Precision agriculture utilizes modern technology to optimize agricultural practices, resulting in increased productivity while reducing costs and environmental impact. The use of remote sensing (RS), drones or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and machine learning (ML) has significantly transformed precision agriculture. These advanced technologies provide farmers with accurate, cost-effective, and timely tools to manage crops and resources effectively. This paper evaluates the use of these techniques in precision agriculture, including their benefits, and effective applications. Remote sensing involves using satellites, aircraft, or drones to collect data on crops and the environment, such as soil moisture, temperature, and vegetation indices. With high-resolution images and three-dimensional maps of crops, UAVs enable farmers to identify and address issues like pest infestations or nutrient deficiencies. Machine learning algorithms analyze large amounts of data to predict crop yields, optimize irrigation and fertilization, and identify areas of the field that need attention. Several case studies highlight the effectiveness of these techniques in different agricultural settings. However, the paper also acknowledges the challenges associated with adopting these technologies, such as cost, data management, and regulatory issues. While the initial investment in drones and sensors may be high, the long-term benefits in terms of increased yields, reduced costs, and environmental sustainability are substantial. Farmers need to be trained in the use of these technologies to make informed decisions, and effective data management and analysis are crucial. Additionally, regulatory frameworks are still evolving, and clear guidelines are required for data privacy, safety, and ethical use. Although challenges remain, the benefits of increased productivity, reduced costs, and environmental sustainability make these technologies an attractive investment for farmers worldwide.
Also known as geospatial data or geographic information it is the data or information that identifies the geographic location of features and boundaries on Earth, such as natural or constructed features, oceans, and more. Spatial data is usually stored as coordinates and topology, and is data that can be mapped.
Also known as geospatial data or geographic information it is the data or information that identifies the geographic location of features and boundaries on Earth, such as natural or constructed features, oceans, and more. Spatial data is usually stored as coordinates and topology, and is data that can be mapped.
Remote sensing application in agriculture & forestry_Dr Menon A R R (The Kera...India Water Portal
This presentation by Dr A R R Menon, Emeritus scientist, CED on Remote Sensing applications in agriculture and forestry was made at at the Kerala Environment Congress, Trivandrum organised by the Centre for Environment and Development
Iirs overview -Remote sensing and GIS application in Water Resources ManagementTushar Dholakia
Remote sensing and GIS application in Water Resources Management- By S.P. Aggarval spa@iirs.gov.in Indian Institute of Remote sensing ISRO, Department of space, Dehradun
What is GIS
Principle of GIS
Function of GIS
Components of GIS
Type of GIS
Advantages of GIS
Applications of GIS
Organisation of GIS
Data structure GIS
GIS is a computer system capable of assembling, storing, manipulating, and displaying geographically referenced information, i.e. data identified according to their location.
A GIS is an organised collection of computer hardware, software, geographic data , and personnel to efficiently capture , store, update, manipulate, analyze and display all forms of geographically referenced information.
The presentation was given by Mr. Bas Kempen & Ms. V.L. Mulder, ISRIC, during the GSOC Mapping Global Training hosted by ISRIC - World Soil Information, 6 - 23 June 2017, Wageningen (The Netherlands).
Agriculture plays a dominant role in economies of both developed and undeveloped countries. Agricultural remote sensing is not new, starts in back 1950s, but recent technological advances have made the benefits of remote sensing accessible to most agricultural producers. Pakistan is a country of different agro-climatic regions.
The soil is a major part of the natural environment and is vital to the existence of life on the planet.
Satellite imagery will provide the visible boundaries of soil types and a shallow penetration of soils.
GIS in agriculture helps farmers to achieve increased production and reduced costs by enabling better management of land resources. The risk of marginalization and vulnerability of small and marginal farmers, who constitute about 85% of farmers globally, also gets reduced.
Agricultural Geographic Information Systems using Geomatics Technology enable the farmers to map and project current and future fluctuations in precipitation, temperature, crop output etc.
This is about survey the crop yield prediction using some data mining classification methods namely prdiction with classification,residue climate control, feature selection extraction, crop classification models,evaluation metrics, accuracy level,classification decision, result analysis,rain fall pH, principal component analysis, information gain
In India, agriculture is one of the major application areas of the remote sensing technology. Various national level agricultural applications have been developed which showcases the use of remote sensing data provided by the sensors/satellites launched by the country’s space agency, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
Remote sensing application in agriculture & forestry_Dr Menon A R R (The Kera...India Water Portal
This presentation by Dr A R R Menon, Emeritus scientist, CED on Remote Sensing applications in agriculture and forestry was made at at the Kerala Environment Congress, Trivandrum organised by the Centre for Environment and Development
Iirs overview -Remote sensing and GIS application in Water Resources ManagementTushar Dholakia
Remote sensing and GIS application in Water Resources Management- By S.P. Aggarval spa@iirs.gov.in Indian Institute of Remote sensing ISRO, Department of space, Dehradun
What is GIS
Principle of GIS
Function of GIS
Components of GIS
Type of GIS
Advantages of GIS
Applications of GIS
Organisation of GIS
Data structure GIS
GIS is a computer system capable of assembling, storing, manipulating, and displaying geographically referenced information, i.e. data identified according to their location.
A GIS is an organised collection of computer hardware, software, geographic data , and personnel to efficiently capture , store, update, manipulate, analyze and display all forms of geographically referenced information.
The presentation was given by Mr. Bas Kempen & Ms. V.L. Mulder, ISRIC, during the GSOC Mapping Global Training hosted by ISRIC - World Soil Information, 6 - 23 June 2017, Wageningen (The Netherlands).
Agriculture plays a dominant role in economies of both developed and undeveloped countries. Agricultural remote sensing is not new, starts in back 1950s, but recent technological advances have made the benefits of remote sensing accessible to most agricultural producers. Pakistan is a country of different agro-climatic regions.
The soil is a major part of the natural environment and is vital to the existence of life on the planet.
Satellite imagery will provide the visible boundaries of soil types and a shallow penetration of soils.
GIS in agriculture helps farmers to achieve increased production and reduced costs by enabling better management of land resources. The risk of marginalization and vulnerability of small and marginal farmers, who constitute about 85% of farmers globally, also gets reduced.
Agricultural Geographic Information Systems using Geomatics Technology enable the farmers to map and project current and future fluctuations in precipitation, temperature, crop output etc.
This is about survey the crop yield prediction using some data mining classification methods namely prdiction with classification,residue climate control, feature selection extraction, crop classification models,evaluation metrics, accuracy level,classification decision, result analysis,rain fall pH, principal component analysis, information gain
In India, agriculture is one of the major application areas of the remote sensing technology. Various national level agricultural applications have been developed which showcases the use of remote sensing data provided by the sensors/satellites launched by the country’s space agency, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
Similar to Remote Sensing (RS), UAV/drones, and Machine Learning (ML) as powerful techniques for precision agriculture: Effective applications in agriculture
Assessing the advancement of artificial intelligence and drones’ integration ...IJECEIAES
Integrating artificial intelligence (AI) with drones has emerged as a promising paradigm for advancing agriculture. This bibliometric analysis investigates the current state of research in this transformative domain by comprehensively reviewing 234 pertinent articles from Scopus and Web of Science databases. The problem involves harnessing AI-driven drones' potential to address agricultural challenges effectively. To address this, we conducted a bibliometric review, looking at critical components, such as prominent journals, co-authorship patterns across countries, highly cited articles, and the co-citation network of keywords. Our findings underscore a growing interest in using AI-integrated drones to revolutionize various agricultural practices. Noteworthy applications include crop monitoring, precision agriculture, and environmental sensing, indicative of the field’s transformative capacity. This pioneering bibliometric study presents a comprehensive synthesis of the dynamic research landscape, signifying the first extensive exploration of AI and drones in agriculture. The identified knowledge gaps point to future research opportunities, fostering the adoption and implementation of these technologies for sustainable farming practices and resource optimization. Our analysis provides essential insights for researchers and practitioners, laying the groundwork for steering agricultural advancements toward an enhanced efficiency and innovation era.
IoT Based Intelligent Management System for Agricultural Applicationijtsrd
The growth of technology in any sector is not there in agriculture and this is a problem for India. The government has struggled to do anything for the farming sector which is in an exceptionally deplorable state. The pause in decision making also has led to Indias high rate of unemployment owing to the quality of the economy. The applications in well developed countries involve robotics, aircraft, and artificial intelligence, but they can raise the cost of running and sustain. Currently, operating drones such as these is difficult. In India, only a few farmers can afford to employ such high tech machinery to farm owing to financial constraints. The project is aimed at developing an affordable quad copter for farmers to use on their crops, with the goal of growing their output. We are developing core a framework with support of Raspberry Pi and OpenCV that can help predict crops yield with the help of inputs from numerous different sensor packages. Venkat. P. Patil | Umakant B. Gohatre | Anushka Mhaskar | Akash Jadhav | Prajwal Shetty | Yash Jadhav "IoT Based Intelligent Management System for Agricultural Application" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38578.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/38578/iot-based-intelligent-management-system-for-agricultural-application/venkat-p-patil
Authors are invited to submit theoretical or empirical papers in all aspects of management, including strategy, human resources, marketing, operations, technology, information systems, finance and accounting, business economics, and public sector management. IJMRR is an international forum for research that advances the theory and practice of management. The journal publishes original works with practical significance and academic value.
Fundamental Research on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles to Support Precision Agricul...Redmond R. Shamshiri
Unmanned aerial vehicles carrying multimodal sensors for precision agriculture (PA) applications face adaptation challenges to satisfy reliability, accuracy, and timeliness. Unlike ground platforms, UAV/drones are subjected to additional considerations such as payload, flight time, stabilization, autonomous missions, and external disturbances. For instance, in oil palm plantations (OPP), accruing high resolution images to generate multidimensional maps necessitates lower altitude mission flights with greater stability. This chapter addresses various UAV-based smart farming and PA solutions for OPP including health assessment and disease detection, pest monitoring, yield estimation, creation of virtual plantations, and dynamic Web-mapping. Stabilization of UAVs was discussed as one of the key factors for acquiring high quality aerial images. For this purpose, a case study was presented on stabilizing a fixed-wing Osprey drone crop surveillance that can be adapted as a remote sensing research platform. The objective was to design three controllers (including PID, LQR with full state feedback, and LQR plus observer) to improve the automatic flight mission. Dynamic equations were decoupled into lateral and longitudinal directions, where the longitudinal dynamics were modeled as a fourth order two-inputs-two-outputs system. State variables were defined as velocity, angle of attack, pitch rate, and pitch angle, all assumed to be available to the controller. A special case was considered in which only velocity and pitch rate were measurable. The control objective was to stabilize the system for a velocity step input of 10m/s. The performance of noise effects, model error, and complementary sensitivity was analyzed.
