The document summarizes the structure and function of the urinary system. It describes how the kidneys filter waste from the blood to form urine, which then travels through the ureters to the bladder. The bladder stores urine temporarily before it is released through the urethra. Key components include the nephrons in the kidneys, which use filtration, reabsorption and secretion to regulate substances in urine. Investigative procedures for the urinary system are also outlined.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra and works to filter wastes from the bloodstream and excrete them from the body as urine. The kidneys contain nephrons that filter blood to remove wastes and regulate fluid balance. The ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder, where it is stored until voiding through the urethra. Common diagnostic tests of the urinary system include urinalysis and catheterization, while urinary incontinence is the involuntary loss of bladder control that can have various causes.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra and works to filter wastes from the bloodstream and excrete them from the body as urine. The kidneys contain nephrons that filter blood to remove wastes and regulate fluid balance. The ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder, where it is stored until voiding through the urethra. Common diagnostic tests of the urinary system include urinalysis and catheterization, while urinary incontinence is the involuntary loss of bladder control that can have various causes.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra and works to filter wastes from the bloodstream and excrete them from the body as urine. The kidneys contain nephrons that filter blood to remove wastes and regulate fluid balance. The ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder, where it is stored until voiding through the urethra. Common diagnostic tests of the urinary system include urinalysis and catheterization, while urinary incontinence is the involuntary loss of bladder control that can have various causes.
This lecture help the students such as medical ,nursing , and any health care provider to understand the basic information about anatomy of Genitourinary system
urinary system anatomy of urinary systemzahrahagag00
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine, which travels through the ureters to the bladder. The bladder stores urine until it is full, at which point the urine exits the body through the urethra. Each kidney contains around 1 million nephrons, which filter the blood and remove waste products to create urine. The bladder holds urine as it collects from the kidneys, and empties when it reaches capacity through urination via the urethra.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the urinary system. It describes the key components - kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to form urine. The ureters then transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The bladder stores urine until voiding. During urination, urine is expelled through the urethra. Together these structures precisely regulate chemical levels in the body and remove waste.
The urinary system comprises the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste and fluid from the blood to produce urine. The ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The bladder stores urine until voiding. The urethra then carries urine from the bladder out of the body. Together these structures precisely regulate fluid and electrolyte balance and remove wastes.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra and works to filter wastes from the bloodstream and excrete them from the body as urine. The kidneys contain nephrons that filter blood to remove wastes and regulate fluid balance. The ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder, where it is stored until voiding through the urethra. Common diagnostic tests of the urinary system include urinalysis and catheterization, while urinary incontinence is the involuntary loss of bladder control that can have various causes.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra and works to filter wastes from the bloodstream and excrete them from the body as urine. The kidneys contain nephrons that filter blood to remove wastes and regulate fluid balance. The ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder, where it is stored until voiding through the urethra. Common diagnostic tests of the urinary system include urinalysis and catheterization, while urinary incontinence is the involuntary loss of bladder control that can have various causes.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra and works to filter wastes from the bloodstream and excrete them from the body as urine. The kidneys contain nephrons that filter blood to remove wastes and regulate fluid balance. The ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder, where it is stored until voiding through the urethra. Common diagnostic tests of the urinary system include urinalysis and catheterization, while urinary incontinence is the involuntary loss of bladder control that can have various causes.
This lecture help the students such as medical ,nursing , and any health care provider to understand the basic information about anatomy of Genitourinary system
urinary system anatomy of urinary systemzahrahagag00
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine, which travels through the ureters to the bladder. The bladder stores urine until it is full, at which point the urine exits the body through the urethra. Each kidney contains around 1 million nephrons, which filter the blood and remove waste products to create urine. The bladder holds urine as it collects from the kidneys, and empties when it reaches capacity through urination via the urethra.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the urinary system. It describes the key components - kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to form urine. The ureters then transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The bladder stores urine until voiding. During urination, urine is expelled through the urethra. Together these structures precisely regulate chemical levels in the body and remove waste.
The urinary system comprises the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste and fluid from the blood to produce urine. The ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The bladder stores urine until voiding. The urethra then carries urine from the bladder out of the body. Together these structures precisely regulate fluid and electrolyte balance and remove wastes.
