Dengue is caused by an virus named as Den of 4 serotypes. Den virus is being spread by a mosquito Aedes aegypti. It is very essential to understand symptoms of dengue, habit, habitat and life cycle of vector Aedes. There by Dengue control measures can be taken to control dengue diseases to prevent morbidity and mortality due to dengue.
Tropical diseases are the diseases that are most prevalent in tropical regions of the world. There are around 14 tropical diseases that causes great morbidity but still ranks low in the international health agendas and being "neglected" since it is confined to certain regions and does not spread across the globe. These diseases are eliminated in developed countries but are prevalent in developing countries because of improper sanitation.Here,I hope I have covered almost all the neglected tropical diseases.
Vector-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue, and Japanese encephalitis pose major health burdens globally and in India. In India, the National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) was launched in 2003 to control six key vector-borne diseases through integrated vector management and other strategies. The NVBDCP aims to reduce mortality from malaria, dengue, and Japanese encephalitis by half and eliminate kala-azar and lymphatic filariasis by targeted years. Japanese encephalitis, transmitted by Culex mosquitoes, poses high risks for children and is a growing problem in India. Chikungunya, transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, caused over a million cases during an
Vector borne diseases are caused by pathogens transmitted via the bite or contact with arthropods like insects and arachnids. The document outlines the major vector borne diseases according to the type of vector, including mosquito-borne diseases like malaria and dengue, fly-borne diseases such as African sleeping sickness, lice-borne typhus, flea-borne plague, and tick-borne Rocky Mountain spotted fever and Lyme disease. It provides details on the causative agents, hosts, methods of transmission, symptoms, and control measures for many of these important diseases.
Mosquitoes can transmit diseases like West Nile virus, eastern equine encephalitis, and malaria. There are 63 mosquito species in Ohio, with females laying eggs on standing water that hatch into larvae. Larvae mature into adult mosquitoes that can fly up to 10 miles per day. To prevent disease transmission, individuals should eliminate standing water sources near their home, use insect repellent and protective clothing, and seek medical care if experiencing symptoms like fever and headache after being bitten in an endemic area. Mosquito control involves removing breeding habitats, applying larvicides to water sources, and in some cases, area spraying of adulticides.
The document discusses dengue fever, which is caused by a virus transmitted by the Aedes mosquito. It describes the symptoms of dengue fever and characteristics of the Aedes mosquito. It explains that the female Aedes mosquito acquires the virus by biting an infected person and can then transmit the virus to others by biting them. It provides information on preventing the spread of dengue fever by eliminating places where Aedes mosquitoes can breed.
National framework for malaria elimination in indiaAparna Chaudhary
outlines India’s strategy for elimination of the disease by 2030. The framework has been developed with a vision to eliminate malaria from the country and contribute to improved health and quality of life and alleviation of poverty.
The document discusses integrated vector management (IVM) as an approach to vector-borne disease control. IVM involves understanding local vector ecology and patterns of disease transmission in order to select appropriate control methods from available options. It aims to improve cost-effectiveness and sustainability compared to traditional reliance on insecticides alone. Key elements of IVM include disease and vector surveillance, identifying and mapping local risk factors, participatory selection of control methods, monitoring and evaluation. The document outlines the steps in implementing IVM, including assessing disease burden and local resources available before developing context-specific strategies.
Emerging & re emerging infectious diseasesmebinninan
This document discusses trends in emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It notes that while diseases were suppressed in the 20th century by sanitation and medical advances, many new and resurgent diseases have emerged since the late 20th century. It identifies factors that contribute to disease emergence, such as animal to human transmission, environmental and climate changes, human behavior, poverty, and antimicrobial resistance. Examples of emerging diseases discussed include hepatitis C, avian influenza, and swine flu, while re-emerging diseases include diphtheria, cholera, plague, and dengue fever. It emphasizes the need for improved global surveillance and response networks to address the ongoing threat of infectious diseases.
Tropical diseases are the diseases that are most prevalent in tropical regions of the world. There are around 14 tropical diseases that causes great morbidity but still ranks low in the international health agendas and being "neglected" since it is confined to certain regions and does not spread across the globe. These diseases are eliminated in developed countries but are prevalent in developing countries because of improper sanitation.Here,I hope I have covered almost all the neglected tropical diseases.
Vector-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue, and Japanese encephalitis pose major health burdens globally and in India. In India, the National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) was launched in 2003 to control six key vector-borne diseases through integrated vector management and other strategies. The NVBDCP aims to reduce mortality from malaria, dengue, and Japanese encephalitis by half and eliminate kala-azar and lymphatic filariasis by targeted years. Japanese encephalitis, transmitted by Culex mosquitoes, poses high risks for children and is a growing problem in India. Chikungunya, transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, caused over a million cases during an
Vector borne diseases are caused by pathogens transmitted via the bite or contact with arthropods like insects and arachnids. The document outlines the major vector borne diseases according to the type of vector, including mosquito-borne diseases like malaria and dengue, fly-borne diseases such as African sleeping sickness, lice-borne typhus, flea-borne plague, and tick-borne Rocky Mountain spotted fever and Lyme disease. It provides details on the causative agents, hosts, methods of transmission, symptoms, and control measures for many of these important diseases.
Mosquitoes can transmit diseases like West Nile virus, eastern equine encephalitis, and malaria. There are 63 mosquito species in Ohio, with females laying eggs on standing water that hatch into larvae. Larvae mature into adult mosquitoes that can fly up to 10 miles per day. To prevent disease transmission, individuals should eliminate standing water sources near their home, use insect repellent and protective clothing, and seek medical care if experiencing symptoms like fever and headache after being bitten in an endemic area. Mosquito control involves removing breeding habitats, applying larvicides to water sources, and in some cases, area spraying of adulticides.