Basic knowledge of application of computers in agriculturejatinder pal singh
Computer use among agro-meteorologists, agronomists and other agricultural professionals has risen rapidly in the past decade.
The application of the computer in agriculture research originally exploited for the conversion of statistical formula or complex model in digital farm for easy and accurate calculation which are found relatively tedious in the manual calculation.
When we think of agriculture we think of cultivation,
plant life, soil fertility, types of crops, terrestrial environment,
etc. But in today’s world we associate with agriculture terms
like climate change, irrigation facilities, technological
advancements, synthetic seeds, advanced machinery etc. In
short we are interested in how science of today can help us in
the field of agriculture. And so comes into the picture
Precision Agriculture (PA).
The general definition is information and technology
based farm management system to identify, analyze and
manage spatial and temporal variability within fields for
optimum productivity and profitability, sustainability and
protection of the land resource by minimizing the production
costs. Simply put, precision farming is an approach where
inputs are utilized in precise amounts to get increased average
yields compared to traditional cultivation techniques. Hence it
is a comprehensive system designed to optimize production
with minimal adverse impact on our terrestrial system. [1]
The three major components of precision agriculture
are information, technology and management. Precision
farming is information-intense. Precision Agriculture is a
management strategy that uses information technologies to
collect valuable data from multiple sources. This type of analyzing data gives idea what to do in upcoming years to tackle the situations.
GIS Applications for Smart Agriculture-Case Studies & Research Prospects.AdityaAllamraju1
My special webinar talk about 'GIS Applications for Smart Agriculture-Case Studies & Research Prospects’ is a part of the webinar series on October 31st, 2020 organized by the TGISlab, a GIS Consultancy that is an initiative to fill the gap in GIS/Remote Sensing field to aware people about space technology for Earth Science & its applications. TGISLab works on different GIS Applications work and offers training/webinars/workshops to a wider community. It is based at Ahmedabad in Gujarat, India.
Agriculture is essential to the prosperity of agricultural countries like India.
Thus, the suggested strategy is to use automation and internet of thing (IoT)
technology to make agriculture smart. Applications enabled by the IoTs
include irrigation decision assistance, crop growth monitoring and selection,
and more. an Arduino-powered technology that boosts agricultural
productivity. This study's main goal is to find the least quantity of water
necessary to grow crops. Most farmers squander a lot of time on the fields
rather than concentrating on the water that plants have access to at the right
moment. The suggested system determines the required amount of water
based on the data obtained from the sensors. Two sensors provide data on
the soil's temperature, humidity, amount of sunlight each day, and soil
temperature to the base station. The suggested systems must determine the
amount of water required for irrigation based on these criteria. The system's
main benefit is the use of precision agriculture (PA) in conjunction with
cloud computing, which will maximise the use of water fertilisers while
maximising crop yields and also assist in determining field weather
conditions.
Internet of things (IoT) smart technology enables new digital agriculture. Technology has become necessary to address today's challenges, and many
sectors are automating their processes with the newest technologies. By maximizing fertiliser use to boost plant efficiency, smart agriculture, which is based on IoT technology, intends to assist producers and farmers in
reducing waste while improving output. With IoT-based smart farming, farmers may better manage their animals, develop crops, save costs, and
conserve resources. Climate monitoring, drought detection, agriculture and production, pollution distribution, and many more applications rely on the weather forecast. The accuracy of the forecast is determined by prior
weather conditions across broad areas and over long periods. Machine learning algorithms can help us to build a model with proper accuracy. As a result, increasing the output on the limited acreage is important. IoT smart farming is a high-tech method that allows people to cultivate crops cleanly
and sustainably. In agriculture, it is the use of current information and
communication technologies.
As Diabetes Mellitus combined with other ailments will become a deadly combination, hence there
is an urgent need to break the link between diabetes and its related complications. For this purpose image
processing based analysis can potentially be helpful for earlier detection, education and treatment. Medical
image analysis of Diabetic patients with its related complications such as DR, CVD & Diabetic
Myonecrosis (i.e. on Retinal Images, Coronary angiographs, Electron micrographs, MRI etc) is to be the
aprioristic because of its more prevalence. Thus the main work of this paper is on literature review about
Diabetes and Imaging such as the Prevalence, Classification, Causes and Medical Imaging & Survey of
Image processing methods applied on Diabetic Related Causes.
Similar to Remote Sensing (RS), UAV/drones, and Machine Learning (ML) as powerful techniques for precision agriculture: Effective applications in agriculture (20)
Contribution and performance of ChatGPT and other Large Language Models (LLM...nitinrane33
This study focuses on evaluating the performance and potential contributions of ChatGPT, a generative artificial
intelligence model, to the advancement of scientific and research fields, including public health, climate change,
computer programming, education etc. The research commences by examining the role of ChatGPT in scientific
publishing, demonstrating how it can streamline the creation of research content, thereby enhancing the
accessibility and dissemination of scientific knowledge. In the context of public health and medical writing, the
study investigates how ChatGPT can transform healthcare by assisting professionals and researchers in
generating accurate and informative documents, thereby contributing significantly to the widespread
dissemination of critical health information and advancements. In the fight against climate change and global
warming, ChatGPT emerges as a promising tool for addressing challenges related to data analysis, prediction
modeling, and communication. The research explores how ChatGPT can support climate scientists and
policymakers in synthesizing intricate data, creating effective communication materials, and mobilizing public
awareness and action. Furthermore, the study assesses ChatGPT's contributions to the field of computer
programming, where it can aid developers in debugging programming errors. Its ability to comprehend and
generate code snippets streamlines problem-solving, thereby boosting software development efficiency and
code quality. The research extends its examination to ChatGPT's performance across various domains,
including public health, climate change, computer programming, and education. Additionally, the study delves
into the opportunities and challenges associated with integrating large language models like ChatGPT into
education. It investigates how ChatGPT can enhance the learning experience, automate administrative tasks,
and deliver personalized educational content. Simultaneously, it addresses concerns related to bias, ethics, and
data privacy. This research underscores the significant potential of ChatGPT in advancing scientific and
research endeavors across multiple domains. It emphasizes the importance of responsible and ethical
utilization of AI models like ChatGPT, recognizing the opportunities they offer to expedite progress and address
critical global challenges, all while remaining vigilant about ethical and societal implications.
ChatGPT is not capable of serving as an author: ethical concerns and challe...nitinrane33
This research delves into the dynamic role of ChatGPT and similar large language models within the realm of
education. It sheds light on their set of limitations, ethical concerns, and challenges that must be addressed
thoughtfully, offering a comprehensive exploration of their implications in various educational contexts and the
evolving landscape of teaching, research, and scholarly communication. The paper initiates its exploration by
investigating how ChatGPT can be applied in scientific writing and publishing. Furthermore, the paper critically
assesses the constraints associated with utilizing ChatGPT in education. It acknowledges the model's
limitations in generating authoritative content, comprehending complex subject matter, and ensuring
information accuracy. These limitations, thoroughly examined, present substantial obstacles to the integration
of ChatGPT into educational practices. The research also addresses the ethical dilemmas and potential pitfalls
that arise from a heavy reliance on generative AI in education. It delves into issues of bias, accountability, and
the dissemination of misinformation. These considerations emphasize the importance of maintaining human
agency and oversight in educational settings, promoting the responsible use of AI. The paper further explores
the impact of ChatGPT on academic research, both in terms of augmenting research productivity and potential
risks to the rigor and authenticity of scholarly work. Strategies and tools for detecting and mitigating instances
of academic misconduct involving AI-generated content are examined in detail. Additionally, the research
investigates the role of ChatGPT in enhancing critical thinking skills among students, educators, and
researchers. It explores the potential for innovative pedagogical methods that leverage generative AI to foster
improved critical thinking. Moreover, the paper considers the implications of ChatGPT on educational policy,
encompassing issues such as privacy concerns, intellectual property rights, and the necessity for regulations in
the evolving landscape of AI in education. These insights are invaluable for educators, researchers,
policymakers, and stakeholders seeking to harness the benefits of generative AI while navigating the associated
challenges in the realm of education.
Enhancing customer loyalty through quality of service: Effective strategies t...nitinrane33
Enhancing customer loyalty is crucial for business success, and it can be influenced by various factors such as customer satisfaction, quality of service, customer experience, and customer relationship management. This paper aims to explore effective strategies for improving customer loyalty through quality service. One of the key drivers of customer loyalty is customer satisfaction, which can be influenced by service and product quality, brand loyalty, and company reputation. Measuring and understanding customer satisfaction is vital for improving customer loyalty. This paper examines different criteria for measuring customer satisfaction, including types of surveys and the impact of employee satisfaction on customer satisfaction. Additionally, the paper explores the impact of technology on customer satisfaction and its role in enhancing the customer experience. Another important factor in customer loyalty is the customer experience. This paper delves into measuring and sustaining customer experience, particularly in online settings, and discusses the impact of social media and technology on the customer experience. Effective customer feedback and complaint management are also essential for maintaining a positive customer experience. Customer relationship management (CRM) is a crucial strategy for enhancing customer loyalty. This paper presents a framework for CRM and examines its effect on customer retention. Additionally, it explores the importance of understanding customer value and the different approaches to customer value. The paper presents effective strategies for enhancing customer loyalty through quality service. These strategies include understanding customer expectations, training and empowering employees, personalizing the customer experience, maintaining consistency across touchpoints, timely and effective communication, focusing on continuous improvement, rewarding customer loyalty, building emotional connections, resolving complaints effectively, measuring and monitoring customer satisfaction, anticipating customer needs, encouraging and responding to customer feedback, and investing in technology. This research paper provides valuable insights into enhancing customer loyalty through quality service. Implementing the strategies discussed in this paper can improve customer satisfaction, experience, relationship, and engagement, leading to increased customer loyalty and profitability for businesses.
