Precision farming uses remote sensing and data analysis to optimize crop yields. It involves observing field variations in crops and soil properties to determine management needs. Precision farming can increase productivity while reducing environmental impacts through efficient use of land, water, and agrochemicals. However, challenges remain in implementing precision farming technologies in some countries due to lack of expertise, high costs, and poor infrastructure.

2. PRECISION FARMING
Past – Present - Future

3. About Precision Farming
• Precision agriculture (PA) also called Satellite farming (SF) OR Site specific crop management
(SSCM).
• Based on : observing, measuring and responding to inter and intra-field variability in crops.
• Identifies critical factors where yield is limited by controllable factors and determines intrinsic
variability.
• Record variations in crop or soil properties within a field which forms the basis for taking
management decisions.

4. Why do we need Precision Farming
• Increased Land degradation.
• Depletion of Water resources.
• Reduced availability of labour.
• Better management of large scale crops.
• Socio economic need for enhanced productivity
• Minimum use of land, water and time.
• To reduce environment pollution due to use of fertilizers and chemicals.
• Alleviate poverty by enhancing quality of life and attaining food security.
• Need for a technology enabled revolution to convert 2/3rd
of the arable rain fed land for
greater productivity.

5. Challenges on Implementing PF
• Lack of technical knowledge and technological expertise.
• Small plots or clusters of land.
• Higher costs in fetching PF systems.
• Poor penetration to Internet availability.
• Illiteracy rate high in the country.

6. How is it done?
Remote and In-field Sensing
Satellite Imagery
Aerial Photography
Electrical Conductivity (EC)
In-field Infrared
Chlorophyll Meters
Crop Height Monitoring

7. Satellite Imagery
• Spectral imagery from satellite.
• Not available to every one due to legal regulations or protected
by law.
• Cost for purchasing the images from satellite service providers is
high.
• Not precise and real time data not available.
• Images will be shot at different times.
• Outdated images will be provided – real time capturing not
feasible.
• Distortion may happen due to clouds or other factors.
• Moving satellites from time to time and from place to place with
respect to requirements is not feasible.
• Targets cannot be locked for multiple locations using satellite.
• Data cannot be fetched as and when required by farmers.
• Cost of establishment and maintenance for regular is too high.

8. Photogammetry with UAV
• Real time geographic area modelling- terrain
can be modelled on a computer as such.
• Aerial surveying provides data related to:
Degradation / Erosion of soil
Extend of pollution
Data on growth / degradation of crops
• Deriving the geographic pattern in 2D/3D for
terrain analysis and planning.
• Simulated video generation from terrain analysis
for crop investigative purposes.
• Flood detection, crop cultivation and
management, accident recreation etc. can be
done.

9. • Comparatively lower cost with respect to satellite
imagery.
• Flight chart can be configured manually in
accordance with the needs.
• Anytime change in flight paths.
• Concentrating a particular area for any number
of time and for many hours/days possible.
• No limits or separate access fee required
compared to satellite feeds.
• No Govt. orders or sanctions required.
• Effective use of Artificial intelligence makes data
delivery in real time.
• Real time monitoring of data and maps.
• Generates Orthomosaic and 3D models for
extraction of data outputs.

10. SIFT Feature Extraction
• SIFT – Scale Invariant Feature Transform is an
algorithm to detect and describe local features in
images.
• It describes an object by taking points on it and then
use those characteristics to locate the object from a
group of moving objects.
• Used in :
Object recognition,
Robotic mapping,
Navigation,
Image stitching for mapping,
3D modelling,
Gesture recognition,
Video tracking,
Match moving etc.

11. • Image stitching – means combining
multiple photos with overlapping fields to
produce a panoramic HD/3D view.
• Applied in MEDICAL IMAGING.
• Video Tracking - Locating a moving
object and tracking its course using a
camera.

12. RANSAC Outlier Detection
• Estimates parameters of a mathematical model
from a set of observed data which contains a model
parameter.
• A model parameter will be established and the
result of aerial observation will be cross checked
with this model to find erroneous measurements or
incorrect hypothesis.

13. • Used to solve LDP(Location Determination
Problem) where the use is to determine the
points in space that project on to an image into
a set of landmarks with known locations.

14. AFFINE Transformation Technique
Affine transformation is used to correct for
geometric distortions or deformations that occur
with non-ideal camera angles.

15. GEMS & Multispectral Imaging
• State of the art air-
vehicle camera for
collecting visible and
near infrared imagery
for precision
agriculture

16. To bring a change ?
• Co-operative movement in agriculture.
• Co-operative markets.
• Farmer Clubs.
• Pilot projects.
• Intrinsic research and adaptation of technical knowhow from other countries.
• Government initiation and promotion for smart technology on field.
• On field training and trainers on pan country scene.
• Regulations in Rules and Acts. (Use of Drones and Satellite Imagery is prohibited)

17. Advantages
• Increase in productivity using frontier technologies without damaging the quality of land
and water
• Pan nation wide techno-green revolution as the need of the hour.