These are the pharmacological agent which when administered externally , bring loss of all five modalities of sensation with reversible loss of consciousness.
Light
Sound
Taste
Temperature/
Pressure
5. Smell
Diethyl Ether :
Physical Properties :
Colourless ,volatile liq. With pungent odour.
Boil at 350 C , vapor irritant.
Exposed in air , moisture or light , it get convert to ether peroxide and acetic aldehyde , which is irritant in nature
Highly explosive.
Stored in umber colour glass bottle covered with black paper.
10-15 % in inspired air is sufficient for induction of anaesthesia which can be maintained but 4-5 % concentration.
Pharmacological Action
Only a major portion of ether is oxidized in the body and is eliminated through the lungs .
The miscibility of drug with body fluid requires large amount of drug for induction of anesthesia and induction is slow.
Ether irritate the respiratory track and enhance the mucosal secretion.
Drug may causes laryngospasm ,Ether is also known to increase heart rate, blood pressure and blood sugar. It also causes peripheral vasodilation . Ether depresses myocardial contractility.
Advt / Therapeutic effect :
Safest agent in wide margine , also unexperienced hand.
90 mg/100 ml blood Indused anaesthesia
190 mg/100 ml bloodCauses respiratory Track
Not only safe anaesthetics but good analgesic also.
It does not interfere with uterine contractility.
Does not have any effect on liver , kidney , and heat.
No special or complicated apparatus if required.
Eeconomical agent .
general pharmacology is information about drug abd human body mechanism . it shows about route of administration . pharmacological terminologies ADME of bady and their factors. bioavilability of drugs and related factor . general principle of drug action on body . After that descriptioun about mechanism of drug action . factor modifying drug action and dur interaction.
Introduction
Pharmacy & therapeutic committee (PTC)
Hospital formulary
Infection control committee
In these days of modern medicine, a large number of drugs are available for the treatment of a disease.
Considering the complexities surrounding their effective use, it is necessary for the hospital to establish a system to bring the best medicinal agents to the attention of the medical staff and help them in proper selection of therapeutic substances.
In order to ensure proper rationality in the use of drugs a “PHARMACY AND THERAPEUTIC COMMITTEE” need to be organized and constituted in a hospital.
It is an advisory group of medical staff and the administration of hospital on matters related to the therapeutic use of drugs.
FUNCTIONS
To advise the medical staff on usage of drugs.
To develop and compile formulary of drugs accepted for use in the hospital.
To plan/establish suitable educational programs.
To review adverse drug reactions.
To make recommendations concerning drugs to be stocked in hospital patient care areas.
To advise the pharmacy in the implementation of effective drug distribution and control procedures.
HOSPITAL FORMULARY
Hospital Formulary is defined as a list of drugs used in the hospital.
Formulary system is method whereby the medical staff of an institution, working through the PTC, evaluates, appraises, and selects from among the numerous available drug entities & drug products those that considered most useful in patient care.
The aim of presentation is to provide information related to pharmacy Act, 1948.
Introduction
Definition
Pharmacy Council of India
State pharmacy Council
Registration of pharmacists
Offences and penalties
general pharmacology is information about drug abd human body mechanism . it shows about route of administration . pharmacological terminologies ADME of bady and their factors. bioavilability of drugs and related factor . general principle of drug action on body . After that descriptioun about mechanism of drug action . factor modifying drug action and dur interaction.
Introduction
Pharmacy & therapeutic committee (PTC)
Hospital formulary
Infection control committee
In these days of modern medicine, a large number of drugs are available for the treatment of a disease.
Considering the complexities surrounding their effective use, it is necessary for the hospital to establish a system to bring the best medicinal agents to the attention of the medical staff and help them in proper selection of therapeutic substances.
In order to ensure proper rationality in the use of drugs a “PHARMACY AND THERAPEUTIC COMMITTEE” need to be organized and constituted in a hospital.
It is an advisory group of medical staff and the administration of hospital on matters related to the therapeutic use of drugs.
FUNCTIONS
To advise the medical staff on usage of drugs.
To develop and compile formulary of drugs accepted for use in the hospital.
To plan/establish suitable educational programs.
To review adverse drug reactions.
To make recommendations concerning drugs to be stocked in hospital patient care areas.
To advise the pharmacy in the implementation of effective drug distribution and control procedures.
HOSPITAL FORMULARY
Hospital Formulary is defined as a list of drugs used in the hospital.