The document discusses dengue fever, which is caused by a virus transmitted by the Aedes mosquito. It describes the symptoms of dengue fever and characteristics of the Aedes mosquito. It explains that the female Aedes mosquito acquires the virus by biting an infected person and can then transmit the virus to others by biting them. It provides information on preventing the spread of dengue fever by eliminating places where Aedes mosquitoes can breed.
National framework for malaria elimination in indiaAparna Chaudhary
outlines India’s strategy for elimination of the disease by 2030. The framework has been developed with a vision to eliminate malaria from the country and contribute to improved health and quality of life and alleviation of poverty.
The document discusses integrated vector management (IVM) as an approach to vector-borne disease control. IVM involves understanding local vector ecology and patterns of disease transmission in order to select appropriate control methods from available options. It aims to improve cost-effectiveness and sustainability compared to traditional reliance on insecticides alone. Key elements of IVM include disease and vector surveillance, identifying and mapping local risk factors, participatory selection of control methods, monitoring and evaluation. The document outlines the steps in implementing IVM, including assessing disease burden and local resources available before developing context-specific strategies.
Emerging & re emerging infectious diseasesmebinninan
This document discusses trends in emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It notes that while diseases were suppressed in the 20th century by sanitation and medical advances, many new and resurgent diseases have emerged since the late 20th century. It identifies factors that contribute to disease emergence, such as animal to human transmission, environmental and climate changes, human behavior, poverty, and antimicrobial resistance. Examples of emerging diseases discussed include hepatitis C, avian influenza, and swine flu, while re-emerging diseases include diphtheria, cholera, plague, and dengue fever. It emphasizes the need for improved global surveillance and response networks to address the ongoing threat of infectious diseases.
this ppt describes the importance of medical entomolgy.contents are described using pictograms and photographs.useful for students of mbbs and for teaching purposes.
Presentation made by Zsuzsanna Jakab, WHO Regional Director for Europe, at the meeting "Health in Action reforming the Greek National Health System to Improve Citizens’ Health", on 5 March 2014, Athens, Greece.
The National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) is an umbrella programme under the National Health Mission that aims to control and prevent six vector-borne diseases: malaria, kala-azar, filariasis, dengue, Japanese encephalitis, and chikungunya. The programme focuses on disease management, integrated vector management, and supportive interventions like indoor residual spraying and larvivorous fish. Its goals are to reduce mortality from certain diseases and eliminate kala-azar and filariasis by targeted years. The programme is coordinated by the Directorate of NVBDCP and implemented at national, state, district, and local levels.
This document provides information on arthropods of medical importance, focusing on mosquitoes. It discusses the transmission of arthropod-borne diseases, including direct contact, mechanical transmission, and biological transmission. It then describes the life cycles and diseases transmitted by important mosquito genera like Anopheles, Culex, Aedes, and Mansonia. Control measures for mosquitoes and other arthropods like flies, sand flies, ticks, mites, and lice are also summarized. The document concludes by discussing various insecticides used for arthropod control, with a focus on the properties and action of DDT.
This document discusses emerging and reemerging diseases. It defines emerging diseases as those whose incidence in humans has increased in recent decades or are expected to increase, and reemerging diseases as those previously controlled but now developing drug resistance. Some factors that contribute to disease emergence and reemergence include weakened public health infrastructure, population increases and movement, environmental changes, and antibiotic overuse. The document examines examples of emerging diseases like Ebola and factors involved in specific outbreaks.
This document discusses emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It begins by quoting Girolamo Frascatoro who spoke about syphilis in the 15th century, noting diseases will reoccur. Microbes evolve faster than humans. Infectious diseases have significantly impacted history, like the Black Plague. Emerging diseases are new, while re-emerging were previously controlled but increasing. Factors contributing to emergence include microbial adaptation, human behavior, and environmental changes. Examples discussed are MERS, Ebola, SARS, avian influenza, Zika virus, and potential bioterrorism agents. Preventing emergence requires surveillance, research, infrastructure, training, and prevention/control strategies.
Presentation by 3. Sabrina Vidaurri, MS, RS; Environmental Health Officer Supervisor, Rodent & Vector Program, Environmental Health Services Division, City of Austin/Travis County Health Department at Lost Creek Civic Organization general meeting on June 2, 2106.
emerging and re-emerging vector borne diseasesAnil kumar
this presentation in about emerging and re-emerging vector borne diseases and their spatial spread with reference to time, surveillance, monitoring and management program and other difficulties and suggestions for program
The document discusses major vector-borne diseases in Saudi Arabia (KSA), focusing on Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers. It defines vectors and vector-borne diseases, and lists common disease-transmitting vectors such as mosquitoes and ticks. It then discusses Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers in detail, including epidemiology in KSA. Specifically, it covers dengue fever, Rift Valley fever, Alkhurma hemorrhagic fever, and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, providing background, transmission methods, symptoms and outbreak histories in KSA for each. It concludes with prevention methods against vector-borne diseases like insecticide use and personal protective measures.
Malaria remains a major global health problem, though incidence and mortality have decreased in recent years. In 2015, there were an estimated 214 million malaria cases and 438,000 deaths worldwide. India also has a significant malaria burden, with estimates of annual deaths ranging from 15,000 to over 200,000. Key malaria indices calculated to monitor disease burden and evaluate control programs include annual blood examination rate, annual parasite incidence, slide positivity rate, and percentage of malaria cases that are falciparum. These indices are calculated using population data and numbers of blood slides examined and positive results to measure aspects of local transmission and intervention effectiveness.