Fuzzy AHP and Fuzzy TOPSIS as an effective and powerful Multi-Criteria Decisi...nitinrane33
This research suggests a robust and effective selection process that involves subjective judgments by applying two fuzzy-based multi-criteria decision-making methods, namely the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (Fuzzy AHP) and the Fuzzy Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (Fuzzy TOPSIS). These methods incorporate fuzzy set theory into traditional AHP and TOPSIS methods to handle uncertain criteria weights and evaluation scores. The Fuzzy AHP and Fuzzy TOPSIS techniques are particularly appropriate for selection processes that involve subjective evaluations and uncertainty. These methods are well-equipped to handle imprecise and uncertain information and can effectively deal with the complexity of multi-criteria decision-making problems. One of the significant advantages of these methods is their capacity to address both quantitative and qualitative criteria. By utilizing fuzzy set theory, these methods can integrate subjective criteria and expert judgments that may not be expressed in numerical values. Additionally, the Fuzzy AHP and Fuzzy TOPSIS approaches provide a methodical and structured approach to decision-making that guarantees consistency and transparency. This article offers a comprehensive theoretical framework of the Fuzzy AHP and Fuzzy TOPSIS methods and presents their application in selecting the best candidate for a job position. The findings indicate that this approach is valuable in handling subjective judgments and produces consistent and dependable outcomes. The article concludes by discussing the method's benefits and drawbacks and highlighting areas for future research.
Effectiveness and Capability of Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Informatio...nitinrane33
In this research paper, the effectiveness and capability of remote sensing (RS) and geographic information systems (GIS) are investigated as powerful tools for analyzing changes in land use and land cover (LULC), as well as for accuracy assessment. The study employs the literature of satellite imagery and GIS data to evaluate LULC changes over a period and to assess the accuracy of the analysis. Moreover, the research investigates the land use and land cover change detection analysis using RS and GIS, application of artificial intelligence (AI), and Machine Learning (ML) in LULC classification, environment and risk evaluation, stages of process LULC classification, factors affecting the LULC classification, accuracy assessment, and potential applications of RS and GIS in predicting future LULC changes and supporting decision-making processes. The findings of the study suggest that RS and GIS are highly effective and accurate for LULC analysis and assessment, with substantial potential for predicting and managing future changes in land use and land cover. The paper emphasizes the importance of utilizing RS and GIS techniques in the field of sustainable environmental management and resource planning.
Efficiency and Capability of Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information ...nitinrane33
In this review paper, the potential of remote sensing (RS) and geographic information systems (GIS) for sustainable groundwater management and development is explored. Recent literature on the use of RS and GIS in groundwater resource management is analyzed, evaluating the efficiency and capability of these technologies throughout various stages of groundwater management. Challenges and limitations associated with their use are also highlighted, with potential solutions proposed to overcome them. Ultimately, the review concludes that RS and GIS are powerful tools for sustainable groundwater management and development, with significant benefits in terms of cost-effectiveness, accuracy, and time-efficiency. However, more research is needed to improve their integration in groundwater management and address current limitations. Overall, this review offers valuable insights into the potential of RS and GIS in sustainable groundwater management and development.
Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) as a powerful tool for sustainable deve...nitinrane33
In this research paper, the focus is on exploring the use of various powerful multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods for sustainable development. The paper examines the effective utilization of a range of methods such as Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP), Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), Elimination Et Choix Traduisant la Realité (ELECTRE), and VlseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR) in the context of sustainability. The advantages and limitations of each method are discussed, and a comparative analysis of their effectiveness in decision-making for sustainable development is provided. Furthermore, the research paper delves into specific areas of sustainability, including construction, business, finance, accounting, industry, site selection, renewable energy, water resource management, water quality management, agriculture, and material selection. In addition, the paper highlights the importance of using hybrid MCDM methods in promoting sustainable development, which combines the strengths of different decision-making methods to provide more accurate and robust results. The overall aim of this research paper is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the different areas of sustainability and how MCDM methods can be utilized to achieve sustainable development. The study intends to contribute to the development of effective decision-making frameworks for sustainable development, providing insights for policymakers, researchers, and practitioners in the field of sustainability
Framework Towards Achieving Sustainable Strategies for Water Usage and Wastag...nitinrane33
Water usage and wastage management in the construction industry is the key to achieving active water efficiency. It is essential to use water conservation practices in the process of building construction as there is a huge amount of water being wasted and not recycled or reused. This study aims to evaluate the various criteria affecting water usage and wastage during the construction work of buildings, to identify sources of water wastage during building construction work, to evaluate water wastage quantity in residential building construction projects, and to suggest the methodology for the selection of the alternative methods, measures, and strategies to reduce water wastage. The research objective further enlightened the data collection and survey parameters to derive the results and discuss the measures that can be incorporated to cater to the issue's solution. The results derived from the questionnaire survey also helped to understand the existing ongoing practices of building construction in Mumbai City and derived the Mean Score Index (MSI) of the questionnaires along with the ranking of weightage of questions which then later helped in developing the measures and strategies of water management which can help to conserve water in building construction practice. Water management tools and techniques must be incorporated into various activities involved in the construction industry and other industries where water consumption and utilization are significantly higher. With ongoing concerns of Mumbai city for water-related issues, it is mandatory and very important to understand the usage and wastage of water in building construction in Mumbai City and derive the measures and strategies for the conservation of the same.
STUDY OF EFFECTS OF LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY ON CONSTRUCTION PROJECTSnitinrane33
Productivity remains an intriguing subject and a dominant issue in the construction sector, promising cost
savings and efficient usage of resources. Productivity is one of the most important issues in both developed and
developing countries. The developed countries are aware of the importance of economic growth and social
welfare. The developing countries which face unemployment problems, inflation and resource scarcity seek to
utilise resources and in such a way as to achieve economic growth and improve citizens’ lives. The aim of this
thesis is to identify factors affecting labour productivity and also to study causes i.e. labour problems on site and
its effects on the construction projects. Some of the important factors affecting labour productivity are: quality
of site management, material shortage, timely payment of wages, labour experience, misunderstandings between
labour and superintendent etc. The problems faced by the labour on Indian construction sites are dealt with in
detail. Problems like non-availability of proper accommodation, basic amenities, low wages, safety related
problems, security etc. dominate on almost all Indian construction sites. In our survey we have found that,
specifically small firms in India are not able to fulfill labours’ requirements. And that is why labour is not able
to raise their productivity. In fact it is found that actual labour productivity ratios are reducing day by day, which
in turns harms organization’s profitability. In this study we will try to relate the ill effects of labour productivity
this study restricts itself to the survey and research in the Indian context. Analysis of obtained data was done
using different statistical methods. This report includes explanations on productivity, a case study, factors
affecting labour productivity and the remedies for the same.
Application of Value Engineering in Construction Projectsnitinrane33
Value Engineering is a proven management
technique that can make valuable contributions to value
enhancement and cost reduction in construction industry.
Value Engineering is one of the most effective techniques
known to identify and eliminate unnecessary costs in product
design, testing, manufacturing, construction, operations,
maintenance, data, procedures and practices. The
methodology is composed of three main stages. The first stage
is the Pre-Study of the Value Engineering. The purpose of
this stage is to plan and organize the value study. Value
Engineering is the systematic application of recognized
techniques that identify the functions of the product or
service, creatively establish the worth of those functions, and
provide only the necessary functions to meet the required
performance at the lowest overall cost. Value Engineering
focuses on accomplishing the required functions at the lowest
overall cost. It helps in eliminating or minimizing wastage of
material, time, and unnecessary cost, which improves value to
the customer. The second stage is the Value Study which is
the core of Value Engineering study and it is composed of five
phases, the Information phase, Function Analysis Phase,
Creative Phase, Evaluation Phase and the Presentation phase.
All phases and steps perform sequentially. Such sequence of
the methodology is expected to assist in logical and systematic
flow of the process to achieve the targets of the VE study. The
third stage is the Post Study. The objective during post-study
activities is to assure the implementation of the approved
value study change recommendations. In this study, how the
principles of Value Engineering are applied in construction
projects is explained, and by taking case study on residential
building as the sample project, practices of Value
Engineering in this project are described.
Application of Value Engineering in Commercial Building Projectsnitinrane33
The current construction industry conditions have entailed the use of rational method and techniques and
research and application of new techniques by utilizing advancements in technology in the field of production as well as in
every field. Value Engineering is a proven management technique that can make valuable contributions to value
enhancement and cost reduction in construction industry. Value Engineering is one of the most effective techniques
known to identify and eliminate unnecessary costs in product design, testing, manufacturing, construction, operations,
maintenance, data, procedures and practices. The methodology is composed of three main stages. The first stage is the
Pre-Study of the Value Engineering. The purpose of this stage is to plan and organize the value study. Value Engineering
is the systematic application of recognized techniques that identify the functions of the product or service, creatively
establish the worth of those functions, and provide only the necessary functions to meet the required performance at the
lowest overall cost. Value Engineering focuses on accomplishing the required functions at the lowest overall cost. It helps
in eliminating or minimizing wastage of material, time, and unnecessary cost, which improves value to the customer. The
second stage is the Value Study which is the core of Value Engineering study and it is composed of five phases, the
Information phase, Function Analysis Phase, Creative Phase, Evaluation Phase and the Presentation phase. All phases
and steps perform sequentially. Such sequence of the methodology is expected to assist in logical and systematic flow of
the process to achieve the targets of the VE study. The third stage is the Post Study. The objective during post-study
activities is to assure the implementation of the approved value study change recommendations. In this study, how the
principles of Value Engineering are applied in construction projects is explained, and by taking case study on commercial
building as the sample project, practices of Value Engineering in this project are described.
