ANATOMY :
It is the study of structure of whole body as well as its
different individual parts and their relationship amongst
each other.
PHYSIOLOGY :
It deals with the function of the body parts, and
their synchronized working to co-ordination of the
whole body
Surface anatomy : It is the study of the external surface of the body and different marking present .
Gross anatomy : It is the macroscopic study gross organ of the body
Systemic anatomy : It deals with the structure study of different system of the body , such as digestive system , nervous system etc.
Regional Anatomy : It is the study of specific region of the body such as thorax . Abdomen , chest , head etc. from anatomy point of view
Developmental anatomy : It is study of structural feature during development of the fertilized egg to adult form .
Cytology : It is the microscopic study of the structural feature of tissues.
Embryology : Initial eight week developmental study
of structure of fertilized egg.
Teratology: Study of congenital malformations.
Radiological anatomy: Study of anatomy using radiological techniques like: X-rays,CT (computed tomography) scans, MRI (medical resonance imaging).
Applied anatomy: It is anatomical knowledge with clinical application, useful for diagnosis and surgical procedures
Cell Physiology : Deals with the study of different functional characteristics of cell and its organelles .
2) System Physiology : study of function of different organ system of body
3) Cardiovascular Physiology : Study of function of heart and blood vessel
4) Renal Physiology : Deals with study of function of Kidney .
It is whole study about animal cell . Componant of cell well described with their function . Structure of organals also seen in presentation . Also gives Homeostatic mechanism of body and how to wor it .
Cell divission frieflys described with their phases And types .
It is skeletal system of human body in detail description. In this ppt gives axial skeleton of body cranium thoracic cage and Vertibral coloumn . i gave structure and function of the bone , parts of axial skeleton with diagram
Impurity is the undesirable foreign material which may be toxic or non toxic present in the pharmaceutical substance.
Impurity is the substance or the matter which does not form a part of the medicinal or pharmaceutical substance or drugs.
Sources of impurities include
1. Raw materials used in the manufacturer.
2. Process used in the manufacturer.
3. Material of the plant.
4. Inadequate storage.
5. Accidental substitutions/deliberate adulteration with spurious/ useless substance.
6. Manufacturing hazards.
This ppt also explain Effects of impurities in pharmacopoeial substance.
Osseous system II , is the appendicular skeletal system , it representing about the bone of pectoral girdle , pelvic girdle and upper limbs and lower limbs. structure and function of humerus , radius ulna and structure and function of femur , tibia fibula.
joint is site at which bone are together and creating work .
in that discussed definition . structure and function of joint .
disorder of joint briefly discussed
MEDICINAL GASES OR INHALANTS IN PHARMACEUTICALSP.N.DESHMUKH
Medicinal gases includes oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide.
Each example includes its formula, mol. wt., chemical properties, uses, storage and precaution.
It is whole study about animal cell . Componant of cell well described with their function . Structure of organals also seen in presentation . Also gives Homeostatic mechanism of body and how to wor it .
Cell divission frieflys described with their phases And types .
It is skeletal system of human body in detail description. In this ppt gives axial skeleton of body cranium thoracic cage and Vertibral coloumn . i gave structure and function of the bone , parts of axial skeleton with diagram
Impurity is the undesirable foreign material which may be toxic or non toxic present in the pharmaceutical substance.
Impurity is the substance or the matter which does not form a part of the medicinal or pharmaceutical substance or drugs.
Sources of impurities include
1. Raw materials used in the manufacturer.
2. Process used in the manufacturer.
3. Material of the plant.
4. Inadequate storage.
5. Accidental substitutions/deliberate adulteration with spurious/ useless substance.
6. Manufacturing hazards.
This ppt also explain Effects of impurities in pharmacopoeial substance.