The document discusses neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), including their origin, features, global burden, and approaches to control. Some key points:
1. NTDs refer to a group of chronic, debilitating diseases that primarily affect the world's poorest people in tropical areas. There are currently over 40 NTDs.
2. NTDs disproportionately impact over 1 billion people living on less than $1.25 per day and result in over 500,000 deaths and 25 million disability-adjusted life years lost annually.
3. Control approaches include mass drug administration, vaccination, and public health measures to help reduce transmission and morbidity of NTDs.
This document summarizes information about malaria epidemiology. It discusses that malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted via mosquito bites. Around 198 million cases and 584,000 deaths occurred globally in 2013, most among children in Africa. Specific high-risk groups include young children, pregnant women, people with HIV/AIDS, travelers, and immigrants. In India, around 22% of the population lives in high transmission areas, and malaria cases and deaths are most common in certain northeastern states. Unstable transmission is seasonal, and most Indians have little immunity. Treatment involves prompt diagnosis and complete treatment with antimalarial drugs like chloroquine, ACTs, or primaquine depending on the Plasmodium
Malaria is a major public health problem that affects many countries and causes nearly 1 million deaths annually. It is caused by a protozoan parasite (Plasmodium) transmitted via the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. There are four human malaria parasite species, with P. falciparum being the most deadly. Malaria transmission is influenced by factors like temperature, human and mosquito behavior, drug resistance, and control measures. The WHO classifies malaria epidemiology into several types based on transmission patterns and intensity in different geographic areas.
This document provides information on arthropod vector borne diseases. It discusses key topics such as the definition of arthropods and vectors. It also outlines the different modes of disease transmission by vectors including direct contact, mechanical transmission, and various types of biological transmission. Several important vector-borne diseases are described in detail, including the vectors that transmit them, their signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Diseases covered include malaria, lymphatic filariasis, Japanese encephalitis, dengue, yellow fever, and more.
National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP)Vivek Varat
This document provides information about India's National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP). The key points are:
1. NVBDCP aims to prevent and control malaria and other vector-borne diseases like dengue, Japanese encephalitis, kala-azar through strategies like early detection and treatment of cases, vector control measures and community participation.
2. Malaria control is a major focus, with strategies including prompt treatment, vector control through indoor residual spraying and larviciding, use of insecticide-treated bed nets, and environmental management.
3. The programme aims to reduce malaria morbidity and mortality in India and achieve an annual parasite index of less than 1 per 1000 population by 2017.
This document provides an update on the dengue fever outbreak in Pakistan in 2006. It discusses the pathogenesis and transmission of the dengue virus. Key points include:
- Over 3,000 suspected cases of dengue fever were reported in Pakistan with over 1,100 confirmed cases and 33 deaths. The outbreak was spreading from southern areas to the north.
- Dengue virus is transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito and there are four serotypes. Secondary infections with a different serotype pose a higher risk of more severe dengue hemorrhagic fever.
- Diagnosis involves tests like virus isolation, PCR, serology and identifying low platelets and hematocrit. Prevention relies on vector control and
polio endgame strategy and ipv introductionRuchita1989
This document discusses polio eradication efforts globally and in India. It provides background on the polio virus and disease. The key points are:
- The Global Polio Eradication Initiative was launched in 1988 and has reduced polio cases by over 99%, with only 3 endemic countries remaining.
- India introduced its Pulse Polio Immunization program in 1995 and was removed from the list of endemic countries in 2012 after its last case in 2011.
- The polio endgame strategy aims to stop all wild poliovirus transmission by 2014, introduce at least one dose of IPV, and eventually withdraw OPV, completing eradication by 2018.
- Surveillance of acute fl
Dengue fever is an illness caused by infection from the dengue virus and transmitted by mosquitoes. It is a global issue affecting up to 3 billion people annually and resulting in 50 million infections and 24,000 deaths each year. The first outbreak in Pakistan occurred in 2006 and cases have been rising since, with over 4,000 reported across Pakistan in 2011. The disease is transmitted by the Aedes mosquito, which breeds in stagnant water and bites primarily during the day. Common symptoms include high fever, headaches, muscle and joint pains, and potential bleeding issues in more severe cases. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms and prevention requires controlling mosquito populations.
This document provides information on communicable diseases like malaria and dengue. It discusses the causative agents, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of these diseases. Malaria is caused by plasmodium parasites and transmitted by mosquitoes. Symptoms include fever every 3-4 days. Treatment involves antimalarial drugs like chloroquine and primaquine. Dengue is caused by dengue virus and spread by Aedes mosquitoes. It presents as flu-like symptoms and in severe cases can lead to dengue hemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome. Diagnosis is by antibody testing and treatment focuses on fluid replacement and monitoring for complications.
Dengue is a major public health concern spread by Aedes mosquitoes. It can be self-limiting but dangerous in severe forms. Control activities include surveillance of cases and mosquito larvae, case management through diagnosis and treatment, vector control through environmental management and chemicals, outbreak response, capacity building, and community education. Key prevention methods are source reduction of mosquito breeding sites, larviciding, fogging, and personal protection measures. An integrated approach addresses all aspects of prevention, including inter-sectoral coordination and community participation.
This document provides information about dengue fever, including:
1. Dengue fever is caused by a virus transmitted by the Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes.
2. Symptoms include fever, headaches, muscle and joint pains, and a skin rash. It can potentially lead to death in 5% of cases.