Formulary system is method whereby the medical staff of an institution, working through the PTC, evaluates, appraises, and selects from among the numerous available drug entities & drug products those that considered most useful in patient care.
The aim of presentation is to provide information related to pharmacy Act, 1948.
Introduction
Definition
Pharmacy Council of India
State pharmacy Council
Registration of pharmacists
Offences and penalties
drug relative to eyes with their meiotic and mydriatic effect.
In the presentation discus about spasm of accommodation and cycloplegic action on eye . pharmacological action , dosage also discussed of condition developed on eye i.e. Glaucoma
A hospital pharmacy is a department within a hospital that prepares, compounds, stocks and dispenses inpatient medications.
What is the role of hospital pharmacist?
Hospital pharmacists work in hospital pharmacy services belong to the MOH as well as the private sector. Pharmacists work in this field are responsible for dispensing of medications, quality testing, formulating and re-formulating dosage forms, monitoring and reporting drug safety, and preparing budges for medications.
Chapter 8_Over The Counter (OTC) Medications.pptxVinayGaikwad14
Definition, need and role of Pharmacists in OTC medication dispensing
OTC medications in India, counseling for OTC products
Self-medication and role of pharmacists in promoting the safe practices during self medication
Responding to symptoms, minor ailments, and advice for self-care in conditions
POINTS TO BE INCLUDED
Definition, scope,
Technical definitions, common terminologies used in clinical
settings
Daily activities of clinical pharmacists
Ward round participation
Treatment Chart Review
Adverse drug reaction monitoring
Interprofessional collaboration
Patient counseling is a process wherein pharmacist implements face-to-face interaction with the patient to provide information, orally or in written form, on directions of use & advice on side effects to help them to use their medications appropriately
what is patient counselling?
objectives
features of effective counselling
why pharmacist should counsel?
effects of poor counselling
steps involved in patient counselling
There are many different types of drugs that work on the CNS,
EPHEDRA, BELLADONA, TEA LEAVES
COFFEE SEEDS
COCA LEAVES
HYOSCYAMUS
AND THEIR PHARMACOGNOSTIC STUDY
General anaesthetics (GAs) are drugs which produce reversible loss of all sensation and consciousness.
The cardinal features of general anaesthesia are:
• Loss of all sensation, especially pain.
• Sleep (unconsciousness) and amnesia
• Immobility and muscle relaxation
• Abolition of somatic and autonomic reflexes.
GA was absent until the mid 1800’s
Original discoverer of GA
-Crawford long, physician from Gerogia(1842),
ETHER ANESTHESIA
. NITROUS OXIDE
- Horace wells(1844)
. GASEOUS ETHER by William T.G. Morton(1846)
. CHLOROFORM introduced by
- James simpson (1847)
METHODS OF ADMINISTRATION OF INHALATIONAL GENERAL ANAESTHETICS
OPEN METHOD: This is a simple method of administering a volatile anaesthetic.
A simple mask covered with six to ten layers of gauze, which does not fit the contour of the face is held on the face and an anaesthetic like ether, or ethyl chloride is poured on it in drops. The anaesthetic vapour, diluted with air, is inhaled through the gap between the mask and the face.
SEMI-OPEN METHOD: This method is similar to open method but the dilution with air is prevented by using either a well-fitting mask like Ogston’s mask or layers of gauze between face and the mask. A small carbon dioxide build-up occurs with this method.
SEMI-CLOSED METHOD: This method allows some rebreathing of the anaesthetic drug with the help of a reservoir but in addition, part of the volume of each succeeding inspiration is a new portion from an anaesthetic mixture. This method involves accumulation and rebreathing of carbon dioxide.
• CLOSED METHOD: This method employs the chemical agent soda lime to absorb the carbon dioxide present in the expired air. It requires the use of a special apparatus but is particularly useful when the anaesthetic agent is potentially explosive
STAGES OF ANAESTHESIA
Guedel, in 1920 outlined the four stages of general anaesthesia :
• Stage I: Stage of analgesia
• Stage II: Stage of delirium
• Stage III: Stage of surgical anaesthesia
• Stage IV: Stage of respiratory paralysis
Inadequate anaesthesia is indicated by:
Signs of ANS overactivity, such as tachycardia, rise of BP, sweating and lacrimation.
Grimacing;
Other muscle activity.
Surgical anaesthesia is indicated by:
Loss of eyelash (lid) reflex
Development of rhythmic respiration.
Deep anaesthesia is suggested by :
Depression of respiration.
Hypotension
Asystole
drug relative to eyes with their meiotic and mydriatic effect.