Osseous system II , is the appendicular skeletal system , it representing about the bone of pectoral girdle , pelvic girdle and upper limbs and lower limbs. structure and function of humerus , radius ulna and structure and function of femur , tibia fibula.
joint is site at which bone are together and creating work .
in that discussed definition . structure and function of joint .
disorder of joint briefly discussed
MEDICINAL GASES OR INHALANTS IN PHARMACEUTICALSP.N.DESHMUKH
Medicinal gases includes oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide.
Each example includes its formula, mol. wt., chemical properties, uses, storage and precaution.
Anatomic terminology, anatomical position, anatomical planes, anatomical term...Dr Shahid Alam
Anatomic terminology, anatomical position, anatomical planes, anatomical term, language of anatomy, Anatomy lecture BD Chaurasia, Snell Anatomy By Dr Shahid Alam
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Human anatomy and physiology parts 2
1. Anatomy and Physiology by: MARNIE G. SARONO (a)
2. OBJECTIVES: General Objective: Within 3 successive periods, the second year students will be able to gain knowledge about human anatomy and physiology as well as identify the body parts and its functions at 70% level of accuracy.
3. Specific Objectives: Cognitive: The second year students will be able to: c. Differentiate anatomy and physiology of the human body d. List the different systems in the human body e. Describe the functions of the different systems of the body f. Illustrate the anatomy of each body system
4. Affective: The second year students will be able to: c. Share the importance of human anatomy and physiology d. Synthesize the connection of one body system
Definition of human anatomy, various terms used in anatomy, planes of human body, various positions of human body, subdivisions of human anatomy, body cavities and regions of human body, conclusion .
Discussing of scope of anatomy and physiology. also discuss of different terminologies used in anatomical and physiological study of human.
In this presentation students found the general basic introduction of human anatomy and physiology. what are the body systems? How many body systems are there?
Anatomic terminology, anatomical position, anatomical planes, anatomical term...Dr Shahid Alam
Anatomic terminology, anatomical position, anatomical planes, anatomical term, language of anatomy, Anatomy lecture BD Chaurasia, Snell Anatomy By Dr Shahid Alam
Published in: Health & Medicine
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zeeshanazmi069
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Human anatomy and physiology parts 2
1. Anatomy and Physiology by: MARNIE G. SARONO (a)
2. OBJECTIVES: General Objective: Within 3 successive periods, the second year students will be able to gain knowledge about human anatomy and physiology as well as identify the body parts and its functions at 70% level of accuracy.
3. Specific Objectives: Cognitive: The second year students will be able to: c. Differentiate anatomy and physiology of the human body d. List the different systems in the human body e. Describe the functions of the different systems of the body f. Illustrate the anatomy of each body system
4. Affective: The second year students will be able to: c. Share the importance of human anatomy and physiology d. Synthesize the connection of one body system
Definition of human anatomy, various terms used in anatomy, planes of human body, various positions of human body, subdivisions of human anatomy, body cavities and regions of human body, conclusion .
Discussing of scope of anatomy and physiology. also discuss of different terminologies used in anatomical and physiological study of human.
In this presentation students found the general basic introduction of human anatomy and physiology. what are the body systems? How many body systems are there?
INTRODUCTION TO THE
HUMAN BODY
ANATOMY is the study of the structure of the
body and of the relationship of its constituent
parts to each other.
In regional anatomy a geographical study is
made and each region, e.g., arm, leg, head,
chest, etc., is found to consist of a number of
structures common to all regions such as bones,
muscles, nerves, blood vessels and so on.
From this study it follows that a number of
different systems exist.
What are Anatomy and Physiology?
Anatomy: the word anatomy is derived from a Greek word “Anatome” meaning to cut up. It is the study of structures that make up the body and how those structures relate with each other.
The study of anatomy includes many sub specialties. These are Gross anatomy, Microscopic anatomy, Developmental anatomy and Embryology.
Gross anatomy studies body structure with out microscope. Systemic anatomy studies functional relationships of organs within a system whereas Regional anatomy studies body part regionally. Both systemic and regional approaches may be used to study gross anatomy.
