Seretonin (5HT) and Its Antagonists PharmacologyPranatiChavan
Serotonin is a chemical that has a wide variety of functions in the human body. It is sometimes called the happy chemical, because it contributes to wellbeing and happiness.
The scientific name for serotonin is 5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT. It is mainly found in the brain, bowels, and blood platelets.
Serotonin is used to transmit messages between nerve cells, it is thought to be active in constricting smooth muscles, and it contributes to wellbeing and happiness, among other things. As the precursor for melatonin, it helps regulate the body’s sleep-wake cycles and the internal clock.
It is thought to play a role in appetite, the emotions, and motor, cognitive, and autonomic functions. However, it is not known exactly if serotonin affects these directly, or if it has an overall role in co-ordinating the nervous system.
Seretonin (5HT) and Its Antagonists PharmacologyPranatiChavan
Serotonin is a chemical that has a wide variety of functions in the human body. It is sometimes called the happy chemical, because it contributes to wellbeing and happiness.
The scientific name for serotonin is 5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT. It is mainly found in the brain, bowels, and blood platelets.
Serotonin is used to transmit messages between nerve cells, it is thought to be active in constricting smooth muscles, and it contributes to wellbeing and happiness, among other things. As the precursor for melatonin, it helps regulate the body’s sleep-wake cycles and the internal clock.
It is thought to play a role in appetite, the emotions, and motor, cognitive, and autonomic functions. However, it is not known exactly if serotonin affects these directly, or if it has an overall role in co-ordinating the nervous system.
Autacoids - pharmacological actions and drugs related to them. SIVASWAROOP YARASI
Autacoids or "autocoids" are biological factors which act like local hormones, have a brief duration, and act near the site of synthesis. The word autacoids comes from the Greek "autos" (self) and "acos" (relief, i.e. drug).
Lecture covers the pharmacology of anticholinergic drugs. Includes classification, therapeutic uses, adverse effects of anticholinergics. Atropine has been described as prototype drug.
Expt. 1 Introduction to in vitro pharmacology and physiological salt solutionsVISHALJADHAV100
Definitions of pharmacology & drug
Aims of experimental pharmacology
Pre-clinical pharmacology
Clinical pharmacology
Types of experiments in pharmacology
Assembly for isolated organ/ tissue related experiments
Recording (writing) levers
Physiological salt solution (PSS)
Introduction
Examples
Composition
Role of ingredients
Precautions in preparation of PSS
Selection of PSS
SYMPATHOMIMTIC AND SYMPATHOLYTICS DRUGS.pptxMsSapnaSapna
Drugs that bind to these receptors and augment the system are called sympathomimetics, while those that bind to these receptors and inhibit or prevent the binding of endogenous ligands are called sympatholytics.
Psychostimulants ,Adaptogens, Analeptics, Antidepressants and Nootropic DrugsGanapathy Tamilselvan
This presentation gives you information about the phychostimulants , Adaptogens, Analeptics, Antidepressants and Nootropic Drugs with their classificaitons and mecanisms.
Autacoids - pharmacological actions and drugs related to them. SIVASWAROOP YARASI
Autacoids or "autocoids" are biological factors which act like local hormones, have a brief duration, and act near the site of synthesis. The word autacoids comes from the Greek "autos" (self) and "acos" (relief, i.e. drug).
Lecture covers the pharmacology of anticholinergic drugs. Includes classification, therapeutic uses, adverse effects of anticholinergics. Atropine has been described as prototype drug.
Expt. 1 Introduction to in vitro pharmacology and physiological salt solutionsVISHALJADHAV100
Definitions of pharmacology & drug
Aims of experimental pharmacology
Pre-clinical pharmacology
Clinical pharmacology
Types of experiments in pharmacology
Assembly for isolated organ/ tissue related experiments
Recording (writing) levers
Physiological salt solution (PSS)
Introduction
Examples
Composition
Role of ingredients
Precautions in preparation of PSS
Selection of PSS
SYMPATHOMIMTIC AND SYMPATHOLYTICS DRUGS.pptxMsSapnaSapna
Drugs that bind to these receptors and augment the system are called sympathomimetics, while those that bind to these receptors and inhibit or prevent the binding of endogenous ligands are called sympatholytics.
Psychostimulants ,Adaptogens, Analeptics, Antidepressants and Nootropic DrugsGanapathy Tamilselvan
This presentation gives you information about the phychostimulants , Adaptogens, Analeptics, Antidepressants and Nootropic Drugs with their classificaitons and mecanisms.
This ppt discusses pharmacological actions, toxic effects and clinical applications of corticosteroids. It also mentions precations to be taken while using steroids
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
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2. AT THE END OF THE SESSION, STUDENT WILL BE ABLE
TO
Define Sympathomimetic amines with examples.