3. Around half of the world's population lives in areas at risk of dengue outbreaks. There were major outbreaks in Asia and Pakistan in 2005 and 2006 that caused thousands of cases and deaths.
this ppt describes the importance of medical entomolgy.contents are described using pictograms and photographs.useful for students of mbbs and for teaching purposes.
Presentation made by Zsuzsanna Jakab, WHO Regional Director for Europe, at the meeting "Health in Action reforming the Greek National Health System to Improve Citizens’ Health", on 5 March 2014, Athens, Greece.
The National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) is an umbrella programme under the National Health Mission that aims to control and prevent six vector-borne diseases: malaria, kala-azar, filariasis, dengue, Japanese encephalitis, and chikungunya. The programme focuses on disease management, integrated vector management, and supportive interventions like indoor residual spraying and larvivorous fish. Its goals are to reduce mortality from certain diseases and eliminate kala-azar and filariasis by targeted years. The programme is coordinated by the Directorate of NVBDCP and implemented at national, state, district, and local levels.
This document provides information on arthropods of medical importance, focusing on mosquitoes. It discusses the transmission of arthropod-borne diseases, including direct contact, mechanical transmission, and biological transmission. It then describes the life cycles and diseases transmitted by important mosquito genera like Anopheles, Culex, Aedes, and Mansonia. Control measures for mosquitoes and other arthropods like flies, sand flies, ticks, mites, and lice are also summarized. The document concludes by discussing various insecticides used for arthropod control, with a focus on the properties and action of DDT.
This document discusses emerging and reemerging diseases. It defines emerging diseases as those whose incidence in humans has increased in recent decades or are expected to increase, and reemerging diseases as those previously controlled but now developing drug resistance. Some factors that contribute to disease emergence and reemergence include weakened public health infrastructure, population increases and movement, environmental changes, and antibiotic overuse. The document examines examples of emerging diseases like Ebola and factors involved in specific outbreaks.
This document discusses emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It begins by quoting Girolamo Frascatoro who spoke about syphilis in the 15th century, noting diseases will reoccur. Microbes evolve faster than humans. Infectious diseases have significantly impacted history, like the Black Plague. Emerging diseases are new, while re-emerging were previously controlled but increasing. Factors contributing to emergence include microbial adaptation, human behavior, and environmental changes. Examples discussed are MERS, Ebola, SARS, avian influenza, Zika virus, and potential bioterrorism agents. Preventing emergence requires surveillance, research, infrastructure, training, and prevention/control strategies.
Presentation by 3. Sabrina Vidaurri, MS, RS; Environmental Health Officer Supervisor, Rodent & Vector Program, Environmental Health Services Division, City of Austin/Travis County Health Department at Lost Creek Civic Organization general meeting on June 2, 2106.
emerging and re-emerging vector borne diseasesAnil kumar
this presentation in about emerging and re-emerging vector borne diseases and their spatial spread with reference to time, surveillance, monitoring and management program and other difficulties and suggestions for program
The document discusses major vector-borne diseases in Saudi Arabia (KSA), focusing on Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers. It defines vectors and vector-borne diseases, and lists common disease-transmitting vectors such as mosquitoes and ticks. It then discusses Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers in detail, including epidemiology in KSA. Specifically, it covers dengue fever, Rift Valley fever, Alkhurma hemorrhagic fever, and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, providing background, transmission methods, symptoms and outbreak histories in KSA for each. It concludes with prevention methods against vector-borne diseases like insecticide use and personal protective measures.
Malaria remains a major global health problem, though incidence and mortality have decreased in recent years. In 2015, there were an estimated 214 million malaria cases and 438,000 deaths worldwide. India also has a significant malaria burden, with estimates of annual deaths ranging from 15,000 to over 200,000. Key malaria indices calculated to monitor disease burden and evaluate control programs include annual blood examination rate, annual parasite incidence, slide positivity rate, and percentage of malaria cases that are falciparum. These indices are calculated using population data and numbers of blood slides examined and positive results to measure aspects of local transmission and intervention effectiveness.
The document discusses neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), including their origin, features, global burden, and approaches to control. Some key points:
1. NTDs refer to a group of chronic, debilitating diseases that primarily affect the world's poorest people in tropical areas. There are currently over 40 NTDs.
2. NTDs disproportionately impact over 1 billion people living on less than $1.25 per day and result in over 500,000 deaths and 25 million disability-adjusted life years lost annually.
3. Control approaches include mass drug administration, vaccination, and public health measures to help reduce transmission and morbidity of NTDs.
This document summarizes information about malaria epidemiology. It discusses that malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted via mosquito bites. Around 198 million cases and 584,000 deaths occurred globally in 2013, most among children in Africa. Specific high-risk groups include young children, pregnant women, people with HIV/AIDS, travelers, and immigrants. In India, around 22% of the population lives in high transmission areas, and malaria cases and deaths are most common in certain northeastern states. Unstable transmission is seasonal, and most Indians have little immunity. Treatment involves prompt diagnosis and complete treatment with antimalarial drugs like chloroquine, ACTs, or primaquine depending on the Plasmodium
Malaria is a major public health problem that affects many countries and causes nearly 1 million deaths annually. It is caused by a protozoan parasite (Plasmodium) transmitted via the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. There are four human malaria parasite species, with P. falciparum being the most deadly. Malaria transmission is influenced by factors like temperature, human and mosquito behavior, drug resistance, and control measures. The WHO classifies malaria epidemiology into several types based on transmission patterns and intensity in different geographic areas.