In the presentation discus about spasm of accommodation and cycloplegic action on eye . pharmacological action , dosage also discussed of condition developed on eye i.e. Glaucoma
A hospital pharmacy is a department within a hospital that prepares, compounds, stocks and dispenses inpatient medications.
What is the role of hospital pharmacist?
Hospital pharmacists work in hospital pharmacy services belong to the MOH as well as the private sector. Pharmacists work in this field are responsible for dispensing of medications, quality testing, formulating and re-formulating dosage forms, monitoring and reporting drug safety, and preparing budges for medications.
Chapter 8_Over The Counter (OTC) Medications.pptxVinayGaikwad14
Definition, need and role of Pharmacists in OTC medication dispensing
OTC medications in India, counseling for OTC products
Self-medication and role of pharmacists in promoting the safe practices during self medication
Responding to symptoms, minor ailments, and advice for self-care in conditions
POINTS TO BE INCLUDED
Definition, scope,
Technical definitions, common terminologies used in clinical
settings
Daily activities of clinical pharmacists
Ward round participation
Treatment Chart Review
Adverse drug reaction monitoring
Interprofessional collaboration
Patient counseling is a process wherein pharmacist implements face-to-face interaction with the patient to provide information, orally or in written form, on directions of use & advice on side effects to help them to use their medications appropriately
what is patient counselling?
objectives
features of effective counselling
why pharmacist should counsel?
effects of poor counselling
steps involved in patient counselling
There are many different types of drugs that work on the CNS,
EPHEDRA, BELLADONA, TEA LEAVES
COFFEE SEEDS
COCA LEAVES
HYOSCYAMUS
AND THEIR PHARMACOGNOSTIC STUDY
General anaesthetics (GAs) are drugs which produce reversible loss of all sensation and consciousness.
The cardinal features of general anaesthesia are:
• Loss of all sensation, especially pain.
• Sleep (unconsciousness) and amnesia
• Immobility and muscle relaxation
• Abolition of somatic and autonomic reflexes.
GA was absent until the mid 1800’s
Original discoverer of GA
-Crawford long, physician from Gerogia(1842),
ETHER ANESTHESIA
. NITROUS OXIDE
- Horace wells(1844)
. GASEOUS ETHER by William T.G. Morton(1846)
. CHLOROFORM introduced by
- James simpson (1847)
METHODS OF ADMINISTRATION OF INHALATIONAL GENERAL ANAESTHETICS
OPEN METHOD: This is a simple method of administering a volatile anaesthetic.
A simple mask covered with six to ten layers of gauze, which does not fit the contour of the face is held on the face and an anaesthetic like ether, or ethyl chloride is poured on it in drops. The anaesthetic vapour, diluted with air, is inhaled through the gap between the mask and the face.
SEMI-OPEN METHOD: This method is similar to open method but the dilution with air is prevented by using either a well-fitting mask like Ogston’s mask or layers of gauze between face and the mask. A small carbon dioxide build-up occurs with this method.
SEMI-CLOSED METHOD: This method allows some rebreathing of the anaesthetic drug with the help of a reservoir but in addition, part of the volume of each succeeding inspiration is a new portion from an anaesthetic mixture. This method involves accumulation and rebreathing of carbon dioxide.
• CLOSED METHOD: This method employs the chemical agent soda lime to absorb the carbon dioxide present in the expired air. It requires the use of a special apparatus but is particularly useful when the anaesthetic agent is potentially explosive
STAGES OF ANAESTHESIA
Guedel, in 1920 outlined the four stages of general anaesthesia :
• Stage I: Stage of analgesia
• Stage II: Stage of delirium
• Stage III: Stage of surgical anaesthesia
• Stage IV: Stage of respiratory paralysis
Inadequate anaesthesia is indicated by:
Signs of ANS overactivity, such as tachycardia, rise of BP, sweating and lacrimation.
Grimacing;
Other muscle activity.
Surgical anaesthesia is indicated by:
Loss of eyelash (lid) reflex
Development of rhythmic respiration.
Deep anaesthesia is suggested by :
Depression of respiration.
Hypotension
Asystole
Common medication used for anesthesia, there action; dosage; adverse effect; duration of action.
They Include {inhalation + Induction + Muscle relaxant + Anticholinergic + Analgesic + Resuscitation}
complete and detail study on the topic of general anesthetics by the collaboration of teacher and students for the student , teachers and other health care professionals to learn more on the topics
These are the pharmacological agent which when administered externally relieves mild or moderate pains without degree of consciousness called as Analgesics are worked against the pain so firstly introduced the Pain sensation.
