this lecture describes the anatomy of bach and details of anatomical variations of vertebrae with related disorders. the vertebral column consists of seven cervical vertebrae, tweleve thoracic vertebrae, five lumbar vertebrae, sacral vertebrae, and five fused coccygeal vertebrae.

3. Learning outcomes of lecture 5
Component of back
Vertebral column
Typical vertebra
Regional vertebrae
Ligaments of vertebral column

5. The back comprises the posterior
aspect of the trunk, inferior to the neck
and superior to the buttocks.

6. It is the region of the body to which the
head, neck, and limbs are attached

7. • Skin and subcutaneous tissue
The back includes the:
•Muscles: a superficial layer,
primarily concerned with
positioning and moving the
upper limbs,
and deeper layers (“true back
muscles”), specifically
concerned with moving or
maintaining the position of the
axial skeleton (posture).

8. • Vertebral column: the
vertebrae, intervertebral
discs, and associated
ligaments
Ribs (in the thoracic
region): particularly their
posterior portions, medial
to the angles of the ribs.

9. •Spinal cord and meninges
(membranes that cover
the spinal cord).
•Various segmental
•nerves and vessels

10. •The scapulae,
although located in
the back, are
considered with the
upper limb.

11. • The vertebral column extends from
the cranium (skull) to the apex of the
coccyx.
• In adults, it is 72–75 cm long, of
which approximately one quarter
• is formed by the IV discs

12. Anterior
view

13. Posterior
view

14. Lateral
view

15. Medial
view

18. The primary curvatures are located
in the thoracic and sacral regions and
develop during embryonic and fetal
periods,
whereas the secondary curvatures
are located in the cervical and lumbar
regions and develop after birth and
during infancy.

22. • Consists of a anterior body and a
posterior vertebral arch
consisting of 2 laminae and 2 pedicles.
• The vertebral arch encloses
vertebral canal that houses spinal cord

24. Body has costal facets or processes of the
thoracic vertebrae anterior to the pedicles,
which articulate with the heads of
corresponding and subjacent (just below)
ribs.

26. Spinous Process
Projects posteriorly from the
junction of two laminae of the
vertebral arch.

27. Is bifid in the cervical region, spinelike in the thoracic region,
and oblong in the lumbar region.

28. Transverse Processes
Project laterally on each side from the
junction of the pedicle and the
lamina; articulate with the tubercles
of ribs 1 to 10 in the thoracic region.
Have transverse foramina in the cervical
region.

30. Articular Processes (Facets)
Are two superior and two inferior
projections from the junction of the
laminae and pedicles.
Articulate with other articular
processes of the arch above or below,
forming plane synovial joints.

32. Accessory
process

33. Identify ….
..............................
..............................
..............................
..............................
..............................

34. Vertebral Foramina
• Are formed by the vertebral bodies
and vertebral arches (pedicles and
laminae).
• Collectively form the vertebral canal
and transmit the spinal cord with its
meningeal coverings, nerve roots, and
associated vessels.

36. Intervertebral Foramina
Are located between the inferior and
superior surfaces of the pedicles of
adjacent vertebrae.
Transmit the spinal nerves and
accompanying vessels as they exit
the vertebral canal.

38. Transverse Foramina
Are present in transverse
processes of the cervical
vertebrae.
 Transmit the vertebral artery
(except for C7), vertebral veins,
and autonomic nerves

40. Form the secondary cartilaginous
joints between the bodies of two
vertebrae from the axis to the
sacrum
Each intervertebral disk numbered
by the vertebra above it

41. Form the secondary cartilaginous
joints between the bodies of two
vertebrae from the axis to the
sacrum
Each intervertebral disk numbered
by the vertebra above it

43. there is no disk between the atlas
and the axis).

45. A herniated (slipped) disk

47. 1- Bifid spinous
process –
the spinous process
bifurcates at its distal
end.
Exceptions to this are C1
(no spinous process)
and C7 (spinous process
is longer than that of
C2-C6 and may not
bifurcate).

48. 2-
Transverse
foramina –
an opening in
each transverse
process,
through which
the vertebral
arteries travel
to the brain

49. 3- Triangular vertebral foramen
Two cervical vertebrae that are
unique

51. Have costal facets;
the superior costal
facet on the body
articulates with the
head of the
corresponding rib,
whereas the inferior
facet articulates with
the subjacent rib (just
below

52. Have a transverse
process that articulates
with the tubercle of the
corresponding rib.

53. Are distinguished by absence of costal
facets.

54. Are characterized by a strong, massive
transverse process and have mamillary and
accessory processes.

55. Is a large, triangular, wedge-shaped
bone composed of five fused sacral
vertebrae

56. Is a wedge-shaped bone formed
by the union of the four
coccygeal vertebrae.

57. Ligamentum
flavum – extends
between lamina of
adjacent vertebrae.

58. Interspinous ligament – join the
spinous processes of adjacent
vertebrae

59. supraspinous ligament – join the
spinous processes tips of adjacent
vertebrae

60. the anterior and
posterior longitudin
al ligaments, which
run the full length of
the vertebral
column.

64. Compare between the types of
vertebrae according to the following :
• Vertebral body
• Vertebral foramen
• Transverse processes
• Articular processes
• Spinous processes

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@Dr_Ameeraalhumidi
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