The urinary system comprises the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste and fluid from the blood to produce urine. The ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The bladder stores urine until voiding. The urethra then carries urine from the bladder out of the body. Together these structures precisely regulate fluid and electrolyte balance and remove wastes.
The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular organ located in the pelvic cavity. It has several layers including an outer serous membrane, adventitia connective tissue layer, muscularis layer of detrusor smooth muscle, submucosa layer, and inner transitional epithelial lining. As the bladder fills with urine, the lining folds flatten to allow increased storage capacity. The muscularis layer allows the bladder to expand and contract and forms the internal urethral sphincter to hold urine inside.
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
i. component organs of the urinary system;
ii. describe the structure of the kidneys;
iii. describe the structure of the ureters;
iv. describe the structure of the urinary bladder;
v. describe the structure of the urethra; and
vi. explain the formation of urine and it's composition
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter the blood and remove waste from the body in the form of urine. Urine passes from the kidneys through the ureters and is stored in the urinary bladder before being excreted through the urethra. The urinary system regulates fluid and electrolyte balance and removes waste to purify the blood.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine. They contain millions of nephrons, the functional units of the kidney. Urine travels from the kidneys down the ureters to the bladder, where it is stored until urination. The urethra then carries urine out of the body. Each component plays an essential role in removing waste and regulating fluid balance.
The urinary system consists of two kidneys, two ureters, a urinary bladder, and a urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine. Each kidney contains over a million nephrons, the functional units that filter blood and form urine. Urine is stored in the bladder and exits the body through the urethra. The kidneys also regulate fluid and electrolyte balance and blood pressure.
these slides are prepared to understand Urinary system IN EASY WAY Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU... CHANEL PLAYLIST- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6 MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/ FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S... facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139... FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG – BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu... Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08
#Nephrons, #kidney, #urine, #BORN,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #APGAR, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICER
The document discusses the structure and function of the urinary system. It describes the key organs - kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the bloodstream and produce urine, which is transported via the ureters and stored in the bladder before being excreted through the urethra. The functions of the urinary system include removing waste, regulating blood volume and pressure, and producing hormones like erythropoietin.
The excretory system eliminates wastes from the body through specialized structures and capillaries. It consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys contain renal cortex and medulla, and are made up of nephrons which filter waste from the blood. Urine travels from the kidneys through the ureters into the bladder, then exits through the urethra. The male urethra is longer than the female urethra. Pathologies like urethritis and kidney stones can occur if waste is not properly eliminated.
The excretory system eliminates wastes from the body through specialized structures and capillaries. It consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys contain renal cortex and medulla, and are made up of nephrons which filter waste from the blood. Urine travels from the kidneys through the ureters into the bladder, then exits through the urethra. The male urethra is longer than the female urethra. Pathologies like urethritis and kidney stones can occur if the excretory system is not functioning properly.
Anatomy & embryology of urinary bladderDeepesh Kalra
The document summarizes the anatomy and embryology of the bladder. It describes the bladder as a hollow sac that acts as a reservoir for urine. During embryonic development, the bladder arises from the urogenital sinus and cloaca. It develops a trigone region where the ureters enter. The bladder has layers including urothelium, lamina propria, smooth muscle, and connective tissue. It is innervated by parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves and has blood supply from internal iliac arteries.
The bladder is a hollow muscular organ located in the pelvis that stores and releases urine. It has several layers - an inner mucosa layer, a submucosa layer, a muscular detrusor layer that contracts to release urine, and an outer adventitia layer. The base of the bladder has a triangular trigone area defined by the openings of the two ureters and the urethra. The urethra carries urine from the bladder out of the body, and its length differs between males and females. The bladder receives blood supply from the internal iliac arteries and drains into the internal iliac veins. It is innervated by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous
Gentiourinary system ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY & ASSESSMENTRAJAG58
The document describes the anatomy and physiology of the urinary system. It details the major structures including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. It explains that the kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine and regulate important processes in the body. Urine travels from the kidneys through the ureters to the bladder, then exits through the urethra. Key functions of the urinary system include waste excretion, fluid and electrolyte balance, and blood pressure regulation.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter the blood to remove waste and regulate electrolyte and fluid levels. The nephrons are the functional units of the kidneys that filter blood to form urine. Urine travels from the kidneys through the ureters to the bladder, where it is stored until excreted through the urethra. The urinary system regulates blood volume and pressure and removes waste from the body.