Classify sympathomimetic amines
Enumerate four pharmacological actions of Adrenaline
and four indications.
Describe pharmacological actions of Noradrenalin,
Dopamine ,
Enumerate alpha 2, Beta 1 and beta 2 agonists with
their pharmacological actions.
Explain the role of Nasal decongestants and anorectic
agents.
2PATKI
3. NERVOUS SYSTEM
CENTRALNERVOUS SYSTEM PERIPHERALNERVOUS SYSTEM
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
SOMATIC
NERVOUS SYSTEM
SYMPATHETIC SYSTEM PARASYMPATHETIC
SYSTEM
3PATKI
16. Classification on the basis of their Chemical structure
Catecholamines:
Sympathomimetics with catechol nucleus are called
catecholamines.
Adrenaline, NA, DA, Isoprenaline, Dobutamine
Non-Catecholamines :
Tyramine, Ephedrine, Amphetamine, Salbutamol
HO
HO
C C N
16PATKI
17. 2. Mode of action
Direct receptor agonists:
alpha agonists 1& 2
beta agonists 1& 2
alpha & beta agonists
Indirectly acting :
reuptake inhibitors
release promoters
metabolism inhibitors
Both direct and indirect:
Ephedrine
17PATKI
24. 1. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM:
Heart:
It is a powerful cardiac stimulant
It interacts with Beta1 receptors.
Increases heart rate
Increases force of contraction
Increases the cardiac output
Increases automaticity and conduction velocity
The cardiac work and oxygen requirement is
markedly increased
Increase in the excitability and tendency to cause
arrhythmias.
24PATKI
25. B. BLOOD VESSELS :
Both vasoconstriction (alpha) and vasodilatation
(Beta 2) can occur depending on the drug, its dose
and vascular bed.
Blood vessels of the skin and mucous membranes
predominantly contain alpha1 receptors. It causes
vasoconstriction.
Constricts renal, mesenteric, pulmonary and
splanchnic blood vessels.
Dilates the blood vessels of skeletal muscles and
coronaries.
25PATKI
26. C. Blood Pressure:
Biphasic response with Adrenaline.
The initial rise in BP due to predominant alpha1
action on blood vessels and beta1 actions on
heart.
Followed by fall in BP due to beta2 mediated
vasodilatation in skeletal muscles.
Dales vasomotor reversal:
Administration of Adrenaline after the alpha1
blockade produces a fall in BP.
This is referred as vasomotor reversal.
26PATKI
28. (A)Normal effect of Epinephrine on BP.
Rise in the systemic BP reflected by
biphasic response
(B) Dale´s vasomotor reversal. 28PATKI
29. 2. Respiration :
Adrenaline relaxes bronchial smooth muscle ( Beta2).
It inhibits the release of mediators from mast cells (beta2).
It reduces secretions and relives mucosal congestion by
vasoconstrictor action.
3. Eye :
Poor penetration into cornea.
Hence its administered as pro-drug Dipivefrin
Mydriasis occurs due to contraction of radial muscles of
iris (alphal)
Reduced aqueous formation.
Facilitation of trabecular outflow
29PATKI
30. 4. GIT:
Relaxation occurs through activation of both alpha and beta
receptors.
Peristalsis is reduced and sphincters are constricted.
5. Bladder:
Detrusor relaxation (beta) and
Trigone contraction (alpha)
Difficulty in urination
30PATKI
31. 6. METABOLIC:
Adrenaline increases blood glucose level by
glycogenolysis (beta2 and alpha)
Reduces Insulin secretion alpha2 action
Decreases glucose uptake by peripheral tissues
Increase free fatty acid level beta receptor adipocyte- beta 3
Inhibit leptin production by adipocyte
Activate triglyceride lipase
31PATKI
32. Administration and preparations:
orally inactive
EPI administered SC - absorbed slowly
By IM route absorbed -- more rapidly.
IV route - Arrhythmias
Does not cross the BBB
EPI is rapidly inactivated in the body by COMT and MAO.
It appears in the urine as VMA and metanephrine.
32PATKI
33. Adrenaline Uses: ABCDE
A: In Anaphylactic shock Injection 0.5 ml 1:1000, I.M.