Microscopic anatomy (Histology) requires the use of microscope to study tissues that form the various organs of the body.
Physiology: the word physiology derived from a Greek word for study of nature. It is the study of how the body and its part work or function.
INTRODUCTION OF HUMAN BODY (ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY).pptxABHISHEK PRAJAPATI
INTRODUCTION OF HUMAN BODY - [ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY)
1. Definition of Anatomy and Physiology
2. Anatomical Terms
3. Planes/Section of human body
4. Body Cavities
5. Body Movement
6. Abdominal Quadrants
7. Abdominal Regions and Quadrants
introduction to human anatomy for master degree studentDiribaErko
Introduction to human anatomy for master degree .this is prepared to show the student how to study human anatomy clearly and in ashort period of time without difficulty.it include the meaning of anatomy,terminology
These are the pharmacological agent which when administered externally , bring loss of all five modalities of sensation with reversible loss of consciousness.
Light
Sound
Taste
Temperature/
Pressure
5. Smell
Diethyl Ether :
Physical Properties :
Colourless ,volatile liq. With pungent odour.
Boil at 350 C , vapor irritant.
Exposed in air , moisture or light , it get convert to ether peroxide and acetic aldehyde , which is irritant in nature
Highly explosive.
Stored in umber colour glass bottle covered with black paper.
10-15 % in inspired air is sufficient for induction of anaesthesia which can be maintained but 4-5 % concentration.
Pharmacological Action
Only a major portion of ether is oxidized in the body and is eliminated through the lungs .
The miscibility of drug with body fluid requires large amount of drug for induction of anesthesia and induction is slow.
Ether irritate the respiratory track and enhance the mucosal secretion.
Drug may causes laryngospasm ,Ether is also known to increase heart rate, blood pressure and blood sugar. It also causes peripheral vasodilation . Ether depresses myocardial contractility.
Advt / Therapeutic effect :
Safest agent in wide margine , also unexperienced hand.
90 mg/100 ml blood Indused anaesthesia
190 mg/100 ml bloodCauses respiratory Track
Not only safe anaesthetics but good analgesic also.
It does not interfere with uterine contractility.
Does not have any effect on liver , kidney , and heat.
No special or complicated apparatus if required.
Eeconomical agent .
These are the pharmacological agent which when administered externally relieves mild or moderate pains without degree of consciousness called as Analgesics are worked against the pain so firstly introduced the Pain sensation.
general pharmacology is information about drug abd human body mechanism . it shows about route of administration . pharmacological terminologies ADME of bady and their factors. bioavilability of drugs and related factor . general principle of drug action on body . After that descriptioun about mechanism of drug action . factor modifying drug action and dur interaction.
An institution providing medical and surgical treatment and nursing care for sick or injured people.
By WHO "Directory of Hospitals in India, 1988" is to some extent simple and short.
According to this,
definition. "A hospital is an institution which is operated for the medical surgical and/or obstetrical care of in-patients and which is treated as a hospital by the Centrally State Government/Local bodies or licensed by the appropriate authority.
1. Patient care:- patient care involves diagnosis, treatment ofllness or injury preventive medicine, rehabilitation, convalescent care, dental care, personalized services
2. Education services :- The education services are two form:-
a. Medical & allied health profession education: - Teaching of physician nurses, pharmacist, medical technologist, medical social service worker, hospital administration & training, dietician etc.
b. Patient education: - children, general education, social education for rehabilitation health care & also patient counseling.
3.Research: - Research is important to advanced medical knowledge against disease & to improve hospital service. This is important for better health care of patient.
4. Public health care: - public health is important to assist the community to reduce chance of illness & to improve general health population.
Autocoids are the self treating substance and local hormones . which is create changes in body Phisiology on the situation of to admine poisonous as well as foreign substance.
in this ppt gives Physiology of 5HT , Prostaglandin, and Histamine with their clinical use and adverse effect.