The renal system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine. The ureters then transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder, where it is stored. When full, the bladder empties through the urethra, which exits the body. The kidneys are bean-shaped organs located in the abdominal cavity that contain millions of nephrons to filter blood. The ureters are muscular tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The bladder is a hollow organ in the pelvis that expands as it fills with urine before emptying through the urethra.
The urinary system consists of two kidneys, two ureters, a urinary bladder, and a urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to form urine. The ureters then carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The bladder stores urine temporarily until urination. During urination, urine exits the body through the urethra. The basic functional unit of the kidney is the nephron, which filters blood to remove wastes and regulate fluid levels.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine. Urine travels from the kidneys down the ureters into the bladder, where it is stored until urination. During urination, urine exits the body through the urethra. The kidneys contain nephrons, which are the functional filtering units of the kidney and include a glomerulus and renal tubule. Nephrons remove waste from the blood via glomerular filtration and reabsorb useful molecules like water before urine is stored in the bladder.
The urinary system consists of four main organs - the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine, the ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder, the bladder stores and holds urine, and the urethra then carries urine from the bladder out of the body. The kidneys contain over 1 million nephrons that filter blood to remove waste and produce urine, and are located on either side of the spine in the lower back.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the urinary system. It describes the key structures including the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. It explains the layers, positioning and histology of these structures. In particular, it outlines the three layers of the kidney (cortex, medulla, hilum), the nephron as the functional unit, and glomerulus. It also details the three layers of the ureter and urinary bladder (fibrous, muscular, mucosa). Finally, it briefly discusses urinary control and potential anatomical abnormalities.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
How to Control Your Asthma Tips by gokuldas hospital.Gokuldas Hospital
Respiratory issues like asthma are the most sensitive issue that is affecting millions worldwide. It hampers the daily activities leaving the body tired and breathless.
The key to a good grip on asthma is proper knowledge and management strategies. Understanding the patient-specific symptoms and carving out an effective treatment likewise is the best way to keep asthma under control.
The urinary system comprises the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste and fluid from the blood to produce urine. The ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The bladder stores urine until voiding. The urethra then carries urine from the bladder out of the body. Together these structures precisely regulate fluid and electrolyte balance and remove wastes.
The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular organ located in the pelvic cavity. It has several layers including an outer serous membrane, adventitia connective tissue layer, muscularis layer of detrusor smooth muscle, submucosa layer, and inner transitional epithelial lining. As the bladder fills with urine, the lining folds flatten to allow increased storage capacity. The muscularis layer allows the bladder to expand and contract and forms the internal urethral sphincter to hold urine inside.
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
i. component organs of the urinary system;
ii. describe the structure of the kidneys;
iii. describe the structure of the ureters;
iv. describe the structure of the urinary bladder;
v. describe the structure of the urethra; and
vi. explain the formation of urine and it's composition
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter the blood and remove waste from the body in the form of urine. Urine passes from the kidneys through the ureters and is stored in the urinary bladder before being excreted through the urethra. The urinary system regulates fluid and electrolyte balance and removes waste to purify the blood.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine. They contain millions of nephrons, the functional units of the kidney. Urine travels from the kidneys down the ureters to the bladder, where it is stored until urination. The urethra then carries urine out of the body. Each component plays an essential role in removing waste and regulating fluid balance.
The urinary system consists of two kidneys, two ureters, a urinary bladder, and a urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine. Each kidney contains over a million nephrons, the functional units that filter blood and form urine. Urine is stored in the bladder and exits the body through the urethra. The kidneys also regulate fluid and electrolyte balance and blood pressure.
these slides are prepared to understand Urinary system IN EASY WAY Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU... CHANEL PLAYLIST- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6 MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/ FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S... facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139... FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG – BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu... Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08
#Nephrons, #kidney, #urine, #BORN,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #APGAR, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICER
The document discusses the structure and function of the urinary system. It describes the key organs - kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the bloodstream and produce urine, which is transported via the ureters and stored in the bladder before being excreted through the urethra. The functions of the urinary system include removing waste, regulating blood volume and pressure, and producing hormones like erythropoietin.
The excretory system eliminates wastes from the body through specialized structures and capillaries. It consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys contain renal cortex and medulla, and are made up of nephrons which filter waste from the blood. Urine travels from the kidneys through the ureters into the bladder, then exits through the urethra. The male urethra is longer than the female urethra. Pathologies like urethritis and kidney stones can occur if waste is not properly eliminated.