B: Bronchial Asthma 0.5ml SC 1 in 1000
C: Cardiac arrest IV 1 in 10,000
D: To increase the duration of action of local anaesthetic
along with local anaesthetics 1in 20,000- 1,00,000
E: Epistaxis: 1in 10,000 for local haemostatic action
G: Glaucoma Dipivefrin
33PATKI
34. USES OF EPINEPHRINE
ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK:
Bronchospasm, breathing
difficulty, angioedema
hypotension
IM Adrenaline
Antihistamines, steroids
34PATKI
35. Rationale of administering adrenaline (epinephrine
E) in anaphylactic shock
It is the drug of choice, due to its rapid action of
reducing bronchospasm, relieving angioneurotic
edema & prompt vasopressor action.
1.E causes relaxation of bronchial smooth
muscle(β2);thus relieving bronchospasm.
2.E causes vasoconstriction (α1 ) resulting into
rapid vasopressor action (raises the BP).
3.Attenuating enhanced vascular permeability, thus
relieving the angioneurotic edema; thus reducing
airway congestion.
35PATKI
36. What is the rationale of using adrenaline with local
anesthetics like lignocaine
Adrenaline(1 : 1,00,000) + lignocaine , combination is used
for infiltration, nerve block or spinal anesthesia.
Because of local vasoconstrictor action ( action on alpha
receptors on skin and mucus membranes, less lignocaine is
absorbed & duration of anesthesia is prolonged.
The systemic toxicity of lignocaine is also reduced ( less
systemic absorption of lignocaine).
The combination should not be injected into the tissues
supplied by end-arteries. e.g.- Fingers, toes ,ears, nose & the
penis.
Resultant vasoconstriction may cause gangrene.
Avoid the combination – circumcision.
-- surgery on fingers & toes.
36PATKI
39. NORADRENALINE
Catecholamine and neurotransmitter
Acts on alpha1, alpha2 and beta1 receptors
Vasoconstrictor- Hypertension
Reflex bradycardia
Intravenous administration
Used for emergency restoration of blood
pressure in shock
Extravasation severe phlebitis and
sloughing
39PATKI
40. DOPAMINE
Acts on dopamine, beta and alpha receptors.
Dilates renal, mesenteric blood vessels
Increase urine output
Increases cardiac output without increasing
heart rate
IV Dopamine : cardiogenic shock
used in renal failure, cardiac surgery & septic
shock
40PATKI
41. Receptor (Dose)
Result of Receptor
Activation
Contribution to
Therapeutic Effect
DA1 (2-5mcg/kg/min)
The renal
vasodilation will
improve renal
blood flow and
increase GFR
Increase urine output
and decrease fluid
retention and edema.
(5-10mcg/kg/minDA1,ß1)
(11-20mcg/kg/min-ß1)
Produces a
positive inotropic
effect
Increase in cardiac
output. This is
beneficial in CHF
alpha1 and
alpha2(20-50mcg/kg/min)
Vasoconstriction
(undesirable
effect).
This will counteract
the beneficial effects
on renal blood flow.
In addition, increases
in TPR will negatively
affect cardiac output41PATKI
42. Dobutamine
beta1- action
increased force of cardiac contraction and output,
without significant change in heart rate.
IV in cardiogenic shock and cardiac failure
42PATKI
43. ISOPRENALINE:
Acts on Beta1 and Beta 2 receptors
No action on alpha receptors
Cardiac stimulant ( increase the HR and contraction)
Smooth muscle relaxant
Used in: Heart block, Shock, asthma
43PATKI
50. NASAL DECONGESTANTS
Mechanism of action:
They act by stimulating the alpha1 receptors present in the
blood vessels of nasal mucosa.
They produces vasoconstriction of mucosa resulting in its
shrinkage and decreased volume of mucosa.
Thus they relieve nasal congestion.
Used in allergic & vasomotor rhinitis
ADRs:
Atrophy of nasal mucosa : intense vasoconstriction-
anosmic necrosis
Rebound hyperemia- after congestion : due to dilatation
Phenylpropanolamine is banned –
increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke
50PATKI
54. Alpha Blockers
They block the adrenergic responses
mediated through the alpha adrenergic
receptors.
54PATKI
55. Classification of Alpha blockers:
Non selective
( blocks both
alpha 1& 2)
Selective
( Selective
For one receptor)
Alpha 1 selective
Prazosin
Terazosin
Doxazosin
Tamsulosin
Alpha 2
selective
Yohimbine
Irreversible
Phenoxy-
benzamine
Reversible
Phentolamine
55PATKI
56. properties of Alpha blockers:
1) Blockade of vasoconstrictor alpha1 receptors,
reduces peripheral resistance
Venodilation- cardiac output reduced
FALL IN BP
Reflex tachycardia ( less)
Alpha2 blockade : Block presynaptic auto receptors
- enhances NE release
Hypertension,Tachycardia and increased CO
2. Nasal stuffiness
3. miosis
4. Intestinal motility is increased .diarrhoea may occur.
56PATKI
57. 5. Tone of smooth muscle in bladder trigone, sphincter
and prostate is reduced by blockade of alpha1
receptors (mostly of the alpha lA subtype) –
urine flow in patients with benign hypertrophy of
prostate is improved. And relieves the pain.
