The document provides information about the urinary system and its components. It discusses the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. It describes the location and structure of the kidneys, as well as the microscopic structure of nephrons. It also discusses the pathways of urine flow from the kidneys to the bladder via the ureters. The urinary bladder and urethra are described in terms of their location, structure, and functions in both males and females.
Anatomy of urinary bladder. surfaces, border of urinary bladder its relation , ligament support, peritoneal relation in male and females, pouches, blood supply of bladder, nerve supply of bladder, true and false ligament of urinary bladder,
The urethra is a passageway located in your body's pelvic region. The walls of the tube are thin and made up of epithelial tissue, smooth muscle cells and connective tissue. The urethra has two different types of sphincters, or muscles that act as valves that open or close
Anatomy of urinary bladder. surfaces, border of urinary bladder its relation , ligament support, peritoneal relation in male and females, pouches, blood supply of bladder, nerve supply of bladder, true and false ligament of urinary bladder,
The urethra is a passageway located in your body's pelvic region. The walls of the tube are thin and made up of epithelial tissue, smooth muscle cells and connective tissue. The urethra has two different types of sphincters, or muscles that act as valves that open or close
Dr. Prabin Kumar Bam, MBBS
Anatomy of urinary bladder, introduction, gross features, histology, relations, interior of the bladder, trigone of bladder, uvula vesicae, ligaments of urinary bladder, histology of urinary bladder,
Prabin Kumar Bam
anatomy of duodenum, location or position of duodenum, parts of duodenum, relations of each parts of duodenum, ligaments of treitz, visceral and peritoneal relation of duodenum, blood supply of duodenum, innervation of duodenum, clinical aspects of duodenum, duodenal ulcer, diverticulum, deodinitis, duodenal obstruction
venous drainage of the upper limb, median vein of forearm, deep veins, basilic vein, cephalic vein, median cubital vein, superficial vein, dorsal venous arch,
Dr. Prabin Kumar Bam, MBBS
Anatomy of urinary bladder, introduction, gross features, histology, relations, interior of the bladder, trigone of bladder, uvula vesicae, ligaments of urinary bladder, histology of urinary bladder,
Prabin Kumar Bam
anatomy of duodenum, location or position of duodenum, parts of duodenum, relations of each parts of duodenum, ligaments of treitz, visceral and peritoneal relation of duodenum, blood supply of duodenum, innervation of duodenum, clinical aspects of duodenum, duodenal ulcer, diverticulum, deodinitis, duodenal obstruction
venous drainage of the upper limb, median vein of forearm, deep veins, basilic vein, cephalic vein, median cubital vein, superficial vein, dorsal venous arch,
This lecture help the students such as medical ,nursing , and any health care provider to understand the basic information about anatomy of Genitourinary system
these slides are prepared to understand Urinary system IN EASY WAY Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU... CHANEL PLAYLIST- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6 MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/ FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S... facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139... FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG – BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu... Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
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Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
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5. A. Elimination of waste products
• Nitrogenous wastes
• Toxins
• Drugs
Functions of the Urinary System
6. B. Regulate aspects of homeostasis
• Water balance
• Electrolytes
• Acid-base balance in the blood
• Blood pressure
• Red blood cell production
• Activation of vitamin D
Functions of the Urinary System
11. The kidneys are bean-shaped organs, lie retroperitoneally
(behind the peritoneum) in the posterior abdominal wall
Either side of the vertebral column
They typically extend from T12 to L3
The right kidney is often situated slightly lower due to the
presence of the liver
The kidneys filter blood to remove unwanted substances.
They also secrete waste into the urine
kidney
14. Hilum
The medial border of the kidney presents a deep vertical slit
called hilum.
It transmits (from before backward)
Renal vein
Renal artery
Renal pelvis of the ureter
(VAP)
23. Skin
Posterior layer of
thoracolumbar fascia
Superficial fascia
middle layer of
thoracolumbar fascia
Quadratus lumborum
Erector spinae
Psoas major muscle
24. Layers of posterior abdominal wall to reach kidney
(From back to front)
Skin
Superficial fascia
Posterior layer of thoracolumbar fascia
Erector spinae muscle
Middle layer of thoracolumbar fascia
Quadratus lumborum muscle
Anterior layer of thoracolumbar fascia
Psoas major muscle
25. Transversalis fascia
Paranephric fat
Renal fascia / false capsule / fascia of gerota
Perinephric fat
Renal capsule / true fascia
26. Anterior relation of right kidney
সখী
হেলে
দুলে
হ োথো
যোও
Supra renal gland (right)
Hepatic
Duodenum
Colic flexure (right)
Jejunum
37. Medulla
10-18 conical or pyramidal structure, the pyramids
Each pyramid presents- base and apex
Renal substance / kidney proper
38. It is a cavity within the kidney communicate outside
through the hilum.