The excretory system eliminates wastes from the body through specialized structures and capillaries. It consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys contain renal cortex and medulla, and are made up of nephrons which filter waste from the blood. Urine travels from the kidneys through the ureters into the bladder, then exits through the urethra. The male urethra is longer than the female urethra. Pathologies like urethritis and kidney stones can occur if the excretory system is not functioning properly.
Anatomy & embryology of urinary bladderDeepesh Kalra
The document summarizes the anatomy and embryology of the bladder. It describes the bladder as a hollow sac that acts as a reservoir for urine. During embryonic development, the bladder arises from the urogenital sinus and cloaca. It develops a trigone region where the ureters enter. The bladder has layers including urothelium, lamina propria, smooth muscle, and connective tissue. It is innervated by parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves and has blood supply from internal iliac arteries.
The bladder is a hollow muscular organ located in the pelvis that stores and releases urine. It has several layers - an inner mucosa layer, a submucosa layer, a muscular detrusor layer that contracts to release urine, and an outer adventitia layer. The base of the bladder has a triangular trigone area defined by the openings of the two ureters and the urethra. The urethra carries urine from the bladder out of the body, and its length differs between males and females. The bladder receives blood supply from the internal iliac arteries and drains into the internal iliac veins. It is innervated by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous
Gentiourinary system ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY & ASSESSMENTRAJAG58
The document describes the anatomy and physiology of the urinary system. It details the major structures including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. It explains that the kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine and regulate important processes in the body. Urine travels from the kidneys through the ureters to the bladder, then exits through the urethra. Key functions of the urinary system include waste excretion, fluid and electrolyte balance, and blood pressure regulation.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter the blood to remove waste and regulate electrolyte and fluid levels. The nephrons are the functional units of the kidneys that filter blood to form urine. Urine travels from the kidneys through the ureters to the bladder, where it is stored until excreted through the urethra. The urinary system regulates blood volume and pressure and removes waste from the body.
The renal system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine. The ureters then transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder, where it is stored. When full, the bladder empties through the urethra, which exits the body. The kidneys are bean-shaped organs located in the abdominal cavity that contain millions of nephrons to filter blood. The ureters are muscular tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The bladder is a hollow organ in the pelvis that expands as it fills with urine before emptying through the urethra.
The urinary system consists of two kidneys, two ureters, a urinary bladder, and a urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to form urine. The ureters then carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The bladder stores urine temporarily until urination. During urination, urine exits the body through the urethra. The basic functional unit of the kidney is the nephron, which filters blood to remove wastes and regulate fluid levels.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine. Urine travels from the kidneys down the ureters into the bladder, where it is stored until urination. During urination, urine exits the body through the urethra. The kidneys contain nephrons, which are the functional filtering units of the kidney and include a glomerulus and renal tubule. Nephrons remove waste from the blood via glomerular filtration and reabsorb useful molecules like water before urine is stored in the bladder.
The urinary system consists of four main organs - the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine, the ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder, the bladder stores and holds urine, and the urethra then carries urine from the bladder out of the body. The kidneys contain over 1 million nephrons that filter blood to remove waste and produce urine, and are located on either side of the spine in the lower back.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the urinary system. It describes the key structures including the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. It explains the layers, positioning and histology of these structures. In particular, it outlines the three layers of the kidney (cortex, medulla, hilum), the nephron as the functional unit, and glomerulus. It also details the three layers of the ureter and urinary bladder (fibrous, muscular, mucosa). Finally, it briefly discusses urinary control and potential anatomical abnormalities.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
How to Control Your Asthma Tips by gokuldas hospital.Gokuldas Hospital
Respiratory issues like asthma are the most sensitive issue that is affecting millions worldwide. It hampers the daily activities leaving the body tired and breathless.
The key to a good grip on asthma is proper knowledge and management strategies. Understanding the patient-specific symptoms and carving out an effective treatment likewise is the best way to keep asthma under control.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
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Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapyDr. Sumit KUMAR
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
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Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
Summer is a time for fun in the sun, but the heat and humidity can also wreak havoc on your skin. From itchy rashes to unwanted pigmentation, several skin conditions become more prevalent during these warmer months.