This document provides information on arthropod vector borne diseases. It discusses key topics such as the definition of arthropods and vectors. It also outlines the different modes of disease transmission by vectors including direct contact, mechanical transmission, and various types of biological transmission. Several important vector-borne diseases are described in detail, including the vectors that transmit them, their signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Diseases covered include malaria, lymphatic filariasis, Japanese encephalitis, dengue, yellow fever, and more.
National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP)Vivek Varat
This document provides information about India's National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP). The key points are:
1. NVBDCP aims to prevent and control malaria and other vector-borne diseases like dengue, Japanese encephalitis, kala-azar through strategies like early detection and treatment of cases, vector control measures and community participation.
2. Malaria control is a major focus, with strategies including prompt treatment, vector control through indoor residual spraying and larviciding, use of insecticide-treated bed nets, and environmental management.
3. The programme aims to reduce malaria morbidity and mortality in India and achieve an annual parasite index of less than 1 per 1000 population by 2017.
This document provides an update on the dengue fever outbreak in Pakistan in 2006. It discusses the pathogenesis and transmission of the dengue virus. Key points include:
- Over 3,000 suspected cases of dengue fever were reported in Pakistan with over 1,100 confirmed cases and 33 deaths. The outbreak was spreading from southern areas to the north.
- Dengue virus is transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito and there are four serotypes. Secondary infections with a different serotype pose a higher risk of more severe dengue hemorrhagic fever.
- Diagnosis involves tests like virus isolation, PCR, serology and identifying low platelets and hematocrit. Prevention relies on vector control and
polio endgame strategy and ipv introductionRuchita1989
This document discusses polio eradication efforts globally and in India. It provides background on the polio virus and disease. The key points are:
- The Global Polio Eradication Initiative was launched in 1988 and has reduced polio cases by over 99%, with only 3 endemic countries remaining.
- India introduced its Pulse Polio Immunization program in 1995 and was removed from the list of endemic countries in 2012 after its last case in 2011.
- The polio endgame strategy aims to stop all wild poliovirus transmission by 2014, introduce at least one dose of IPV, and eventually withdraw OPV, completing eradication by 2018.
- Surveillance of acute fl
Dengue fever is an illness caused by infection from the dengue virus and transmitted by mosquitoes. It is a global issue affecting up to 3 billion people annually and resulting in 50 million infections and 24,000 deaths each year. The first outbreak in Pakistan occurred in 2006 and cases have been rising since, with over 4,000 reported across Pakistan in 2011. The disease is transmitted by the Aedes mosquito, which breeds in stagnant water and bites primarily during the day. Common symptoms include high fever, headaches, muscle and joint pains, and potential bleeding issues in more severe cases. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms and prevention requires controlling mosquito populations.
This document provides information on communicable diseases like malaria and dengue. It discusses the causative agents, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of these diseases. Malaria is caused by plasmodium parasites and transmitted by mosquitoes. Symptoms include fever every 3-4 days. Treatment involves antimalarial drugs like chloroquine and primaquine. Dengue is caused by dengue virus and spread by Aedes mosquitoes. It presents as flu-like symptoms and in severe cases can lead to dengue hemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome. Diagnosis is by antibody testing and treatment focuses on fluid replacement and monitoring for complications.
Dengue is a major public health concern spread by Aedes mosquitoes. It can be self-limiting but dangerous in severe forms. Control activities include surveillance of cases and mosquito larvae, case management through diagnosis and treatment, vector control through environmental management and chemicals, outbreak response, capacity building, and community education. Key prevention methods are source reduction of mosquito breeding sites, larviciding, fogging, and personal protection measures. An integrated approach addresses all aspects of prevention, including inter-sectoral coordination and community participation.
This document provides information about dengue fever, including:
1. Dengue fever is caused by a virus transmitted by the Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes.
2. Symptoms include fever, headaches, muscle and joint pains, and a skin rash. It can potentially lead to death in 5% of cases.
3. Around half of the world's population lives in areas at risk of dengue outbreaks. There were major outbreaks in Asia and Pakistan in 2005 and 2006 that caused thousands of cases and deaths.
Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral disease transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes that can cause flu-like symptoms including fever, rash and joint pain. It is a major public health challenge in tropical and subtropical regions of the world with around 50 million cases estimated each year. The document outlines the causative virus, transmission, clinical features and management of dengue as well as prevention strategies focusing on mosquito control and community education.
Vector surveillance involves the ongoing collection, analysis, and dissemination of mosquito data to inform appropriate public health actions. The key objectives are to monitor mosquito populations and breeding sites to determine infection risk levels and recommend prevention/control measures. Common surveillance methods include adult mosquito collection, pupal surveys, larval surveys, and ovitrapping. Larval surveys inspect water containers to calculate larval indices like House Index, Container Index, and Breteau Index. Analysis of findings considers vector characteristics, community factors, and prioritizes areas for intervention and monitoring based on mosquito density levels. The information benefits various stakeholders for public health decision-making and research.
Vector-borne diseases pose a major global health challenge, with millions of cases and deaths each year. While malaria control has improved with interventions like long-lasting insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying, other vector-borne diseases like dengue, Zika and chikungunya are on the rise due to factors like increased urbanization and a lack of mosquito control since the 1970s. There is a need for a more coordinated global response against all vector-borne diseases that utilizes innovation in tools and technologies. The WHO has established programs and guidelines to review and recommend new vector control products, with several new classes and products currently in development and evaluation targeting various mosquito vectors.
Dengue fever is caused by infection with one of four dengue viruses transmitted by the Aedes mosquito. It is characterized by fever, severe headache, backache and joint pains. There is no vaccine currently available, so prevention focuses on eliminating stagnant water where Aedes breed and protecting against mosquito bites. Community education and participation are important to control the disease.
