Animal learning by Tahaa Saeed
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The document discusses different species concepts:
1. The typological species concept defines a species as having an idealized, invariant pattern shared by all members. It considers variation as trivial.
2. The nominalistic species concept believes that only individuals exist in nature, not species, which are human constructs.
3. The biological species concept defines a species as a group of interbreeding natural populations reproductively isolated from other such groups. It is widely accepted but has limitations for asexual groups, cryptic species, and evolutionary intermediates.
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The occurrence of more than one type of structurally and functionally different individuals within a population is called polymorphism.
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Here is a sample ethogram from a 10 minute observation of a dog:
B1- Eating (solitary, duration 2 minutes)
B2- Sleeping (solitary, duration 5 minutes)
B3- Grooming (solitary, duration 1 minute)
B4- Playing (social, duration 2 minutes)
Animal defense vs predators
Animal Defense against Predators
1. Many animals use chemical defenses like toxins produced in their bodies or obtained from their diets to deter predators. Examples include poison dart frogs, fire salamanders, bombardier beetles, and horned lizards.
2. Camouflage allows animals to blend into their environments and avoid detection from predators. Techniques include cryptic coloration, resembling other objects like sticks, rocks, or seaweed. Polar bears, butterflies, and shrimp all use camouflage.
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The ppt covers Introduction
Feeding habits in –, Phytophagous insects, Mycetophagous insects, Predaceous insects, Parasitic mode of nutrition ,Sensory organs associated with feeding, Sensilla on the mouthparts, Food selection by phytophagous insects, Prey specificity and selection by predators
Host- finding by blood- sucking and parasitic insects
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Ingestion by phytophagous, blood-sucking, predaceous and, venomous insects, Regulation of feeding, timing associated and food- storage in insects.
Development of Insects classification
Animals are classified into the animal kingdom. Each kingdom is then further divided into increasingly smaller groups based on similarities. The taxonomists names different levels of groups. The development of insects classification gets further advancement when compared to the earlier classification.
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Learning can be defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience. There are several theories and laws of learning. Thorndike's law of effect states that behaviors followed by satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated, while behaviors followed by unpleasant consequences are less likely to be repeated. Pavlov's classical conditioning theory explains how behaviors can become reflexive through repeated pairing with stimuli. Skinner's operant conditioning theory proposes that behaviors are shaped by their consequences - behaviors followed by reinforcement increase in frequency.
unit sheep and goat behavior
This document discusses sheep and goat behavior. It covers various types of behaviors including feeding, social, sexual, parental, drinking, excretory, exploratory, conflict, sleep, communication, climbing, shelter-seeking, learning, aggression, fear, anomalous, and behaviors during handling and restraint. The conclusion emphasizes that animal behavior results from interactions with internal and external stimuli and that understanding behavior can help producers more efficiently manage livestock.
Learning
Learning is the process of acquiring new knowledge and skills through experience. It begins at birth and continues throughout life through interactions with the environment. There are several types of learning, including associative learning like classical and operant conditioning, as well as observational learning, imprinting, and play. Learning is affected by both external factors like economic status and physical environment, as well as internal factors like motivation, attention, and emotions. Memory and retention are also influenced by learning activities, testing, and guidance over time.
Innate and instinctive behavior of dogs
Naila Mehdi's presentation topic is the innate, learned, and instinctive behaviors of dogs. Some of dogs' innate behaviors include suckling from their mother, chewing as their puppy teeth fall out, scent marking to avoid conflicts, and using their strong sense of smell to sniff. Instinctive dog behaviors include herding for shepherd dogs, digging for terriers, using their whole body to communicate, and retrieving for hunting dogs like Labradors. Learned behaviors in dogs include sitting when commanded, drooling when humans eat from Pavlov's experiments, being quiet when told, and learning cues like whining when their owner prepares to leave.