Comparison of multi‑infuence factor, weight of evidence and frequency ratio ...nitinrane33
Groundwater is the largest available reservoir of freshwater. But the rapid increase in the
population and urbanisation, has led to over exploitation of groundwater which imposed
tremendous pressure on global groundwater resources. Because of the hidden and dynamic
nature of groundwater, it requires appropriate quantifcation for the formulation of ground-
water planning and management strategies. The present study evaluates the efcacy of
geospatial technology based Multi Infuence Factor (MIF), Weight of Evidence (WofE)
and Frequency Ratio (FR) technique to evaluate groundwater potential using a case study
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Evaluating the Selection Criteria of Formwork System (FS) for RCC Building Co...nitinrane33
Formwork System (FS) selection for reinforced cement concrete (RCC) members is a crucial factor in finishing the
project successfully, as it is necessary for improved productivity and faster construction of the projects. The present study
assessed the criteria influencing the formwork system selection in the construction of residential buildings. From the literature
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impact on formwork system selection. This study examines the different existing formwork technology with recently invented
FS, such as aluminum formwork and the jump formwork system, that are not often used in India, to determine which formwork
system is most effective and appropriate for the projects under consideration. To better understand this, the hypothetical
building projects employing traditional formwork were considered to compare newly developed formwork with conventional
formwork systems considering the key selection criteria analyzed. The results offer a better understanding of the influencing
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CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
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Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
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Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
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Remote Sensing (RS), UAV/drones, and Machine Learning (ML) as powerful techniques for precision agriculture: Effective applications in agriculture
1. e-ISSN: 2582-5208
International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science
( Peer-Reviewed, Open Access, Fully Refereed International Journal )
Volume:05/Issue:04/April-2023 Impact Factor- 7.868 www.irjmets.com
www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science
[4375]
REMOTE SENSING (RS), UAV/DRONES, AND MACHINE LEARNING (ML) AS
POWERFUL TECHNIQUES FOR PRECISION AGRICULTURE: EFFECTIVE
APPLICATIONS IN AGRICULTURE
Nitin Liladhar Rane*1, Saurabh P. Choudhary*2
*1,2Vivekanand Education Society's College of Architecture (VESCOA), Mumbai, India
DOI : https://www.doi.org/10.56726/IRJMETS36817
ABSTRACT
Precision agriculture utilizes modern technology to optimize agricultural practices, resulting in increased
productivity while reducing costs and environmental impact. The use of remote sensing (RS), drones or
unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and machine learning (ML) has significantly transformed precision
agriculture. These advanced technologies provide farmers with accurate, cost-effective, and timely tools to
manage crops and resources effectively. This paper evaluates the use of these techniques in precision
agriculture, including their benefits, and effective applications. Remote sensing involves using satellites,
aircraft, or drones to collect data on crops and the environment, such as soil moisture, temperature, and
vegetation indices. With high-resolution images and three-dimensional maps of crops, UAVs enable farmers to
identify and address issues like pest infestations or nutrient deficiencies. Machine learning algorithms analyze
large amounts of data to predict crop yields, optimize irrigation and fertilization, and identify areas of the field
that need attention. Several case studies highlight the effectiveness of these techniques in different agricultural
settings. However, the paper also acknowledges the challenges associated with adopting these technologies,
such as cost, data management, and regulatory issues. While the initial investment in drones and sensors may
be high, the long-term benefits in terms of increased yields, reduced costs, and environmental sustainability are
substantial. Farmers need to be trained in the use of these technologies to make informed decisions, and
effective data management and analysis are crucial. Additionally, regulatory frameworks are still evolving, and
clear guidelines are required for data privacy, safety, and ethical use. Although challenges remain, the benefits
of increased productivity, reduced costs, and environmental sustainability make these technologies an
attractive investment for farmers worldwide.
Keywords: Precision agriculture, Remote Sensing (RS), UAV/drones, Machine learning (ML), artificial
intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT).
I. INTRODUCTION
Precision agriculture utilizes advanced technologies such as remote sensing (RS), unmanned aerial vehicles
(UAVs), and machine learning (ML) to increase the efficiency and sustainability of agriculture [1-3]. RS provides
a non-invasive and cost-effective means of obtaining information about crops, soils, and water resources over
large areas, while UAVs offer a flexible and efficient way to capture high-resolution images and collect data
from specific locations [4-5]. ML algorithms enable the analysis of large datasets and the development of
predictive models to optimize crop management. Over the past decade, the application of RS, UAVs, and ML in
precision agriculture has rapidly grown, and these techniques have become popular among farmers,
researchers, and industry professionals [5-6]. The integration of these technologies has enabled the
development of innovative solutions to address critical challenges in agriculture, such as increasing yields,
reducing inputs, improving resource efficiency, and mitigating environmental impacts. This paper reviews the
current state of the art in precision agriculture and explores the effective applications of RS, UAVs, and ML in
crop monitoring, yield prediction, disease detection, irrigation management, and nutrient management. The
advantages and limitations of these techniques are highlighted, and successful implementations from different
parts of the world are provided as examples.The basic principles and methods of RS, UAVs, and ML are
introduced, and their applications in agriculture are discussed. The use of RS to monitor crop growth, detect
stress, and assess water availability, the use of UAVs to collect high-resolution images for plant counting, plant
height estimation, and disease identification, and the use of ML to develop predictive models for yield
estimation, disease diagnosis, and irrigation scheduling are explored. The challenges associated with the
implementation of these technologies in agriculture are examined, including data acquisition, processing, and
2. e-ISSN: 2582-5208
International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science
( Peer-Reviewed, Open Access, Fully Refereed International Journal )
Volume:05/Issue:04/April-2023 Impact Factor- 7.868 www.irjmets.com
www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science
[4376]
interpretation, as well as the need for specialized skills and knowledge. The importance of collaboration
between researchers, farmers, and industry professionals to address these challenges and ensure the successful
adoption of these technologies in the field is discussed. The integration of RS, UAVs, and ML has the potential to
transform agriculture and contribute to a more sustainable [7-10] and resilient food system. Future research
should evaluate the economic and environmental benefits of these technologies, develop user-friendly tools for
farmers, and address issues related to data privacy and security.
II. REMOTE SENSING (RS), UAV/DRONES, AND MACHINE LEARNING (ML)
TECHNOLOGIES AN ATTRACTIVE INVESTMENT FOR FARMERS
The utilization of Remote Sensing (RS), Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) or Drones, and Machine Learning
(ML) technologies is gaining popularity in the agricultural sector [7-11]. These technologies offer farmers
crucial information about their crops, soil, and other important factors that influence their yields. Investing in
these technologies is an attractive option for farmers as they help to cut down costs associated with traditional
farming methods and enhance productivity. One of the major advantages of RS technology is its ability to collect
substantial amounts of data regarding a farm's land and crops. This data can be employed to develop
comprehensive maps and models of the farm, which can, in turn, be used to upgrade crop management
practices [9,11]. RS data can assist in identifying productive and unproductive areas of the farm, which can help
farmers adjust their planting and harvesting schedules to maximize their yields [12]. Additionally, RS data can
help monitor crop growth and detect potential problems like nutrient deficiencies or disease outbreaks before
they escalate. Remote sensing technology enables the collection of information about objects and phenomena
on the Earth's surface without direct physical contact. This technology involves sensors mounted on satellites,
aircraft, or drones to gather data about the Earth's surface and atmosphere, which can be used to create
detailed maps and models. In agriculture, RS technology is used to collect data about crops, soil, and other
factors that impact crop growth and yield. RS sensors capture images of the Earth's surface in different
wavelengths, including visible, infrared, and microwave radiation, each providing different information about
crops and soil conditions. For example, visible and infrared wavelengths measure vegetation levels, indicating
crop health and productivity, while infrared wavelengths detect soil moisture levels, helping farmers adjust
irrigation schedules. Microwave radiation penetrates through clouds and vegetation, providing soil moisture
information for efficient water resource management. RS technology also detects changes in crop growth and
soil conditions over time, allowing farmers to monitor crop health and make informed decisions about
management practices. Combining RS data with weather information and soil samples provides farmers with a
comprehensive understanding of their farm's conditions to optimize yields and productivity. Remote sensing
technology is a powerful tool in agriculture, enabling farmers to gather valuable information about their crops
and soil conditions, optimize management practices, reduce costs, and increase yields. Ultimately, RS
technology can lead to more sustainable and profitable farming practices.UAVs or drones are another popular
technology in the agricultural industry. They come with an array of sensors, including cameras, thermal
imaging cameras, and LiDAR, which can collect high-resolution data about crops and soil conditions. This data
can be utilized to produce 3D farm maps, which can help identify areas requiring attention, such as those with
low soil moisture or nutrient deficiencies. Drones can also monitor crop health and growth, providing
information for informed decisions on planting, watering, and harvesting. A drone, or unmanned aerial vehicle
(UAV), is an aircraft that operates without a human pilot onboard. It can be controlled remotely by a human
operator or programmed to fly autonomously using pre-set flight plans. In agriculture, drones are increasingly
utilized for their ability to quickly and efficiently gather data on crops and soil conditions. These drones are
equipped with various sensors, including cameras, thermal imaging cameras, and Light Detection and Ranging
(LiDAR) sensors, to capture high-resolution data on crops and soil. For example, drones are used to capture
aerial images of crops, which generate comprehensive farm maps and models that provide farmers with critical
data on crop health and productivity. Thermal imaging cameras detect temperature variations in crops,
indicating moisture content or nutrient deficiencies in low or high areas, helping farmers address areas that
require attention, such as irrigation and fertilizer application. LiDAR sensors produce detailed 3D maps of the
farm, which help farmers improve drainage and irrigation systems, leading to better crop yields. Moreover,
drones offer continuous monitoring of crop health and growth, allowing informed decisions on planting,
3. e-ISSN: 2582-5208
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( Peer-Reviewed, Open Access, Fully Refereed International Journal )
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[4377]
harvesting, and other management practices. By combining drone data with weather information and soil
samples, farmers can obtain a comprehensive understanding of their farm's conditions, optimize management
practices, reduce costs, and boost yields, resulting in more sustainable and profitable farming practices. Drones
are a powerful tool in agriculture, facilitating the rapid and efficient collection of critical crop and soil data. This
data empowers farmers to make informed decisions, optimize their farming practices, and increase their yields
and profits, ultimately leading to more sustainable and profitable farming practices.Machine Learning (ML)
technologies are also increasingly employed in agriculture. ML algorithms analyze vast amounts of data
collected by RS and drone technologies, providing farmers with insights for informed decision-making. For
instance, ML algorithms can predict crop yields based on weather data and soil conditions, allowing farmers to
optimize their planting and harvesting schedules. ML algorithms can also identify areas of the farm that need
attention, such as those prone to disease outbreaks or pest infestations. RS, UAVs or drones, and ML
technologies offer farmers valuable information on their crops and soil conditions, leading to increased
productivity and reduced costs. Utilizing these technologies, farmers can make informed decisions, resulting in
better outcomes and higher profits. Artificial intelligence (AI) encompasses machine learning (ML), which
involves using statistical models and algorithms to analyze data and make predictions or decisions. In
agriculture, ML can be utilized to analyze data from remote sensing and drone technologies to gain insights into
crop and soil conditions and make informed decisions about management practices. One of the significant
advantages of ML is its ability to process and analyze large volumes of data quickly and efficiently, including
data from multiple sources such as weather, soil samples, and historical crop yields. By employing ML
algorithms to analyze this data, farmers can obtain a more comprehensive understanding of their farm's
conditions and make data-driven decisions about management practices. ML algorithms can predict crop yields
based on various factors, such as weather conditions, soil moisture, and nutrient levels, allowing farmers to
make informed decisions about planting and harvesting schedules, irrigation, and fertilizer application.
