an experienced doctor