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Animal behaviour and types of animal behavior power point presentation
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Introduction:
Welcome to "Biochemistry Techniques 101: A Beginner's Lecture" presented by Tahaa Saeed. In this video, we'll dive into the fundamental techniques used in biochemistry, perfect for those new to the field. Whether you're a student or just curious about the subject, this lecture will provide you with a solid foundation.
Don't forget to like, subscribe, and hit the notification bell to stay updated on our latest biochemistry tutorials! Share this video with anyone who's interested in mastering the basics of biochemistry techniques.
Biochem Techniques Online Lecture 1-.pptx
This document provides an introduction to biochemistry techniques. It discusses that biochemistry explores chemical processes in living organisms and combines principles of biology and chemistry. Some common biochemistry techniques are then listed, including homogenization, centrifugation, various types of chromatography, electrophoresis, and use of spectrophotometry and radioisotopes. The document also covers laboratory ethics, biosafety concerns like viruses and carcinogens, and the problem-solving process in scientific research.
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Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
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With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
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Animal learning by Tahaa Saeed
- 1. Learning Behavior in Animals Tahaa Saeed
- 2. Animal Learning • Behavior that develops through experience • The need to exploit past experience being obviously extremely important for survival • the modification of behavior in response to specific experiences • Change in the environment • Not genetic (Not coded in DNA)
- 4. Characteristics • Often long lasting change • Not inherited (not passed down to next generation) • Some information or knowledge is acquired and is then used to alter the individual’s actions and responses • Learning as an adaptive behavior allows individuals to adapt to specific environment challenges • Fish, Mammals and birds can learn more than Invertebrate animals • Mammals can learn the most. • Human baby instinctive at start learned afterwards throughout the life • Not intrinsic • It is adaptable (Can be changed to suit the conditions) • It is progressive (can be refined through practice)
- 5. An Alone Animal • Learned behavior is due to the Observations and Experiences • So an animal which isolated or living might not be as good as showing the learned behaviour as others
- 7. Conditions • Animals learn a behavior only if they have gained benefit from the behavior • Instincts can be modified by learning • Depends on environment • It can’t be learnt by single spontaneous accident
- 8. Types of Animal Behavior • Habituation • Imprinting • Trial And Error • Conditioning
- 9. Habituation • Habituation can be defined in behavioral terms as a decline in responding to a repeatedly presented stimulus. • The decreased flight or fight response
- 11. Examples • Prairie dogs typically sound an alarm call when threatened by a predator. At first, they will give this alarm call in response to hearing human steps, which indicate the presence of a large and potentially hungry animal. • the prairie dogs gradually become habituated to the sound of human footsteps, as they repeatedly experience the sound without anything bad happening. Eventually, they stop giving the alarm call in response to footsteps
- 13. The Scarecrows • Crows and other birds get used to the scarecrows in a day or two that’s why they are continuously changed to get the results
- 15. Imprinting • A type of learning in which an animal forms a social attachment to another organism within specific time period after birth or hatching • Geese and other small birds
- 16. Example • When ducklings hatch, they imprint on the first adult animal they see, typically their mother. • Once a duckling has imprinted on its mother, the sight of the mother acts as a cue to trigger a suite of survival-promoting behaviors, such as following the mother around and imitating her.
- 18. Trial and Error • Behavior that is modified by experience is called trial and error • Both invertebrates and vertebrates learn by trial and error • Motivation is something inside an animal that causes an animal to act and take trys
- 19. Examples • Young chicks first start to peck for food Peck at different things and for many times until they learn to peck only the grains
- 21. Rat and Maze Experiment
- 22. Conditioning • In conditioning, the behavior is modified so that a response previously associated with one stimulus becomes associated with another
- 23. Examples
- 25. Human baby • When a baby touches a furry animal, struck hard on a metal object to frighten him • Keep doing it • After some trials the baby will start to be frightened even by the furry animal without the striking sound
- 26. References • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xq4ahmk4_HE • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning • https://www.britannica.com/science/animal- learning/Types-of-learning#ref62000 • https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/behavi oral-biology/animal-behavior/a/learned-behaviors • Merrill Life Science, Macmillan and McGraw-Hill