Additionally, ML can identify patterns in crop growth and health, enabling farmers to identify potential
problems before they become serious. ML is increasingly being used in precision farming, where data and
technology optimize farm management practices at a very fine scale. ML algorithms can analyze data from
remote sensing and drone technologies, as well as sensors placed on plants, to identify areas of the field that
require specific management practices, such as targeted fertilizer or pesticide application. ML is a powerful tool
in agriculture that enables farmers to gain insights into their crops and soil conditions that would be difficult or
impossible to obtain through manual observation. By using ML algorithms to analyze data from multiple
sources, farmers can make informed decisions about management practices, leading to increased yields,
reduced costs, and more sustainable farming practices.
III. EFFECTIVE TECHNOLOGIES USED IN PRECISION AGRICULTURE
Precision Agriculture (PA) is a farming management approach that leverages advanced technologies to boost
crop yields, minimize waste, and optimize the use of resources such as water, fertilizers, and pesticides [12-13].
Some of the effective technologies used in precision agriculture include:Geographic Information System (GIS) -
This technology is used to map and monitor soil types, nutrient levels, and other key factors on a farm. Farmers
can use this information to make informed decisions on planting, fertilization, and other management practices.
Global Positioning System (GPS) - GPS is used to accurately locate farm equipment and monitor their
movement across the farm. This information can be used to optimize planting patterns, irrigation, and
harvesting schedules.Remote Sensing - This technology involves the use of satellite images and aerial
photographs to monitor crop health, detect pest infestations, and identify areas of water stress in a farm. The
data collected can be used to develop precision application maps for fertilizers and pesticides.Variable Rate
Technology (VRT) - This technology allows farmers to adjust the rate of application of inputs such as fertilizers,
pesticides, and irrigation water based on the specific needs of different areas in a farm. VRT systems are
controlled by GPS and GIS data and can be automated to apply inputs in real-time.Drones - Drones are used to
capture high-resolution images of crops, providing farmers with valuable data on plant health, crop damage,
and growth patterns. The images can be used to develop precision application maps for fertilizers and
pesticides.Soil Sensors - Soil sensors are used to measure soil moisture levels, temperature, and nutrient levels.
The data collected can be used to optimize irrigation and fertilization schedules.These technologies help
4. e-ISSN: 2582-5208
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( Peer-Reviewed, Open Access, Fully Refereed International Journal )
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[4378]
farmers to reduce waste, increase yields, and improve the sustainability of their operations. By providing
farmers with real-time information about their fields, precision agriculture helps them to make informed
decisions that result in better crop performance and higher profits.
Table 1: Effective technologies used in precision agriculture
Sl. No. Technology Description Application
1 Remote Sensing Imaging technologies that capture
data from a distance, such as satellite
or aerial imagery.
Crop health monitoring and yield
forecasting.
2 Geographic
Information
Systems (GIS)
Software tools used for the
management, analysis, and
visualization of spatial data.
Crop scouting, field mapping, and
variable rate application.
3 Unmanned
Aerial Vehicles
(UAVs)
Drones equipped with cameras or
sensors for aerial data collection.
Crop monitoring, field scouting, and
yield mapping.
4 Global
Positioning
System (GPS)
A satellite-based navigation system
used for precise mapping and
guidance.
Field mapping, auto-steering, yield
monitoring, and variable rate
application.
5 Machine
Learning
Artificial intelligence algorithms that
analyze large datasets and make
predictions.
Crop forecasting, disease detection,
and yield optimization.
6 Internet of
Things (IoT)
A network of connected devices that
collect and transmit data.
Crop monitoring, irrigation
management, and equipment tracking.
7 Robotics Autonomous machines that perform
tasks such as planting, harvesting,
and spraying.
Precision planting, weed control, and
crop harvesting.
8 Variable Rate
Technology
(VRT)
Technology that allows for the
variable application of inputs, such
as fertilizers or pesticides.
Precision fertilization and variable rate
seeding.
9 Decision Support
Systems
Software tools that assist with crop
management decision making based
on data analysis.
Irrigation scheduling and pest
management planning.
IV. CRITERIA FOR THE SELECTION OF TECHNOLOGIES IN PRECISION AGRICULTURE
Precision agriculture is a vital component of modern farming that utilizes advanced technology to enhance crop
production and minimize waste [5,14]. Choosing the appropriate technology for precision agriculture can be a
daunting task due to the numerous factors to consider. Here are some of the key criteria to consider when
selecting technologies for precision agriculture:
1) Accuracy: Accuracy is a crucial factor to consider when selecting technology for precision agriculture. The
technology used must be precise in measuring essential parameters such as crop yield, soil moisture, and
temperature. This precision enables farmers to make informed decisions regarding the use of water,
fertilizer, and pesticides.
2) Compatibility: Compatibility is another critical factor to consider when selecting technology for precision
agriculture. The technology should be compatible with existing farm machinery and equipment, as well as
with other technology used on the farm. This ensures that the technology can be easily integrated into the
existing farm operation.
3) Ease of use: The technology used in precision agriculture should be user-friendly and easy to use. It should
have an interface that allows farmers to quickly and easily collect and analyze data. This simplicity ensures
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[4379]
that farmers can make informed decisions about crop management without spending too much time on data
collection and analysis.
4) Reliability: The technology used in precision agriculture must be reliable, with a low failure rate and
minimal downtime. This reliability ensures that farmers can depend on the technology to collect and analyze
data accurately and consistently.
5) Cost-effectiveness: The technology used in precision agriculture must be cost-effective and provide a
positive return on investment. This cost-effectiveness ensures that farmers can afford to adopt the
technology and optimize their operations for maximum efficiency and profitability.
6) Scalability: The technology used in precision agriculture should be scalable, meaning that it can easily
expand to cover larger areas of farmland or more crops. This scalability ensures that farmers can continue
to use the technology as their operations grow and expand.
7) Sustainability: Finally, the technology used in precision agriculture should be sustainable, with minimal
environmental impact. This sustainability ensures that farmers can reduce waste and conserve resources
while still maximizing crop production.
By considering these criteria, farmers can select the most appropriate technologies for precision agriculture
and optimize their operations for maximum efficiency and profitability while minimizing environmental
impact.
V. APPLICATIONS OF REMOTE SENSING (RS) IN PRECISION AGRICULTURE
Irrigation Water Management-
The utilization of Remote Sensing (RS) technology has become an indispensable tool in the management of
irrigation water, owing to its ability to deliver precise, dependable, and timely data on water resources. RS can
provide significant information for irrigation water management, enabling the optimization of irrigation
practices, conservation of water resources, and improvement of crop yields [3,5]. Here are several ways in
which RS can be applied in irrigation water management:Irrigated area mapping: RS can be employed to map
out irrigated areas and quantify the extent of irrigation. This data can be utilized to develop water budgets,
determine irrigation efficiency, and assess water requirements for diverse crops.Crop water requirements
estimation: RS can be utilized to estimate crop water requirements by monitoring the vegetation index and
surface temperature of crops. This information can be used to determine the ideal timing and quantity of
irrigation water needed to maximize crop yields and minimize water losses.Crop health monitoring: RS can be
utilized to monitor crop health by detecting changes in vegetation indices and identifying stress conditions such
as water stress, nutrient deficiencies, and diseases. This information can be used to optimize irrigation
schedules and minimize water losses.Waterlogging and salinity detection: RS can be utilized to detect
waterlogging and salinity in irrigated areas by measuring the soil moisture content and electrical conductivity
of the soil. This information can be used to develop management strategies to mitigate the effects of
waterlogging and salinity on crop yields.Irrigation performance assessment: RS can be utilized to assess the
performance of irrigation systems by monitoring the water balance of irrigated areas. This information can be
used to identify areas of inefficiency and optimize irrigation practices to reduce water losses.Drought
forecasting: RS can be utilized to forecast drought by monitoring changes in vegetation indices and soil
moisture content. This information can be used to develop early warning systems and prepare for drought
events.
Evapotranspiration (ET)-
Remote sensing (RS) is a valuable tool for estimating evapotranspiration (ET), the combined loss of water from
soil by evaporation and from plants by transpiration. RS has several applications in ET estimation,
including:Calculation of vegetation indices: RS is widely used to estimate ET by calculating vegetation indices
such as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). These indices measure vegetation cover and
density, which in turn can be used to estimate ET.Estimation of surface temperature: RS can also estimate
surface temperature, which is crucial in ET estimation. Thermal bands on RS sensors can measure land surface
temperature, providing information for ET estimation.Retrieval of land surface characteristics: RS can provide
land surface information such as land cover, soil moisture, and vegetation density, which affect water loss from
the surface.Integration with meteorological data: RS can be combined with meteorological data such as
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temperature, humidity, and wind speed to produce more accurate estimates of ET, accounting for atmospheric
conditions.Monitoring of water resources: RS can monitor water resources such as rivers, lakes, and reservoirs,
providing information on available water for ET and other uses, and enabling better water resource
management. RS is an important tool for ET estimation, with applications in water resource management,
agriculture, and environmental monitoring.
Soil Moisture-
One important application of remote sensing in agriculture is the gathering of data about soil moisture, which
can affect crop health and productivity. Here are some of the ways remote sensing is used in agriculture for soil
moisture monitoring:Irrigation management: Remote sensing is used to measure soil moisture levels across
large agricultural areas, enabling farmers to determine when and how much irrigation is needed to maintain
healthy crops.Crop monitoring: Over time, remote sensing can monitor changes in soil moisture levels, helping
farmers identify potential stress areas. This information is used to adjust irrigation schedules, fertilization, and
other practices to optimize crop health and yield.Drought monitoring: Remote sensing can be used during
drought periods to monitor soil moisture levels, predict crop yields, and identify areas at risk of crop
failure.Precision agriculture: Remote sensing creates soil moisture maps that guide variable-rate irrigation and
fertilization practices. These practices optimize crop yields while minimizing waste.Land use planning: Remote
sensing assesses soil moisture levels across large land areas, aiding land use planning and development
decisions. This includes identifying areas suitable for agriculture and other purposes. Remote sensing is a
powerful tool in agriculture for soil moisture monitoring. Farmers and agricultural professionals can make
informed decisions about irrigation, fertilization, and other management practices to optimize crop health and
yield by utilizing accurate and timely information provided by remote sensing.