Agent factors of dengue- topic for 15 min pedagogydr.balan shaikh
Dengue fever is a viral infection spread by Aedes mosquitoes, mainly A. aegypti and A. albopictus. There are 4 serotypes of the dengue virus that cause illness. Secondary infection with a different serotype can cause severe dengue hemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome due to antibody-dependent enhancement. The dengue virus has a single-stranded RNA genome and replicates in both humans and mosquitoes. In India, DENV1 and DENV2 are predominant and cases peak following the monsoon season.
Dengue control programme kma 7 oct. copydrjagannath
This document discusses Dengue control programmes in India. It begins with an overview of Dengue as the most common arthropod-borne viral disease affecting urban and peri-urban areas. It then provides details on Dengue virus and clinical syndromes. The majority of the document outlines India's National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme strategies, which include early case detection and treatment, integrated vector management through environmental modification and chemical/biological control, and behavior change communication. Statistics on reported Dengue cases in Maharashtra from 2018 are also presented.
Dengue is a viral disease transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito. It is endemic in over 100 tropical and subtropical countries. The document discusses the distribution, epidemiology, statistics, signs and symptoms, laboratory diagnosis, and prevention of dengue. Laboratory tests discussed include dengue IgM ELISA, dengue IgG/IgM rapid test, and dengue NS1 antigen test. Prevention involves avoiding mosquito bites by using insect repellent, wearing protective clothing, sleeping under nets, and eliminating standing water where mosquitoes breed.
The West Nile virus originated in Uganda in 1937 and has since spread throughout Africa, Europe, the Middle East, and Asia, reaching the United States in 1999. It is transmitted primarily between birds via mosquitoes, and can infect humans, causing mild to severe illness. Older adults over 50 are most at risk. While there is no vaccine, individuals can reduce risk of infection by using insect repellent, eliminating standing water where mosquitoes breed, and minimizing outdoor activity during dusk and dawn when mosquitoes are most active.
Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne viral disease caused by the dengue virus of which there are 4 types. It is a major international public health concern affecting over 100 countries. It is transmitted by the bites of female Aedes mosquitoes, most commonly Aedes aegypti. There are 50-100 million infections estimated annually worldwide with severe cases resulting in dengue hemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome. Prevention relies on reducing mosquito habitats and bites through source reduction and personal protective measures. There is currently no vaccine for dengue fever.
This document provides information about dengue fever, including its causes, symptoms, distribution, history, and prevention. It is caused by infection with a virus transmitted by the Aedes mosquito. The document describes the characteristics and life cycle of the Aedes mosquito, how it transmits diseases like dengue, and the symptoms of dengue fever ranging from mild to severe including dengue hemorrhagic fever. It also discusses the history of dengue, its global distribution, available tests and treatments. The key message is that prevention through mosquito control and avoiding breeding sites is important since there is no vaccine.
Chikungunya is an acute viral disease spread by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. It causes fever, joint pain, and rash. While symptoms are often self-limiting, joint pain can persist for months or years. The disease predominantly affects urban areas and is clinically similar to dengue fever. Prevention focuses on reducing mosquito habitats and bites through environmental management and personal protective measures. Currently, no vaccine exists and treatment is symptomatic.
Peste des-ruminants-is-a-rinderpest.doc pdfGudyne Wafubwa
Peste des petits ruminant virus (PPRV) is a disease mostly affecting goats and sheep. Since its first discovery, it has caused massive economic loss to most small pastoralists in Africa and other developing countries. It is the integral role of all stakeholders to join hands so as to eradicate the disease.
Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral disease affecting millions of people worldwide each year. It is transmitted by the bites of infected Aedes aegypti and albopictus mosquitoes, which breed in stagnant water. The dengue virus causes flu-like symptoms including fever, muscle pains, and rashes. While most cases are mild, severe dengue can cause potentially lethal complications. Prevention efforts focus on eliminating mosquito breeding sites and reducing exposure to bites. A dengue vaccine was recently approved but more research is still needed.
Rabies is classified as a direct zoonosis transmitted through bites or licks. It is a fatal viral infection of the central nervous system caused by lyssavirus. Rabies remains a major public health problem globally, though some areas are considered rabies-free if there are no indigenous human or animal cases reported for over 2 years. Clinical features include hydrophobia and aerophobia. Post-exposure prophylaxis involves wound cleansing, rabies immunoglobulin, and a course of anti-rabies vaccination to prevent onset of symptoms. Control relies on dog vaccination, restraint, and elimination of stray animals.
Dengue fever is caused by dengue virus, which has four serotypes. It is transmitted by the bites of infected Aedes mosquitoes. The document discusses the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and control of dengue fever. It outlines how to conduct emergency mosquito control operations and treat patients during outbreaks through vector control methods like spraying and reducing breeding sites, and maintaining fluid volume for severe cases in hospitals. The goal is to eliminate infected mosquitoes and break transmission, while providing care to patients.
Dengue fever is caused by dengue virus, which has four serotypes. It is transmitted by the bites of infected Aedes mosquitoes. The document discusses the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and control of dengue fever. It describes how dengue is controlled through emergency mosquito control measures like insecticide spraying and source reduction, as well as through treatment of patients in hospitals. Personal protective measures, larval source reduction, and integrated vector management strategies are important for long-term prevention and control of dengue transmission.