Also discussed about anti histamine , 5 HT antagonist with suitable examples.
Patient Councelling on Hypertension.pptxSwatiingle7
on that presentation include how to counselling on mild hypertension patient . How to produce it , which medicine gives and what is the side effect with their contraindication . and Informative presentation about primary hypertension. The hypertension is not curable disease but it is preventable as well as live long with this condition .
drug relative to eyes with their meiotic and mydriatic effect.
In the presentation discus about spasm of accommodation and cycloplegic action on eye . pharmacological action , dosage also discussed of condition developed on eye i.e. Glaucoma
Briefly describe sedative hypnotic drug with their classification and mechanism , therapeutic effect , adverse effect and dose preparation . this presentation is useful for pharma student .
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
2. Human being is multicellular organism The study of human body
is divided in a two ways :
.
1) ANATOMY :
It is the study of structure of whole body as well as its
different individual parts and their relationship amongst
each other.
3. 2) PHYSIOLOGY :
It deals with the function of the body parts, and
their synchronized working to co-ordination of the
whole body
4. 1. Surface anatomy : It is the study of the external
surface of the body and different marking present .
2. Gross anatomy : It is the macroscopic study gross
organ of the body
3. Systemic anatomy : It deals with the structure study
of different system of the body , such as digestive
system , nervous system etc.
4. Regional Anatomy : It is the study of specific region
of the body such as thorax . Abdomen , chest , head etc.
from anatomy point of view
5. Developmental anatomy : It is study of structural
feature during development of the fertilized egg to adult
form .
6. Cytology : It is the microscopic study of the structural
feature of tissues.
5. 8. Embryology : Initial eight week developmental study
of structure of fertilized egg.
9. Teratology: Study of congenital malformations.
10.Radiological anatomy: Study of anatomy using radiological
techniques like: X-rays,CT (computed tomography) scans, MRI
(medical resonance imaging).
11.Applied anatomy: It is anatomical knowledge with clinical
application, useful for diagnosis and surgical procedures.
Teratology
Radiological anatomy Applied anatomy
Embryology
6. Divisions of Systemic Anatomy.
1. Locomotor system: It consists of :
1. (a) Osteology: Study of bones.
2. (b) Arthrology: Study of joints
3. (c) Myology: Study of muscles.
2. Angiology: Study of blood vessels and
heart.
3. Splanchnology: Study of organs.
4. Neurology: Study of nervous system
5. Endocrinology: Study of ductless glands.
Osteology
Myology
Angiology
Splanchnology
Arthrology
Neurology
7. Sub division of Physiology :
1) Cell Physiology : Deals with the study of different functional
characteristics of cell and its organelles .
2) System Physiology :
study of function of
different organ system
of body
3) Cardiovascular
Physiology : Study of
function of heart and blood
vessel
4) Renal Physiology : Deals
with study of function of
Kidney .
8. 5) Neurophysiology : Study of functional characteristics of neurons and
nervous system
6) Endocrinology : study of functional feature of different endocrine gland
7) Reproductive system : Study and function of reproductive organ
8) Respiratory Physiology : Study and function of the respiratory air passageway
and lungs .
9) Immunology : Study of functional feature of defense system of body
10) Pathophysiology : Study of the changes in function of different body
system , associated with diseases or aging.
19. Body cavities
These are confirm space within the body . Providing specific place and shape, the body
cavities separate support and protect the in placed organs. Body contain four major
cavities
1) Cranial cavities
2) Thoracic cavities
3) Abdominal cavities
4) Pelvis
20. 1) Cranial cavities :
• The boundaries of cranial cavities
are formed by the skull , bone and
contain the brain .
• The cranial cavity is in continuation
with the vertebral canal , formed by
the vertebrae.
• vertebral canal contain spinal cord ;
roots of spinal nerve.
21. 2) Thoracic cavity :
• The thoracic cavity is subdivided into
two pleural cavities and one
pericardial cavity.