Nutrient Management-
RS has numerous applications in nutrient management, enabling farmers, researchers, and policymakers to
optimize nutrient usage in crops and minimize environmental impacts. Here are some of the ways RS can be
applied in nutrient management:Crop nutrient status mapping: By analyzing the reflectance of light from the
plant canopy, RS can provide information on the nutrient status of crops. Differences in light absorption or
reflection between nutrient-deficient and healthy plants can be detected by RS. This information can help
identify areas of the field that require fertilization, and fertilizer application rates can be adjusted
accordingly.Nutrient uptake monitoring: RS can monitor the uptake of nutrients by crops throughout the
growing season. By analyzing light reflectance at different wavelengths, RS can provide data on chlorophyll
content, biomass, and photosynthetic activity of plants, all of which are closely linked to nutrient uptake. This
data can determine if crops are receiving the correct amount of nutrients.Nutrient stress detection: RS can
identify nutrient stress in crops before it becomes visible to the naked eye. RS analyzes light reflectance at
different wavelengths to detect changes in crop color and texture that indicate nutrient stress. This information
can be used to adjust fertilizer application rates or identify nutrient deficiencies.Crop yield estimation: RS can
estimate crop yield by analyzing the reflectance of light from the plant canopy. The amount of light reflected is
related to the amount of biomass produced by crops, which can be used to estimate yield. This data can
optimize nutrient management practices and predict crop yields in future growing seasons. RS has numerous
applications in nutrient management that enable accurate and timely information on nutrient status, uptake,
and stress. RS helps ensure crops receive the right amount of nutrients at the right time, increasing yields,
reducing fertilizer use, and protecting the environment.
Disease Management-
Precision agriculture benefits greatly from the use of remote sensing (RS) as a robust tool for disease
management. RS allows farmers to remotely monitor crops and detect early signs of disease, resulting in more
efficient resource utilization and increased crop yields. The following are some of the ways RS can be used for
disease management in precision agriculture:Disease detection and mapping: RS can detect and map crop
diseases, enabling farmers to accurately target their interventions. For instance, hyperspectral imaging can
detect subtle changes in plant reflectance caused by disease, making it easier to identify infected areas.Early
warning systems: Farmers can use RS to monitor crops for early signs of disease and take preventive measures
before the disease spreads. Thermal imaging, for example, can detect changes in plant temperature caused by
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disease and activate early warning systems.Crop health monitoring: RS can be used to monitor the overall
health of crops, allowing farmers to identify potential disease problems before they occur. Satellite imagery can
track plant growth rates, which can signal areas of slow growth that may indicate disease.Precision application
of inputs: RS can target the application of inputs such as pesticides and fertilizers, minimizing waste and
maximizing efficiency. Multispectral sensor-equipped drones can identify areas of disease in crops, allowing
farmers to apply pesticides only where they are needed.Yield forecasting: RS can forecast crop yields, enabling
farmers to plan harvest and marketing activities effectively. Satellite imagery can estimate crop biomass and
predict yield, allowing farmers to adjust their harvesting schedules accordingly. RS is a vital tool for disease
management in precision agriculture. By providing real-time information about crops, it enhances resource
utilization and boosts crop yields while reducing the risk of crop losses due to disease.
Weed Management-
Precision agriculture can benefit greatly from remote sensing (RS) technology, particularly in the area of weed
management. RS technology involves the use of various remote sensing devices, such as satellites, airplanes,
and drones, to gather information about the Earth's surface. This information can then be used to create maps
and images of agricultural fields. One of the primary applications of RS in weed management is weed mapping.
RS technology can be used to create detailed maps of weed distribution within a field, enabling farmers to
identify areas where weed growth is concentrated and develop targeted weed management strategies. RS
technology is also useful in weed detection. Multispectral or hyperspectral imaging can be used to detect the
presence of weeds in a field and identify different plant species based on their unique spectral signatures. This
allows farmers to track weed populations over time and take action as needed. Furthermore, by using RS data,
farmers can identify areas of the field with high weed populations and apply herbicides more precisely and at
variable rates. This reduces herbicide usage and saves money while effectively controlling weeds. Another
benefit of RS technology in weed management is crop yield prediction. Weed infestations can negatively impact
crop yield, but RS technology can help farmers predict crop yield by identifying areas of the field with high
weed populations and adjusting crop management practices accordingly. RS technology offers significant
advantages in weed management practices in precision agriculture, including efficient resource utilization and
increased crop yields.
Crop Monitoring and Yield-
The following are some RS applications in precision agriculture for monitoring crops and yield:Crop Mapping:
RS creates maps of agricultural fields that show crop health, vegetation indices, and soil moisture, allowing
farmers to identify areas that need more attention, such as areas with poor crop growth or low soil
moisture.Plant Health Monitoring: RS monitors crop health, detecting any abnormalities, such as nutrient
deficiencies or pests, and enabling farmers to take prompt action before the problem becomes severe,
improving crop health and yield.Yield Prediction: RS predicts crop yield by analyzing crop growth patterns and
vegetation indices, assisting farmers in planning for harvest, managing resources effectively, and improving
crop yield.Irrigation Management: RS monitors soil moisture and determines when irrigation is necessary,
allowing farmers to conserve water and reduce irrigation costs, while also enhancing crop yield.Nitrogen
Management: RS monitors nitrogen levels in crops, enabling farmers to determine when and how much
nitrogen fertilizer to apply, improving crop yield while reducing fertilizer use and costs.Harvest Planning: RS
maps crop growth patterns and predicts yield, enabling farmers to plan for harvest and optimize their
harvesting operations.Remote sensing technology offers farmers valuable insights into crop health and growth
patterns. By utilizing RS data, farmers can optimize crop management and improve crop yield, resulting in
more efficient and sustainable agriculture practices.
Vegetation Health Monitoring and Pest Management-
Precision agriculture benefits greatly from remote sensing (RS) as it empowers farmers to monitor and manage
crop health and pest infestations with greater accuracy. RS finds specific applications in vegetation health
monitoring and pest management: To monitor vegetation health, RS uses vegetation indices derived from
satellite or aerial imagery, providing information on photosynthetic activity, biomass production, stress,
diseases, and nutrient deficiencies. By monitoring crop health through RS, farmers can adjust irrigation and
fertilizer schedules, optimize yields, and minimize crop loss. RS-based yield estimation analyzes vegetation
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indices and crop phenology, providing farmers with yield predictions, especially in large-scale operations. It
can help farmers make informed decisions about crop rotation, harvest scheduling, and marketing. Pest
management with RS involves detecting pest infestations by identifying areas of crop stress and vegetation
anomalies. Thermal imaging detects areas of plant stress caused by pest damage, while hyperspectral imaging
identifies changes in leaf reflectance caused by pest infestations. Early detection of pest infestations with RS
enables farmers to take action to prevent further damage and reduce the need for chemical pesticides. RS
enables farmers to create detailed maps of agricultural land, including crop types, growth stages, and spatial
distribution, which can be used to optimize irrigation and fertilizer application, plan crop rotations, and
manage farm resources more efficiently. RS is a valuable tool for precision agriculture, enabling farmers to
monitor crop health and manage pests more effectively, resulting in improved crop yields, reduced crop loss,
and more sustainable farming practices.
VI. REMOTE SENSING (RS) AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS) IN
PRECISION AGRICULTURE
Precision agriculture has been transformed by two crucial tools in recent years: Remote Sensing (RS) and
Geographic Information System (GIS). The primary objective of precision agriculture is to maximize crop
production by implementing data-driven methods to manage farming practices, including planting, fertilization,
irrigation, and pest control. Remote sensing entails collecting information about the Earth's surface through
sensors placed on satellites, planes, drones, or ground-based equipment. The data obtained from remote
sensing is used to produce maps and monitor changes in environmental factors such as vegetation, soil
moisture, temperature, and other elements that influence crop growth and health. GIS is a system that
combines spatial data with non-spatial data to generate a digital map of a specific area. Remote Sensing (RS)
and Geographic Information System (GIS) proved to be effective to solve various problems [14-20]. It serves as
a framework for organizing and analyzing agricultural-related information such as soil types, crop yields, and
weather patterns. GIS is particularly beneficial in precision agriculture as it can assist in identifying the most
appropriate locations for crop planting, optimizing irrigation and fertilizer usage, and monitoring crop health.
The combination of remote sensing and GIS provides a powerful tool for precision agriculture. Remote sensing
data can be integrated into a GIS to create detailed maps of an area's vegetation, soil, and topography. This
information can then be used to make informed decisions about crop management, such as adjusting irrigation
levels based on soil moisture content or applying fertilizer only where it is necessary. RS and GIS have become
essential tools in precision agriculture, providing critical information for decision-making in crop production,
optimizing farming practices, and reducing waste.
VII. VEGETATION INDICES
Remote sensing vegetation indices play a crucial role in precision agriculture by providing valuable information
about the health and vigor of crops. These indices are derived from remotely sensed data, including satellite
imagery or aerial photographs, and can be used to estimate key vegetation parameters such as crop biomass,
leaf area index, and chlorophyll content. Vegetation indices are mathematical formulas that combine the
reflectance values of different wavelengths of light that are absorbed and reflected by vegetation. They are
highly sensitive to changes in vegetation cover, making them useful for identifying areas of the field that may
require additional attention or remediation. Commonly used vegetation indices in precision agriculture include
the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), and Green Chlorophyll
Index (GCI). NDVI is the most widely used index, providing information on photosynthetic activity and biomass.
EVI takes into account the blue and red bands of the electromagnetic spectrum, making it useful in areas with
high levels of atmospheric aerosols. GCI is a new index that measures chlorophyll content in vegetation and is
based on the reflectance of green light. By incorporating remote sensing vegetation indices into crop
management decisions, farmers can adjust fertilizer applications, irrigation scheduling, and identify areas of the
field that may require additional attention. Overall, these indices provide valuable insights into the health and
condition of crops, enabling farmers to make more informed decisions and improve their crop yields.