Dengue fever is caused by a virus transmitted through the bites of infected Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. The mosquitoes breed in artificial water containers and their bites can transmit four types of dengue virus. Dengue fever causes high fever, headaches, and joint pains. In severe cases it can lead to dengue hemorrhagic fever with bleeding and low platelet counts. There is no vaccine or specific treatment, so prevention focuses on eliminating mosquito breeding sites and protecting against bites.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
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Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
6. To reduce the disease burden
of Dengue and Chikungunya
To reduce the case fatality rate
(CFR) due to Dengue
The objectives and Strategies
7. Dengue is a self limiting, acute
disease
Dengue is caused by an arbovirus
& transmitted by Aedes
mosquitoes.
Both Aedes aegypti and Aedes
albopictus can transmit the
disease.
Dengue
11. AGENT
Flavivirus
Single stranded RNA virus , 50 nanometers
Four sero types DEN- 1 to 4
DEN -1 and DEN -2, more prevalent in India.
Although all four serotypes are antigenicaly similar,
they are different enough to elicit cross-protection
only for few months after infection by any one of
them
Infection with any one serotype confers lifelong
immunity to the virus serotype.
Man and mosquito are reservoirs of infection.
Zoonotic virus , Man is accidentally infected
12. Some infections result in DHF (Dengue
Haemorrhagic Fever)
Severe form – DSS (Dengue Shock
Syndrome) can be lethal –because of
increased vascular permeability & shock.
Over past two decades, global increase in
frequency of DF, DHF and its epidemics,
with a concomitant increase in disease
incidence.
Dengue
18. Life Cycle Aedes Mosquito,
7 – 9 Days & Life 3 Weeks
2 Days
5 Days
1 - 2 Days
3 Weeks
Adult Mosquito
19. Breeding Habit
It breeds in fresh water inside & around
houses
Lays eggs preferentially in water jars,
discarded containers, coconut shells, old
tyres etc.
Year round breeding 250 N to 250 S
Tropics and sub-tropics are its favorite zones.
It is generally an urban/ semi urban vector
Can survive up to 3 weeks under normal
temperature & humidity
20. Silvery-white ‘sickle -
shaped“ pattern of scales
on its scutum
White stripe down the
center beginning at the
dorsal surface of the
head and continuing
along the thorax.
Identification of
Aedes aegypti
Identification of
Aedes albopictus
21. Vectorial Capacity of Aedes
Propagative type of Transmission
After feeding on viremic host, mosquito takes
8 to 11 days for virus to propogate, to levels
sufficient to transmit
Once infected, remains infected for life
160 C to 400 C temperature is suitable for
transmission of disease
Aedes ceases to bite below 160 C temperature
Transovarian Transmission
22. Biting Habit
Day biter
Late Morning
Early Evening
Repeated bite
Bites when normally coils,
repellents, nets etc are not used
Feeding Habit
Anthroponotic
23. Resting Habit
Rests Indoors in closet & dark places
Rests Outdoors in cool & shady places
Difficult to catch adult mosquito
Risky to catch infected mosquito
Flight Range
Limited
About 400 Mtr.
42. (i) Surveillance -
• Disease Surveillance
• Entomological Surveillance
(ii) Case management
• Laboratory diagnosis
• Clinical management
(iii) Vector management
• Environmental management for Source
Reduction
• Chemical control
• Personal protection
• Legislation
Keyeight elements of Control Plan
43. Key eight elements of Plan are as under
(iv) Outbreak response
• Epidemic preparedness
• Media management
(v) Capacity building
• Training
• Infrastructure development
• Operational research
(vi) Behaviour Change Communication
• Social mobilization,
• IEC
(vii) Inter-sectoral coordination
• Health & non health sector
(viii) Monitoring & Supervision
• Review, field visit , feedback
• Analysis of reports
44. ELISA based antigen detection test (NS1 - nonstructural
protein 1) Fever from day 1 to day 5
Antibody detection test IgM Capture ELISA (MAC
ELISA) after 5th day of onset of fever
MAC-ELISA is based on detecting the dengue-specific
IgM antibodies in the test serum by capturing them out
of solution using anti-human IgM
Rapid Diagnostic tests -not recommended
under the programme
Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) kits for IgM/IgG
antibodies and NS1 are available
Accuracy of these tests is not known since they have not
yet been properly validated.
Laboratory Diagnosis –GoI Recommended
Elisa Based Tests For confirmation of Dengue infection
45. Samples should be collected soon after the onset of
illness or admission (acute serum, S1)
Shortly before discharge from the hospital or,
In the event of death (convalescent serum, S2).
Collect a third specimen- after subsidence of fever
-late convalescent serum, S3, (i.e.7-21 days after
the acute serum S1)
Transport in cold chain (40 C to 80 C temperature )
Lab Testing- Mention day of onset of fever and day
of sample collection to perform :-
NS1, fever day 1 to 5 and
IgM, fever after day 5.
Collection of Specimens
47. WHICH LARVICIDES USED
Larvicide's
which are safe,
without any odour or colour,
having residual effect with low mammalian
toxicity and
do not pose any health hazard
These are:-
Temophos (Abate)/ Bacillus thuriengensis
Mosquito Larvicidal Oil (MLO)
Paris green
48. 2.5cc dissolved in 10 litres water.
20 cc sprayed over one Sq. meter areas.
1 litre Solution for 50 Linear meters.
200 litres for one Hectare area.
Equipment- Knapsack sprayer.
Can apply in all water bodies.
Weekly application.
1 ppm (1 mg per liter of water).
Temophos
Larvicide - Doses Applied
51. Space Spray- Indoors
1 litre Pyrethrum mixed in 19 litres
kerosene/Diesel.
Space spray, 15-30cc solution sprayed
over 30 Cubic meter space at a
concentration of 0.1% - 0.2%.