• Lungs are placed into the pleural
cavities , where as the heart present
pericardial cavity.
• Along with these major organs, the
trachea , bronchi, esophagus , aorta,
superior as well as inferior vein cava
are present in thoracic cavity.
• The boundaries of the thoracic cavity
are forms by the thoracic vertebrae ,
ribs , sternum and supporting muscles
22. 3) Abdominal cavity :
• Stomach , small intestine , most
of the large intestine , liver , gall
bladder , pancreas , spleen ,
kidney, adrenal glands, upper part
of uterus , etc. Are present in
abdominal cavity.
• On the superior side muscle
called diaphragm
23. 4) Pelvic Cavity :
• The pelvic cavity contain
few loops of small
intestine , lower part of
large intestine , urinary
bladder , lower part of
uterus , urethra and
reproductive organs.
• The pelvic cavity is lined
by the pelvis , the sacrum
and coccyx and muscles of
pelvic floor
24. Terms used for Anatomical
description of the various parts
of skeletal system
1. Anatomical Position : This is the upright
position of the human body with the head facing
forward, the arms at the sides with palms of the
hands facing forward and the feet together.
2. Median plane: When the body in the anatomical
position is divided longitudinally in two equal parts,
it is divided in the median plane. Any structure
towards the midline is termed 'medial’ and the
structure away from the midline is called as 'lateral’
3. Proximal and distal: These terms are used for
describing bones of the limbs The proximal end is
nearest to the point of attachment of the limb and the
distal end is the farthest.
Anatomical position of skeletal system
25. 4. Anterior or ventral: It indicates that the part
being described is nearer to the front of the body.
5. Posterior or dorsal: It indicates that the part
being described is nearer to the back of the body
6. Superior: It indicates a structure near the
7. Inferior: It indicates a structure away from the
head.
8. Border: It is a ridge of bone which separates two
surfaces
9. Spine, spinous process or crest: It
comprises series of vertebrae extending from skull
to the small of the back.
10. Tubercle: These are small rough ligaments
26. 11. Fosse: It is a depression or a hollow.
12. Foramen: It is a hole in a structure
13. Sinus: It is a cavity within a bone
14. Meatus: It is a tube-shaped cavity within a bone.
15. Articulation: It is a joint between two or more bones.
16. Suture: It is an immovable joint between two or more bones
17. Articulating surface: It is that part of a bone which enters into the
formation of a joint .
18. Facet: It is a small, flat, articulating surface .
19. Condoyle: It is a smooth rounded projection of a bone which
takes part in a joint
11. Septum: It is a partition separating two cavities.
Facet
Condoyle
Suture
Articulating surface
Septum
27. TERMINOLOGY
Definitions of various terminologies used in Anatomy and
Physiology are presented below
1. Metabolism: In each cell of the living organism different
chemical processes occur continuously. These together are termed
as metabolism. It has two phases Anabolism and Catabolism
(a) Anabolism: Formation of complex large molecules from
simple molecules with the use of energy is termed as
Anabolism. This is required for building of structural and
functional components of the cell .
(b) Catabolism: Breaking of large complex molecules for
obtaining energy is termed as Catabolism, Energy for all anabolic
processes is obtained this way.
28. 2. Responsiveness: Ability to detect changes in external
environment and to respond to these changes is important
characteristic of living beings.
3. Movement: Movement from one place to another as well as
movement of even a single cell is characteristic of living beings.
4. Growth: Increase in size and complexity is termed as growth. It
is due to increase in number of cells or increase in size of existing
cells .
5. Differentiation: Some cells undergo structural changes for
doing a particular function, hence they differ from other cells.
This is differentiation for doing a specific function.
6. Reproduction: Production of new individual or new cell, for
growth, is termed are production. Because of this,
life continues from one generation to the next.
29. 4. Coronal or frontal plane: A vertical plane at right angles to median plane. It bisects the body in front and back.