Content of sinus:
1. Excretory apparatus– minor calyces, major calyces
and pelvis of ureter
2. Renal vessels
3. Lymph vessels
Calyces – cup-shaped structures that funnel urine
towards the renal pelvis
Renal sinus
41. Microscopic structure of kidney
Each kidney consists of 1 to 3 millions of uriniferous tubules
Each uriniferous tubule has 2 components-
1. nephron
2. collecting tubules
The nephron is the structural and functional unit
44. A specialized capillary bed
Attached to
arterioles on both sides
(maintains
high pressure)
Large afferent
arteriole
Narrow efferent
arteriole
Glomerulus
45. Bowman’s capsule
Beginning segment of the nephron (Bowman’s capsule)
Double layer of epithelial cells
Inner layer or visceral layer consists of unique and
highly modified branching epithelial cells, called
podocytes
Outer layer – simple squamous epithelium
53. Arterial portal system
1st set capillary- glomerular capillary plexus
Function- ultrafiltration
2nd set – peritubular capillary plexus
Function- reabsorbtion
54. Peritubular Capillaries
Arise from efferent arteriole of the glomerulus
Normal, low pressure capillaries
Attached to a venule
Close to the renal tubule
Reabsorb some substances from collecting tubes
58. Ureters
Slender tubes attaching the kidney to the bladder
Continuous with the renal pelvis
Enter the posterior aspect of the bladder
Runs behind the peritoneum
Peristalsis aids gravity in urine transport
25 cm length, 3 mm diameter
59. Ureters
It has 3 parts-
1. Pelvis of the ureter
2. Abdominal part
3. Pelvic part
60. Pelvis of the ureter
It is funnel shaped.
Formed by major
calyces with in the
renal sinus
Up to lower pole of the
kidney
Capacity 5 to 7 ml
63. pelvic part of the ureter
course
Enter in the pelvic brim
Then along the sacroiliac joint
In the lateral pelvic wall, along the anterior margin
of the greater sciatic notch
Reach the ischial spine
Then ureter passes forward and medially reach the
superolateral surface of the urinary bladder and
finally pierces the muscles of the urinary bladder
67. Female
Relation of pelvic part of the ureter
Ureter form the posterior boundary of the ovarian fossa.
At the level of the cervix,
ureter lies below the uterine artery
Mnemonics
(Water under the bridge)
water = urine in ureter
bridge = uterine artery
68.
69.
70. Constriction of the ureter
3 constrictions
1. At the ureteropelvic
junction
2. At the pelvic brim
3. At the entrance to
bladder
71. Blood supply of the ureter
1. From the renal artery
2. Gonadal artery
3. Lumbar artery
4. Common iliac
5. Internal iliac
72. Urinary bladder
Position
Empty bladder- pelvic organ
Distended bladder- abdomino-pelvic
Shape
Empty bladder- tetrahedral
Distended bladder- ovoid
Capacity
150- 320 ml
78. Walls are thick and folded in an empty bladder
Temporary folds or rugae present, disappear in
distended
Three layers of smooth muscle (detrusor muscle)
Bladder can expand significantly without increasing
internal pressure
Interior of bladder
79. Trigone – three openings
Two from the ureters
One to the urethra
It is most fixed and dependent part
Richly supplied by blood vessels and nerves
83. Urethra
Length
Females – 3–4 cm (1 inch)
Males – 20 cm (8 inches)
Location
Females – along wall of the vagina
Males – through the prostate and penis
87. The prostatic urethra is enclosed in the prostate gland.
The membranous urethra is a short section that
penetrates the urogenital diaphragm.
The spongy urethra or penile urethra extends from the
membranous urethra to the external urethral orifice
(meatus).
88. Function
Females – only carries urine
Males – carries urine and is a passageway
for sperm
89.
90. Release of urine is controlled by two sphincters
Internal urethral sphincter (involuntary)-
It formed by thickening of circular muscle.
Situated at the bladder neck.
In case of male above the prostate.
External urethral sphincter (voluntary)-
Sphincter urethrae muscle.
In case of male below the prostate.
This sphincter must be voluntarily relaxed.
Both sphincter muscles must open to allow voiding.
91.
92. Micturition
Urination
Is a process of emptying of the bladder through the urethra
Is a process of elimination of urine from the kidneys,
with or without participation of the bladder
94. Sympathetic
Nerve of filling
Close the sphincter and relax the detrusor muscles
Para sympathetic
Nerve of emptying
Open the sphincter and constrict the detrusor muscles
99. Atonic bladder
Loss of bladder muscle tone (detrusor muscle)
Sensory fiber interruption
No micturition reflex
Bladder injury
100. Urinary incontinence
Pelvic floor muscles, the vagina, and ligaments support your
bladder. Childbirth and other events can injure this support the
bladder in women.
Dribbling of urine occur.
102. Supra renal gland
Also known as adrenal gland
It is the part of endocrine system
2 in number
Right gland is pyramidal and left is semilunar in
shape
Each gland is invested by inner true capsule and
outer false capsule
Outer false capsule is derived from renal fascia
104. Supra renal gland are responsible for release of
hormones
that regulate,
Metabolism
Electrolyte balance
Blood pressure maintenance
Response to stress
Function
107. Outer cortex
G Zona Glomerulosa Mineralocorticoids
F Zona Fasciculata Glucocorticoids
R Zona Reticularis Androgen
108.
109.
110. Blood supply
Three arteries usually supply each adrenal gland
1. superior suprarenal artery, a branch of the inferior
phrenic artery
2. middle suprarenal artery, a direct branch of the
abdominal aorta.
3. inferior suprarenal artery, a branch of the renal artery.
The suprarenal glands require a large supply of blood and release
hormones directly into the bloodstream.
113. Development
The adrenal cortex originates from mesoderm together
with the kidneys and the gonads (urogenital ridge)
The adrenal medulla originates from neural crest