Time- Morning or Evening.
Equipment- Hand operated fogging
machine/ Flit pump/ Ganesh pump/
SP Bolo machine.
Close doors and windows for 1 hour.
Pyrethrum Extract 2%
55. Space Spray Outdoors
5 parts Malathion Technical mixed
in 95 parts diesel.
Time- Morning or Evening.
Equipment- Thermal fogging
machine mounted on vehicle.
Vehicle speed 6 Km per hour.
Fogging outdoors on roads.
Outside air flow should be normal.
Malathion Technical 95%
57. 59
Epidemiological Interpretation of
Various Entomological Indices
Breteau Index >10 (High risk of Transmission)
Breteau Index <5 (Low risk of transmission)
House Index >5% (High risk of Transmission)
House Index <1% (Low risk of Transmission)
58. 60
Entomological Surveillance
Aedes aegypti is the main vector
VECTOR SURVEILLANCE
1 Larval surveys:
i) House index (Hl):
percentage of houses infested with larvae and/or pupae
HI = Number of Houses infested X100
Number of Houses inspected
HI = 15 X 100 = 15
100
> 5 HI indicates high risk of transmission
The house index has been most widely used for
monitoring infestation levels, but it does not take into
account the number of positive containers nor the
productivity of those containers.
59. 61
Entomological Surveillance
Aedes aegypti is the main vector
VECTOR SURVEILLANCE
1 Larval surveys:
ii) Container Index (Cl):
percentage of water holding containers infested with
larvae or pupae.
CI = Number of Positive Container X100
Number of Containers inspected
CI = 45 X 100 = 18 %
250
Container Index provides information only on the
proportion of water-holding containers that are
positive
60. 62
Entomological Surveillance
Aedes aegypti is the main vector
VECTOR SURVEILLANCE
1 Larval surveys:
iii) Breteau Index (Bl):
Number of positive containers per 100 houses inspected
BI = Number of Positive Containers X100
Number of Houses inspected
BI = 45 X 100 = 45
100
> 10 BI indicates high risk of transmission
Breteau index establishes a relationship between
positive containers and houses, and is considered to be
the most informative, but again there is no reflection
of container productivity
61. 63
Entomological Surveillance
Aedes aegypti is the main vector
VECTOR SURVEILLANCE
1 Larval surveys:
iv) Pupae Index (Pl):
Number of pupae per 100 houses
PI = Number of pupae X100
Number of Houses inspected
PI = 30 X 100 = 30
100
Pupal Index provides vital information, which needs
special attention for taking preventive measures.
62. 64
Interpretation of Various
Entomological Indices
Date Total
House
s
House
s +ve
for
larva
Total
Container
s
Contai
ner +ve
for
larva
Aedes Larva Collection
(Index)
Result
Area
under
House Bruteau Contai
ner
6.6.14 20 12 18 12 60% 90 66%
High
risk
7.6.14 13 3 6 3 23% 46 50%
High
risk
8.6.14 33 0 0 0 0% 0 0%
Low
risk
Distt.-Sehore CHC-Ashta Village-Khajuriya Kasam
63. 65
Interpretation of Various
Entomological Indices
Date Total
House
s
House
s +ve
for
larva
Total
Container
s
Contai
ner +ve
for
larva
Aedes Larva Collection
(Index)
Result
Area
under
House Bruteau Contai
ner
6.6.14 20 12 18 12 60% 90 66%
High
risk
7.6.14 13 3 6 3 23% 46 50%
High
risk
8.6.14 33 0 0 0 0% 0 0%
Low
risk
Distt.-Sehore CHC-Ashta Village-Khajuriya Kasam
64.
65. First reported during 1956 from Vellore district in
Tamil Nadu.
First DHF outbreak occurred in Calcutta (West
Bengal) in 1963 with 30% haemorrhagic
manifestations
As Aedes aegypti breeding is more common in urban
areas, the disease was prevalent in urban areas.
Due to socio economic &man made ecological
changes Aedes aegypti mosquitoes found into rural
areas,
So chances of spread of disease in rural areas have
increased.
Dengue in India
66. Collection of Specimens
Laboratory diagnosis of dengue depends on proper
collection, processing, storage and shipment of the specimens.
Samples could be collected as soon as possible after the
onset of illness, hospital admission or attendance at a clinic
(acute serum, S1)
Shortly before discharge from the hospital or, in the event
of a fatality, at the time of death (convalescent serum, S2).
In the event hospital discharge occurs within 1-2 days of
the subsidence of fever collect a third specimen 7-21 days
after the acute serum (S1) was drawn (late convalescent
serum, S3).
While sending the samples for lab confirmation the day of
onset of fever and day of sample collection should be
mentioned to guide the laboratory for the type of test to be
performed NS1 (nonstructural protein 1) for samples
collected from day 1 to 5 and IgM after day 5.
67. Laboratory Diagnosis -Recommended tests -
GoI recommends use of ELISA based antigen detection test
(NS1) for diagnosing the cases from 1st day to 5th day
Antibody detection test IgM Capture ELISA (MAC ELISA)
for diagnosing the cases after 5th day of onset of disease for
confirmation of Dengue infection.
MAC-ELISA is based on detecting the dengue-specific IgM
antibodies in the test serum by capturing them out of
solution using anti-human IgM
Rapid Diagnostic tests
A number of commercial Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) kits
for anti-dengue IgM/IgG antibodies and NS1 are available at
present which produces the results within 15 to 23 minutes.
However, the accuracy of most of these tests is not known
since they have not yet been properly validated. Hence
currently use of RDT is not envisaged under the programme.