5. Horizontal plane: A plane at right angles to both medial and coronal plane dividing the body into upper and
lower parts.
6. Transverse plane: Any plane at right angles to the long axis of the structure concerned.
Few anatomical words are mentioned
below
1. Anatomical position: For descriptive purposes,
the human body is regarded as standing erect with
eyes looking forward, palm and toes facing
forward
2. Median or sagittal plane: A vertical plane
dividing the body into left and right halves .
3. Para-median plane: Any vertical plane, which is
parallel to median plane
30. 1. Anterior (ventral): Nearer to the front surface, eg. mouth
ventral to ear
2. Posterior (dorsal): Behind, nearer to the back g. vertebral heart
column is dorsal to the heart
3. Superior (cranial, cephalic): Neares to the head, eg, neck is
superior to the chest
4. Inferior (caudal): Nearer the lower end eg, knee is inferior to
hip joint
5. Medial: Nearer to the median plane, eg, heart is medial to the
lungs
6. Lateral: Away from the median plane, eg, upper limb is lateral
to the trunk
7. Superficial: Closer to the surface of the body, eg, skin is
superficial to muscles
8. Deep: Away from the surface, eg the bones are deep to muscles
9. Proximal: Nearer the root of the limb, eg, humenus is proximal
to the radius
10. Distal Away from the root of the limb, eg, the fingers are distal
to the wrist
31. Terms for Movements of Joints
1. Flexion: Bending. It reduces the angle between two bones or
body parts and usually leads to approximation of
morphologically ventral surfaces.
2. Extension: Straightening a movement opposite of flexion. It
increases the angle between two bones or body parts.
3. Adduction: Movement towards midline of the body.
4. Abduction : Movement away from the midline of the body.
5. Circumduction: A combination of adduction and abduction
6. Medial rotation: A combination of above movements,
adduction, abduction and circumduction
7. Lateral rotation: Outward movement around a long axis of the
bone
Abduction Adduction
Circumduction
32. 9. Pronation: Medial rotation of forearm in anatomical position, so that
palm faces backward.
10. Supination: Lateral rotation of forearm, so that palm faces forward
as in normal anatomical position
11. Protraction: Moving of body part forward, as in jutting out lower
jaw
12. Retraction: Moving of body part backwards, as in pulling back
shoulders.
13. Inversion: A movement that turns the sole of the foot medially.
14. Eversion: A movement that turns the sole of the foot laterally
Protraction
Retraction
Pronation Supination
33. Approximately 56 % of adult human body is fluid . It is distributed in two major
compartment :
1. The intracellular fluid
2. The extracellular fluid
• The intracellular fluid constantly keeps moving body. It carries along the blood
circulation , diffuse as tissue fluid , carrying the ions and nutrients needed by cell for
maintenance of cellular life .
• The extracellular fluid compartment form the eternal environment of the body . The
extracellular fluid differs from intra cellular fluid .
• Extracellular fluid contain large amount of sodium, chloride , and bicarbonates ion
and nutrients such as glucose ,fatty acids, amino acids , as well as oxygen . It also
contain carbon dioxide and metabolic waste products.
• The intracellular fluid in contrast contains large amount of potassium , magnesium and
phosphate ions .
34. It refers to maintenance of constant condition in
internal environment . All the tissue and organs of the
body to maintain these constant conditions. All these
factors help in providing the body’s internal
environment within certain physiological limits.
An organism homeostasis condition when –
1. The internal environment contains optimum
concentration of gases , nutrients , ions and water
2. The temperature is within standard limit
3. The extracellular and intracellular volume should be
at optimal level
Distribution in the homeostatic balance result in illness.
The nervous system and endocrine system plays major
role in maintenance of homeostasis
Homeostasis
Internal
External Force
regulation
Hormonal
regulation
Psychological
Regulation
Baro
Regulation
Thermo
regulation
Metabolism
regulation
pH
Regulation