Tamsulosin
6) alpha blockers can inhibit ejaculation; this may
manifest as impotence.
57PATKI
62. WHAT IS FIRST DOSE EFFECT?
The first dose phenomenon is a sudden and severe
fall in blood pressure that can occur when changing
from a lying to a standing position the first time that an
alpha blocker drug is used.
This postural hypotension usually happens shortly
after the first dose is absorbed into the blood and can
result in syncope (fainting).
It is common with initial dose of 2mg Prazosin. This
adverse effect is self-limiting and in most cases does
not recur after the initial period of therapy.
For this reason, treatment with Prazosin should
always be initiated with a low dose and should be
taken at bedtime to avoid standing position.
62PATKI
63. BETA ADRENERGIC BLOCKING DRUGS:
These drugs inhibit adrenergic responses
mediated through the Beta receptors.
63PATKI
64. BETA ADRENOCEPTOR BLOCKERS
First generation Non selective: (β1+β2)
Propranolol, nadolol, timolol, pindolol, sotalol
Second generation β1 selective (cardio selective)
atenolol, metoprolol, esmolol,acebutalol, bisoprolol
Third generation ( beta blockers with additional
vasodilatory effect)
a) Non selective: Labetalol, carvedilol, certeolol
b) Beta1 selective: Betaxolol, celiprolol
64PATKI
65. PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS:
Decreases heart rate
Decreases force of contraction
Decreases cardiac output
Fall in blood pressure
Delayed AV conduction
Precipitates asthma
Reduce intraocular tension
Block lipolysis and glycogenolysis
65PATKI
70. Catecholamines promote glycogenolysis and mobilize
glucose through ß2 receptors ,in response to
hypoglycemia
•This effect is blocked by non-selective beta blockers.
•Beta blockers also mask the tachycardia associated with
hypoglycemia.
• Thus the diabetic patient is deprived of one of the
earliest physiologic responses to hypoglycemia. i.e.
•Mobilization of glucose &tachycardia
•So, nonselective beta blockers are contraindicated in
diabetic patients.
Why ß-blockers are contraindicated in diabetic patients
70PATKI
71. Why Propranolol is contraindicated in asthma?
• Beta2 receptors on airway smooth muscle
will cause relaxation.
• They can block beta2 receptors associated
with airway. Thus can exacerbate airway
diseases
(asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis)
• So propranolol contraindicated in
bronchial asthma.
71PATKI
72. ATENOLOL PROPRANOLOL
Selective β adrenergic antagonist
(cardioselective)
Non selective β adrenergic
antagonist (β1= β2)
No membrane stabilizing
property
membrane stabilizing property
Oral bioavailability=60% Oral bioavailability=30%
Very hydrophillic, very little
penetrates CNS
Readily enters CNS
Safer in patients of Peripheral
vascular disease.
Causes peripheral
vasodilation (β2 )
Write the advantages of Atenolol over Propranolol
72PATKI
73. ATENOLOL PROPRANOLOL
Safer in
patients of
diabetes
May delay recovery from hypoglycemia by
blocking glycogenolysis, it also can interfere
with the effects of catecholamines secreted
during hypoglycemia ( tremor, tachycardia
& nervousness.)
Comparatively
safe
bronchoconstriction .
It can increase airway resistance in
bronchial asthma
No change in
Lipid profile
Change the lipid profile
73PATKI
74. • Lower incidence of cold
hands and feet, less
chances of precipitating
Raynaud's phenomenon.
• incidence of cold
hands and feet, less
chances of precipitating
Raynaud's phenomenon
due to Beta2 blockade
• Ineffective in suppressing
essential tremor (it occurs
through beta2 action on muscle
fibres).
• Effective in suppressing
essential tremor (it occurs
through beta2 action on
muscle fibres).
• Less liable to impair exercise
capacity.
• impair the exercise capacity (
blocking the beta 2 receptor
mediated blood flow, & inhibits
the glycogenolysis & lipolysis
Which provides fuel to
exercising muscle. ) 74PATKI
75. CONTRAINDICATIONS:
Severe Bradycardia
Heart block
Severe heart failure
Cardiogenic shock
Severe Bronchospasm
Severe depression
Reynaud's phenomenon
75PATKI
76. Both alpha and beta blockers:
Lebetalol and carvedilol
Carvedilol:
antioxidant, NO release, antiproliferative
actions, membrane stabilizing action.
76PATKI