Table 2: Commonly used vegetation indices in precision agriculture
Sl. Vegetation Index Application
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No.
1 NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation
Index)
Crop vigor, biomass, yield, and health assessment,
nitrogen management
2 GNDVI (Green Normalized Difference
Vegetation Index)
Crop vigor, biomass, yield, and health assessment
3 NDRE (Normalized Difference Red Edge) Chlorophyll content, plant stress, yield potential,
nitrogen management
4 EVI (Enhanced Vegetation Index) Canopy cover, plant stress, biomass
5 SAVI (Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index) Vegetation stress, canopy cover, biomass, yield
potential
6 MSAVI2 (Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation
Index)
Canopy cover, plant stress, biomass
7 GCI (Green Chlorophyll Index) Chlorophyll content, leaf senescence, nitrogen status
8 PRI (Photochemical Reflectance Index) Photosynthetic efficiency, plant stress, leaf water
content
Scale and resolution effects in remote sensing and GIS -Remote sensing and GIS (Geographic Information
Systems) play a crucial role in precision agriculture, which is the application of technology to optimize
agricultural production and reduce waste [21-22]. Two key concepts that are important in remote sensing and
GIS in precision agriculture are scale and resolution effects. Scale effects refer to the impact of the size of the
area being studied on the accuracy and precision of remote sensing and GIS data [23-27]. In precision
agriculture, it is essential to match the scale of the data to the scale of the management decisions being made.
For example, if a farmer is interested in optimizing fertilizer application for a specific field, the data should be
collected at the scale of the field, rather than at a larger scale that includes multiple fields or a smaller scale that
includes only a portion of the field. Collecting data at the appropriate scale ensures that the data is accurate and
applicable to the specific management decision. Resolution effects refer to the impact of the level of detail
captured by the remote sensing or GIS data on the accuracy and precision of the information. In precision
agriculture, high-resolution data is important to accurately detect and map variability in crop growth, soil
conditions, and other factors that affect crop yield [5,22]. For example, high-resolution satellite imagery can be
used to detect variations in crop growth across a field, which can then be used to optimize irrigation and
fertilizer application. Scale and resolution effects are important considerations in remote sensing and GIS in
precision agriculture [28-30]. Collecting data at the appropriate scale and resolution is critical to ensuring
accurate and precise information that can be used to optimize agricultural production and reduce waste.
VIII. UAV OR DRONE BASED APPLICATIONS FOR PRECISION AGRICULTURE
Precision agriculture has been greatly impacted by the emergence of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), also
known as drones. UAVs provide farmers with a bird's-eye view of their farmland and offer several advantages,
such as the ability to capture high-resolution images and data quickly and accurately. This technology enables
farmers to identify crop stress, disease, and nutrient deficiencies early on, allowing them to take corrective
measures before yield losses occur. Decision making using tools and techniques is crucial to solve the problems
[30-37]. Crop monitoring is a common application of UAVs in precision agriculture [38-40]. Farmers can use
drones to capture images of crops at different growth stages, which provides valuable insights into plant health
and yield potential. This data can be used to optimize crop management practices, such as fertilizer and
pesticide application, to increase yields and reduce costs. Additionally, drones can create 3D maps of crop
fields, providing farmers with a better understanding of the topography and drainage of their land. UAVs are
also useful for precision crop spraying. Drones can apply pesticides and other crop treatments with high
precision, reducing waste and improving efficiency. Moreover, using drones for crop spraying reduces farmers'
exposure to harmful chemicals, as they do not need to apply these treatments manually.Livestock monitoring is
another application of UAVs in precision agriculture. Drones can track and monitor the movement and behavior
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of livestock, providing farmers with valuable insights into their health and wellbeing. For example, thermal
imaging cameras can detect heat signatures and help identify animals that may be sick or injured. Finally, UAVs
equipped with sensors can be used for soil and field analysis [40-42]. Drones can capture data on soil moisture,
nutrient levels, and other critical factors that affect crop growth. This information can be used to create detailed
maps of soil characteristics, allowing farmers to optimize irrigation and fertilization practices for maximum
yield. The use of UAVs in precision agriculture has revolutionized the way farmers manage their crops and
livestock. With the ability to capture high-resolution images and data quickly and accurately, farmers can make
informed decisions about crop management practices, increasing yields and reducing costs. As drone
technology continues to advance, we can expect to see even more innovative applications of UAVs in precision
agriculture.
Applications based on multispectral and thermal cameras-
Precision agriculture is seeing a rise in the utilization of multispectral and thermal cameras as they offer
valuable insights into crop and soil conditions. These cameras have several applications in precision
agriculture, enabling farmers to enhance crop production efficiency, reduce environmental impact, and make
informed decisions [43-44]. As such, multispectral and thermal cameras have emerged as crucial tools in
precision agriculture [39,42].
Table 3: Applications of multispectral and thermal cameras in precision agriculture
Sl. No. Application Camera Type Description
1 Crop health
monitoring
Multispectral Uses various wavelengths to detect features such as
chlorophyll content and stress
2 Soil mapping Multispectral Creates soil maps for optimized irrigation, fertilizer, and
seed application
3 Yield
prediction
Multispectral Monitors crop growth and health to predict yields and
adjust management practices
4 Irrigation
management
Thermal Monitors soil moisture levels for optimized irrigation
and water conservation
5 Pest detection Thermal Identifies pest infestations by detecting abnormal heat
signatures
6 Plant counting Multispectral Counts the number of plants in a field for optimized seed
placement and yield estimation
7 Crop stress
detection
Multispectral Detects crop stress due to water or nutrient deficiencies,
pest damage, or other factors
8 Nutrient
management
Multispectral Measures nutrient levels in crops and soil for optimized
fertilizer application and reduced waste
9 Canopy cover
measurement
Multispectral Measures the amount of ground covered by plants to
optimize plant spacing and assess crop growth
10 Harvest
planning
Multispectral Provides information on crop maturity and ripeness for
optimized harvest timing and logistics planning
11 Water quality
monitoring
Multispectral Monitors water quality in nearby bodies of water to
assess pollution and nutrient runoff
12 Weed detection
and
management
Multispectral Identifies weed species and determines the most
effective method for removal or control, reducing
herbicide use and increasing efficiency
13 UAV-based
monitoring
Multispectral Uses unmanned aerial vehicles to capture multispectral
or thermal images for crop monitoring and mapping
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14 UAV-based
spraying
systems
- Uses unmanned aerial vehicles to apply pesticides or
fertilizers with greater accuracy and efficiency than
traditional ground-based methods
IX. MACHINE LEARNING APPLICATIONS FOR PRECISION AGRICULTURE
Precision Agriculture involves utilizing technology to optimize crop production while reducing waste, with
machine learning being one of the revolutionary technologies that are transforming the agriculture industry.
Machine learning can improve efficiency, lower costs, and enhance crop yield, and here are some examples of
how machine learning is applied in precision agriculture.
1) Crop Monitoring is one of the areas where machine learning algorithms can analyze data obtained from
sensors, cameras, and drones to monitor crop growth, detect diseases and pests. The data collected can be
used to create predictive models that forecast crop yield, nutrient requirements, and weather patterns.
2) Soil Analysis is another area where machine learning algorithms can analyze soil data to determine the best
crops to plant, the ideal time for planting and harvesting, and the optimal nutrient levels for crops. This
information helps to increase crop yield and minimize the use of fertilizer and pesticides.
3) Predictive Maintenance involves analyzing sensor data from farm equipment using machine learning
algorithms to predict equipment failure and schedule maintenance before it becomes a problem. This can
reduce downtime, improve efficiency, and save on repair costs.
4) Water Management is an area where machine learning algorithms analyze data from soil sensors, weather
forecasts, and irrigation systems to optimize water usage. The data collected can be used to develop models
that predict the ideal irrigation schedule and the best time to water crops.
5) Yield Prediction involves machine learning algorithms analyzing data from sensors, weather forecasts, and
crop history to predict crop yield. This information is valuable for optimizing planting schedules, adjusting
fertilizer and pesticide use, and forecasting revenue.
6) Livestock Management is an area where machine learning algorithms analyze data from sensors on
livestock to monitor health, detect disease, and predict feed and water requirements. This information helps
to enhance animal welfare, lower the risk of disease outbreaks, and optimize feed and water usage. New
techniques provide the valuable insights and data-driven decision-making tools [44-50].
Machine learning is transforming the agriculture industry by providing farmers with valuable insights and data-
driven decision-making tools. These technologies help farmers to reduce waste, increase efficiency, and
optimize crop yield, leading to a more sustainable and profitable future for agriculture.
Table 4: Machine learning applications for precision agriculture
Sl.
No.