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
DECLARATION OF HELSINKI - History and principlesanaghabharat01
This SlideShare presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the Declaration of Helsinki, a foundational document outlining ethical guidelines for conducting medical research involving human subjects.
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The benefits of an ePCR solution should extend to the whole EMS organization, not just certain groups of people or certain departments. It should provide more than just a form for entering and a database for storing information. It should also include a workflow of how information is communicated, used and stored across the entire organization.
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low birth weight presentation. Low birth weight (LBW) infant is defined as the one whose birth weight is less than 2500g irrespective of their gestational age. Premature birth and low birth weight(LBW) is still a serious problem in newborn. Causing high morbidity and mortality rate worldwide. The nursing care provide to low birth weight babies is crucial in promoting their overall health and development. Through careful assessment, diagnosis,, planning, and evaluation plays a vital role in ensuring these vulnerable infants receive the specialize care they need. In India every third of the infant weight less than 2500g.
Birth period, socioeconomical status, nutritional and intrauterine environment are the factors influencing low birth weight
3. INTRODUCTION
The urinary system is composed of the kidneys,
ureters, bladder and urethra.
Blood from the heart travels down the aorta
where it enters the kidney via the renal arteries.
4. CONT’D
The kidney acts as a filter and regulator,
removing waste products (urea) and balancing
glucose, electrolytes (salt, potassium and other
minerals) and water levels in the blood.
Urine from the kidney flows through the ureter
to the bladder, where is leaves the body via the
urethra.
5. Urine is formed in the nephrons through a
complex three-step process: glomerular filtration,
tubular re-absorption, and tubular secretion.
The various substances which are normally
filtered by the glomerulus, reabsorbed by the
tubules, and excreted in the urine include:
sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, potassium,
glucose, urea, creatinine, and uric acid.
6. Within the tubule, some of these substances are
selectively reabsorbed into the blood.
Some substances, such as glucose, are completely
reabsorbed in the tubule and normally do not appear
in urine.
Filtrate becomes concentrated in the distal tubule and
collecting ducts under the influence of antidiuretic
hormone (ADH) and becomes urine.
7.
8.
9. FUNCTIONS OF THE KIDNEYS
To remove waste products
Remove drugs from the body
Balance the body's fluids
Formation of urine
Release hormones that regulate blood pressure
Control the production of red blood cells.
10. THE URETERS
Structure
-consist of three layers of tissue:
An outer covering of fibrous tissue, continuous with
the fibrous capsule of the kidney
A middle muscular layer consisting of interlacing
smooth muscle fibres that form a syncytium spiralling
round the ureter, some in clockwise and some in
anticlockwise directions and an additional outer
longitudinal layer in the lower third
An inner layer, the mucosa, lined with transitional
epithelium.
11. Each ureter is a small tube, about 25 cm long that
carries urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary
bladder. It descends from the renal pelvis, along the
posterior abdominal wall, behind the parietal
peritoneum, and enters the urinary bladder on the
posterior inferior surface. The
wall of the ureter consists of three layers ,These are:
The outer layer
The middle layer
The inner layer.
12. The outer layer or the fibrous coat is a supporting layer made
of fibrous connective tissue.
The middle layer, the muscular coat, consists of inner circular
and outer longitudinal smooth muscle. The main function of
this layer is peristalsis to propel the urine.
The inner layer, the mucosa, is transitional epithelium that is
continuous with the lining of the renal pelvis and the urinary
bladder. This layer secretes mucus which coats and protects the
surface of the cells.
13. Functions of the ureter
To propel the urine from the kidneys into the bladder
by peristaltic contraction of the smooth muscle layer.
Peristaltic waves occur several times per minute,
increasing in frequency with the volume of urine
produced, and send little spurts of urine into the
bladder.
14. THE URINARY BLADDER
Structure
The bladder is roughly pear-shaped, but becomes
more oval as it fills with urine. It has anterior, superior
and posterior surfaces. The size and shape of the
urinary bladder varies with the amount of urine it
contains and with pressure it receives from
surrounding organs.
The bladder is located in the pelvic cavity, posterior to
the symphysis pubis, and below the parietal
peritoneum. The urinary bladder serves as a temporary
storage reservoir for urine.
The posterior surface is the base. The bladder opens
15. The peritoneum covers only the superior surface before it turns
upwards as the parietal
peritoneum, lining the anterior abdominal wall. Posteriorly it
surrounds the uterus in the
female and the rectum in the male.
