2. Animal Behavior
“An action produced by an animal in response to stimulus”
Stimulus/signal
Any change in the environment
Types
Ethology: Study of animal behavior
Ethologist: Person who study animal behavior
External stimulus
Changes outside the
body
Internal stimulus
Changes inside the
body
3. Types of animal behavior
There are 2 types of learning
• 1) learning behavior 2) innate behavior
Innate behavior (built in/inborn)
Nature
Incase species survival
Types
i) Orientation ii) Non orientation
4. Orientation
• Position based
• Direction based
Types
i) Kinesis ii) Taxes
Kinesis: non directional
eg; wood lice reach moist area
Taxes: directional
Positive taxis: response toward stimulus
eg: Moth moves toward light
Negative taxis: response away from stimulus
eg: Cockroach moves away from light
5. Non orientation
• Emotions, habits
Types:
1. Reflex: 2. Fixed action pattern
Reflex: automatic, involuntary response
Pupil contract when exposed to high light
6. • Fixed Action Pattern/Instinct
Part of inherited structure by which individual
response to stimulus
Permanent behavior (cant change)
eg Three spine stickle back fish
7. Learned behavior
• Acquired behavior
• Attain during life time
“learned behavior is process which manifest itself
by adoptive changes in individual behavior as
result of experience”
• Variety of learning in different animals
• Driving a car
• Cooking food
8. Example
• Lion cub born quite helpless is sheltered and
fed by mother until it can move. Constant
opportunity to watch and copy parents and
other member of groups.
• Hunt first live small prey when six month
• Two years it can hunt large animals
• Behavior change according to circumstances
throughout its life
10. Habituation
• Simplest form of learning
• Reduction of response which are no use
• Acquisition of new response but loss of old
one
• When animal is giving repeatedly stimulus its
natural response gradually decreases and it
may disappear entirely
11. Example of habituation
• A snail moving across sheet of glass retract
into its shell when glass is taped
• After short pause it emerge and continuous
crawling
• Second tape also cause retraction
• Tapping is continued for many times
• Snail response decreases gradually
• Finally decreases
12. Example of habituation
• Clark studied reduction in responsiveness
(habituation)
• Neries: (marine annelid)
• To live in glass tube in shallow basin of water
• Jarring the basin cause rapid retraction of head
and anterior segments of worm into tube
• It emerge again within minute
• The stimuli (jarring of basin) were repeated
frequently
• Proportion of response fell down
• finally vanished
13. Imprinting
“Form of learning in the early period of life is
called imprinting”
• Basic early experience retained throughout life
• Behavior elicted by visual, auditory
• Lorenz experimented on geese
• Brood of geese follow object it look
• Lorenz kept mother geese away from hatching
brood kept himself standing there
• Brood of geese follow him
• Henworth found same result on chick
14. • Social development of mammals
• Younger we adopt and rear the easier is to
tame (domesticate) them
• Younger Cat and dog become friend
• Long term cocequences
• Bowlby 1969 develop of theory of attachment
of a baby to its mother which draw extensively
from the animal experiment
• Period from 3-18 years sensitive and
separation increase risk of psychological
disturbances in adolescence and later life
15. Conditioned reflex
“Reflex action showed under certain condition is called
condition reflex”
• Pavlov performed classical experiment to demonstrate
condition reflex
• Placed Hungry dog on stand
• Controlled by harness
• Controlled stimuli meat powder was puffed into dog mouth
through tube
• Cause secretion of saliva
• Arrange a narrow pipe from salivary duct through the check
of the dog so that drop of saliva could be measured
16. • Blew meat powder into dog mouth and record
amount of saliva
• Process repeated several time
• Pavlov rang bell every time
• He rang bell every time he puffed meat
powder into dogs mouth
• Process repeated several times
• After many paring of sound bell with meat
powder dog salivate produced to sound of bell
alone was same as that which was given to
met powder
17. • The dog learn to response to a new stimulus which was
previously neutral
• Pavlov called salivation response to bell a conditioned
reflex
Before conditioning
• Meat powder was unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
• Saliva was unconditional reflex (UCR)
• Ring without food was Neutral stimulus (NS)
After conditioning
• The bell was conditioned stimulus (CS)
• Saliva was Condition response (CR)
Classical conditioning
• Learning that takes place when a conditional stimulus
is paired with unconditioned stimulus
18.
19. Trial and error learning
• Reward and punishment
• Thorndike experiment on cat
• Devise a box
• A bar in box open the door when pressed
• A fish was placed before hunger at placed in box
• Cat moves about random and sooner or later strikes the
bar
• Second time cat press lever and open door
• Cat associate herself pressing the with reward of food
• Such learning also called instrumental learning
20. Latent/hidden learning
Association of indifferent stimuli or situation with
out patent reward
Maze is placed opposite to rat house
Rat is not thrust or hungry
Their is no food in maze
He explore maze (sniffing, running)
He know the path
Does he learn anything from maze?
It can be utilize when need
Rat tested by giving food reward at other end of maze
Does he performed better than a rat put for the first time
Previous learning was latent
21. Insight learning
• Kholer and kolfka (1912)
• Advance learning
• Intelligence
• Make planning and solve problem
• Only found in Apes and man
• Primates make planning and solve the problem
• Box experiment
• Monkey use its brain and planning by putting boxes
upside down and reach bananas