Application Description Data Sources Relevant ML
Techniques
Benefits
1 Crop Yield Predicting crop
yield for optimal
harvest time
Weather data,
soil data, crop
data
Regression,
clustering,
deep learning
Maximizes crop
yield, minimizes
costs, reduces
waste
2 Soil Mapping Mapping soil
properties for
precision nutrient
delivery
Satellite imagery,
soil sensor data,
weather data
Image analysis,
clustering,
regression
Precision
fertilization,
reduced nutrient
loss, increased
yields
3 Pest
Management
Identifying and
managing pests
and diseases
Sensor data,
weather data,
crop data, pest
data
Classification,
clustering,
anomaly
detection
Reduces crop
damage,
minimizes
pesticide use,
lowers costs
4 Irrigation Optimizing water Soil sensor data, Regression, Maximizes crop
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usage for efficient
crop growth
weather data,
crop data,
irrigation data
clustering,
deep learning
yield, reduces
water usage,
lowers costs
5 Livestock
Health
Monitoring and
managing animal
health
Sensor data,
health records,
weather data
Classification,
clustering,
anomaly
detection
Early detection of
disease, reduced
mortality,
increased
productivity
6 Harvest
Planning
Optimizing
harvest logistics
and planning
Weather data,
soil data, crop
data, machinery
data
Regression,
clustering,
deep learning
Maximizes
efficiency,
minimizes waste,
reduces labor
costs
7 Weather
Forecasting
Predicting
weather patterns
for farming
operations
Weather data Regression,
time-series
analysis
Helps with
planting
decisions, crop
management,
risk mitigation
8 Crop Disease Identifying and
preventing crop
diseases
Sensor data,
weather data,
crop data,
disease data
Classification,
clustering,
anomaly
detection
Early detection,
targeted
treatment,
reduces crop loss
9 Harvest Quality Predicting crop
quality at harvest
time
Sensor data,
weather data,
crop data
Regression,
clustering,
deep learning
Minimizes post-
harvest losses,
maximizes profit
potential
10 Food
Traceability
Tracking food
products from
farm to consumer
Sensor data,
supply chain
data, weather
data
Classification,
clustering,
anomaly
detection
Ensures food
safety, reduces
waste, builds
consumer trust
Machine Learning algorithms-
Precision agriculture utilizes advanced technologies, including remote sensing, GIS, IoT, and machine learning
algorithms, to enhance crop yields, minimize waste, and reduce costs. Various machine learning algorithms are
employed in precision agriculture [50-52], such as:Regression Analysis: This algorithm models the relationship
between different variables to anticipate the outcome of an event. It is applied in precision agriculture to
forecast crop yields by analyzing factors such as weather, soil type, and irrigation. The statistical technique of
regression analysis is employed to determine the correlation between two or more variables. Within precision
agriculture, regression analysis models the interrelationship between factors like weather patterns, soil
properties, and irrigation techniques and their impact on crop production. By utilizing regression analysis,
farmers can forecast future crop yields based on past data, thus enabling them to make informed decisions
about planting and harvesting.Decision Trees: A classification algorithm that categorizes data into different
groups. Decision trees can be employed in precision agriculture to classify crops based on growth patterns and
determine the optimal time for harvesting. Decision trees are a classification algorithm in machine learning that
categorize data based on a set of decision rules. In precision agriculture, decision trees can be utilized to
classify crops according to their growth patterns and identify the optimal time for harvesting. Additionally,
decision trees can identify crops that are more vulnerable to pests and diseases.Neural Networks: This type of
algorithm is used for image classification and recognition. In precision agriculture, neural networks analyze
images of crops to identify any diseases or pests that might be affecting them. Inspired by the functioning of the
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human brain, neural networks are a type of machine learning algorithm. In precision agriculture, neural
networks can analyze images of crops to detect diseases or pests. Neural networks can also perform image
classification and recognition to distinguish between crop varieties and assess produce quality.Support Vector
Machines (SVMs): An algorithm used to classify data into different categories. SVMs are utilized in precision
agriculture to categorize crops based on their growth patterns and estimate the ideal time for harvesting. SVMs
are machine learning algorithms utilized in classification and regression analysis. Within precision agriculture,
SVMs can classify crops according to growth patterns and forecast optimal harvest times. Additionally, SVMs
can identify crops that are more vulnerable to pests and diseases.Random Forest: An ensemble learning
algorithm used for classification, regression, and feature selection. Precision agriculture employs random forest
to predict crop yields by examining factors such as weather, soil type, and irrigation. Random forest is an
ensemble learning algorithm that combines multiple decision trees to increase prediction accuracy. Within
precision agriculture, random forest can predict crop yields by taking into account various factors such as
weather conditions, soil properties, and irrigation practices. Random forest can also be employed to select the
most significant variables that contribute to crop yields.
Impact of artificial intelligence (AI) and internet of things (IoT) in precision agriculture-
Precision agriculture involves the utilization of technology and data to enhance farming operations and
augment crop yields. In recent times, the emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things
(IoT) has transformed precision agriculture, empowering farmers to collect and evaluate data more efficiently,
precisely, and in real-time [53-55]. As a result, farmers can make informed decisions, maximize resources, and
increase productivity. The application of AI and IoT in precision agriculture has various specific applications,
such as:Sensors and IoT Devices: IoT sensors and devices collect data on weather, soil moisture, nutrient levels,
crop growth, and pest infestations. This data provides real-time insights into crop conditions, allowing farmers
to make informed decisions regarding irrigation, fertilization, and pest control.Data Analysis: AI algorithms
analyze vast amounts of data from IoT devices to identify patterns and make predictions. For instance, machine
learning algorithms use historical data to predict weather patterns and forecast crop yields. This information
helps farmers make better decisions regarding planting, irrigation, and harvesting.Autonomous Farming: AI-
powered autonomous vehicles and drones monitor crops, evaluate soil conditions, and apply fertilizer or
pesticides. These machines operate 24/7, providing continuous monitoring and enabling farmers to optimize
resource utilization.Smart Irrigation: IoT sensors monitor soil moisture levels and automatically adjust
irrigation systems to optimize water usage. This helps farmers conserve water and reduce their environmental
footprint.Crop Monitoring: AI-powered image recognition algorithms analyze images of crops to detect issues
such as disease, nutrient deficiencies, or pest infestations. This enables farmers to identify and resolve issues
early, preventing severe crop damage.AI and IoT technologies have revolutionized precision agriculture by
providing farmers with more data, insights, and automation. This empowers farmers to optimize resources,
reduce waste, and increase crop yields.
Table 5: Impact of Artificial Intelligence and Internet of Things in Precision Agriculture:
Sl.
No.
Impact Areas Artificial Intelligence (AI) Internet of Things (IoT)
1 Crop Yield AI algorithms can analyze data on
weather patterns, soil conditions, and
crop health to optimize farming
practices for increased yield.
IoT sensors can provide real-time
monitoring of soil moisture,
temperature, humidity, and other
conditions to help farmers adjust
farming practices for optimal crop yield.
2 Resource
Management
AI can optimize resource usage by
determining the right amount of water,
fertilizer, and pesticides to use based
on specific crop needs.
IoT sensors can monitor resource
usage, such as water and fertilizer, and
provide data to help farmers reduce
waste and optimize usage.
3 Maintenance AI can predict equipment failure and
schedule maintenance to prevent
IoT sensors can monitor equipment
performance in real-time and provide
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breakdowns and reduce downtime,
improving productivity.
early warnings of potential failures,
reducing the need for manual
inspections.
4 Livestock
Farming
AI can monitor animal health and
behavior to improve animal welfare,
detect signs of illness or distress, and
optimize livestock farming practices.
IoT sensors can monitor animal health
and behavior, feeding patterns, milk
production, and other factors to help
farmers optimize livestock farming
practices.
5 Decision aking AI can process vast amounts of data to
provide insights into the best farming
practices for specific crops and
environments, improving decision-
making for farmers.
IoT sensors can provide real-time data
on crop and equipment performance,
enabling farmers to make informed
decisions in real-time.
Blockchain technology in precision agriculture-
Precision agriculture can benefit from the use of blockchain technology, which is a decentralized ledger system
that enables secure and transparent transactions between parties without the need for a centralized authority.
With blockchain technology, farming data, such as soil quality, crop growth, weather patterns, and water usage,
can be tracked and recorded. By utilizing blockchain technology, precision agriculture can improve its
efficiency and accuracy. Farmers can enter data onto the blockchain, and this information can be accessed and
verified by other parties, including buyers, regulators, and insurers. As a result, all parties involved can access
the same data, which increases transparency and trust in the farming process. In addition, blockchain
technology ensures that data is secure and tamper-proof. Each transaction on the blockchain is recorded in a
block that is linked to the previous block in a chain. Each block contains a cryptographic hash of the previous
block, making it almost impossible to alter data without detection.Moreover, blockchain technology can enable
the use of smart contracts in precision agriculture. Smart contracts are self-executing agreements with terms
written directly into code. They can automate processes in precision agriculture, such as payment processing
and crop insurance payouts. Blockchain technology has the potential to provide several benefits to precision
agriculture, including increased efficiency, transparency, security, and automation. However, its adoption is still
in its early stages, and further research and development is required to fully realize its potential. Blockchain
technology has the potential to boost productivity in precision agriculture through various means:Data
Management: Efficient data management is crucial in precision agriculture [5,52,56], and blockchain
technology enables secure and decentralized storage of data, which can't be tampered with. This allows
farmers to collect and analyze data from diverse sources like weather patterns, soil moisture, and crop yields to
make informed decisions. Supply Chain Management: By utilizing smart contracts, blockchain technology can
streamline supply chain management in precision agriculture. This can help automate processes such as
payment, delivery, and quality control, reducing transaction costs and time delays, and improving supply chain
efficiency. Traceability: With the increasing importance of traceability in the food industry, blockchain
technology can allow farmers to track their crops from seed to harvest and beyond, ensuring food products'
safety and quality. This can raise consumer confidence and reduce the risk of foodborne illnesses. Collaborative
Decision Making: Blockchain technology can encourage collaborative decision making among farmers,
agronomists, and other stakeholders by sharing data and insights. This can lead to more informed decisions
and optimization of agricultural processes, ultimately increasing productivity and achieving better outcomes.
The application of blockchain technology in precision agriculture can improve data management, supply chain
management, traceability, and collaborative decision making, leading to increased productivity.
X. CONCLUSIONS
The integration of Remote Sensing (RS), UAV/drones, and Machine Learning (ML) has demonstrated its
potency in the field of precision agriculture. By combining these technologies, farmers can access accurate and
timely data, enabling them to make informed decisions that improve crop yields, reduce input costs, and
increase sustainability. In terms of productivity, the use of RS, UAV/drones, and ML enables farmers to detect
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issues early on and take corrective actions promptly, resulting in higher yields and better-quality crops.
Furthermore, farmers can reduce input costs by identifying areas of the field that require treatment, thereby
minimizing the use of fertilizers and pesticides. In addition, precision irrigation systems can help conserve
water and reduce energy costs associated with pumping and distribution. The application of precision
agriculture techniques has contributed to the overall sustainability of farming practices. By reducing the use of
fertilizers, pesticides, and water, farmers can minimize the impact on the environment, improve soil health, and
protect biodiversity. Additionally, precision agriculture can reduce greenhouse gas emissions associated with
farming practices, contributing to a more sustainable future. To achieve these benefits, farmers can use RS to
monitor crop growth, detect diseases and pests, and assess soil quality from a distance. UAV/drones can collect
higher resolution data, which improves the accuracy of crop monitoring and analysis. Machine learning
algorithms applied to this data can develop predictive models, allowing farmers to anticipate potential
problems and take corrective actions proactively. Although there are still challenges to address in data
processing, technology integration, and cost-effectiveness, the potential benefits of precision agriculture are
immense. As technology continues to advance and algorithms become more sophisticated, precision agriculture
will become an even more powerful tool for improving the efficiency and sustainability of farming practices.
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