146
The inner lining of the urinary bladder is a mucous membrane of
transitional epithelium that
is continuous with that in the ureters. When the bladder is
empty, the mucosa has numerous
folds called rugae. The rugae and transitional epithelium allow
the bladder to expand as it
fills.
16. The second layer in the walls is the submucosa that
supports the mucous membrane. It is
composed of connective tissue with elastic fibres.
The next layer is the muscularis, which is composed of
smooth muscle. The smooth muscle
fibres are interwoven in all directions and collectively these
are called the detrusor muscle.
Contraction of this muscle expels urine from the bladder.
On the superior surface, the outer
layer of the bladder wall is parietal peritoneum. In all other
regions, the outer layer is fibrous
connective tissue
17. male.
There is a triangular area, called the trigone, which is formed by three openings
in the floor of
the urinary bladder. Two of the openings are from the ureters and form the
base of the
trigone. Small flaps of mucosa cover these openings and act as valves that allow
urine to
147
enter the bladder but prevent it from backing up from the bladder into the
ureters. The third
opening, at the apex of the trigone, is the opening into the urethra. A band of
the detrusor
muscle encircles this opening to form the internal urethral sphincter. Figure
150 shows the a
section of the bladder with the trigone.
Figure
18. The Urethra
Structure and Function
The urethra is a canal extending from the neck of the bladder to the exterior, at
the external
urethral orifice. It is the final passageway for the flow of urine. Its length differs
in the male
and in the female.
The urethra is a thin-walled tube that conveys urine from the floor of the
urinary bladder to
the outside. The opening to the outside is the external urethral orifice. The
mucosal lining of
the urethra is transitional epithelium. The wall also contains smooth muscle
fibres and is
supported by connective tissue. The internal urethral sphincter surrounds the
beginning of
the urethra, where it leaves the urinary bladder
19. This sphincter is a smooth (involuntary)
muscle. Another sphincter, the external urethral
sphincter, is a skeletal (voluntary) muscle
that encircles the urethra where it goes through the
pelvic floor. These two sphincters control
the flow of urine through the urethra.
In females, the urethra is short, only 3 to 4 cm (about
1.5 inches) long. The external urethral
orifice opens to the outside just anterior to the
opening for the vagina.
20. The male urethra is associated with the urinary and
the reproductive systems. The urethra is much longer,
about 20 cm (7 to 8 inches) in length, and transports
both urine and semen. The first part, next to the
urinary bladder, passes through the prostate gland and
is called the prostatic urethra.
21. The second part, a short region that penetrates the
pelvic floor and enters the penis, is called the
membranous urethra. The third part, the spongy
urethra, is the longest region. This portion of the
urethra extends the entire length of the penis, and the
external urethral orifice opens to the outside at the tip
of the penis.
22. Physiology of Micturition
The urinary bladder acts as a reservoir for urine.
When 300 to 400 ml of urine have accumulated,
afferent autonomic nerve fibres in the bladder wall
which are sensitive to stretch are stimulated. In the
infant this initiates a spinal reflex action and
micturition occurs.
23. Micturition occurs when autonomic efferent fibres
convey impulses to the bladder causing contraction of
the detrusor muscle and relaxation of the internal
urethral sphincter.
When the nervous system is fully developed the
micturition reflex is stimulated but sensory impulses
pass upwards to the brain and there is an awareness of
the desire to pass urine.
24. Investigations And Procedures
done in the urinary system
Urine examination: M/C/S and urinalysis
Renal function tests: blood urea and nitrogen (BUN),
urea and creatinine and electrolyte tests.
Radiological examinations-
-Plain x-ray
Intravenous pyelogram
This is an X- ray examination, which visualises the
urinary tract after IV injection of the contrast media
25. Retrograde pyelogram
This is an x- ray of the urinary tract which is taken
after injection of contrast material into kidneys
cystoscope is inserted and ureteral catheters are
inserted through it into renal pelvis
Cysto-gram
In this procedure, contrast media is injected into the
bladder via cystoscope or catheter
retrograde urethrogram
26. Digital rectal examination
Cystoscopy
This is visualization of the internal structure of the
bladder by use of an endoscope
Ultra sound
ultrasound enables visualization of the various organs
of urinary system