ANATOMY :
It is the study of structure of whole body as well as its
different individual parts and their relationship amongst
each other.
PHYSIOLOGY :
It deals with the function of the body parts, and
their synchronized working to co-ordination of the
whole body
Surface anatomy : It is the study of the external surface of the body and different marking present .
Gross anatomy : It is the macroscopic study gross organ of the body
Systemic anatomy : It deals with the structure study of different system of the body , such as digestive system , nervous system etc.
Regional Anatomy : It is the study of specific region of the body such as thorax . Abdomen , chest , head etc. from anatomy point of view
Developmental anatomy : It is study of structural feature during development of the fertilized egg to adult form .
Cytology : It is the microscopic study of the structural feature of tissues.
Embryology : Initial eight week developmental study
of structure of fertilized egg.
Teratology: Study of congenital malformations.
Radiological anatomy: Study of anatomy using radiological techniques like: X-rays,CT (computed tomography) scans, MRI (medical resonance imaging).
Applied anatomy: It is anatomical knowledge with clinical application, useful for diagnosis and surgical procedures
Cell Physiology : Deals with the study of different functional characteristics of cell and its organelles .
2) System Physiology : study of function of different organ system of body
3) Cardiovascular Physiology : Study of function of heart and blood vessel
4) Renal Physiology : Deals with study of function of Kidney .
An institution providing medical and surgical treatment and nursing care for sick or injured people.
By WHO "Directory of Hospitals in India, 1988" is to some extent simple and short.
According to this,
definition. "A hospital is an institution which is operated for the medical surgical and/or obstetrical care of in-patients and which is treated as a hospital by the Centrally State Government/Local bodies or licensed by the appropriate authority.
1. Patient care:- patient care involves diagnosis, treatment ofllness or injury preventive medicine, rehabilitation, convalescent care, dental care, personalized services
2. Education services :- The education services are two form:-
a. Medical & allied health profession education: - Teaching of physician nurses, pharmacist, medical technologist, medical social service worker, hospital administration & training, dietician etc.
b. Patient education: - children, general education, social education for rehabilitation health care & also patient counseling.
3.Research: - Research is important to advanced medical knowledge against disease & to improve hospital service. This is important for better health care of patient.
4. Public health care: - public health is important to assist the community to reduce chance of illness & to improve general health population.
joint is site at which bone are together and creating work .
in that discussed definition . structure and function of joint .
disorder of joint briefly discussed
Osseous system II , is the appendicular skeletal system , it representing about the bone of pectoral girdle , pelvic girdle and upper limbs and lower limbs. structure and function of humerus , radius ulna and structure and function of femur , tibia fibula.
It is skeletal system of human body in detail description. In this ppt gives axial skeleton of body cranium thoracic cage and Vertibral coloumn . i gave structure and function of the bone , parts of axial skeleton with diagram
Autocoids are the self treating substance and local hormones . which is create changes in body Phisiology on the situation of to admine poisonous as well as foreign substance.
in this ppt gives Physiology of 5HT , Prostaglandin, and Histamine with their clinical use and adverse effect.
Also discussed about anti histamine , 5 HT antagonist with suitable examples.
It is whole study about animal cell . Componant of cell well described with their function . Structure of organals also seen in presentation . Also gives Homeostatic mechanism of body and how to wor it .
Cell divission frieflys described with their phases And types .
Patient Councelling on Hypertension.pptxSwatiingle7
on that presentation include how to counselling on mild hypertension patient . How to produce it , which medicine gives and what is the side effect with their contraindication . and Informative presentation about primary hypertension. The hypertension is not curable disease but it is preventable as well as live long with this condition .
Briefly describe sedative hypnotic drug with their classification and mechanism , therapeutic effect , adverse effect and dose preparation . this presentation is useful for pharma student .
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
1. Drug Acting on Central
nervous System
Compiled By : SWATI G. PATIL
M. Pharm
Pharmaceutics
2. General Anesthetics
These are the pharmacological agent which
when administered externally , bring loss of
all five modalities of sensation with reversible
loss of consciousness.
1. Light
2. Sound
3. Taste
4. Temperature/
Pressure
5. Smell
3. Stages of general anesthesia
1. Stage of analgesia & Amnesia
2. Stage of delirium or excitement
3. Stage of anesthesia chirurgical
(anesthesia for surgery)
4. Stage of medullary paralysis respirations
(intoxication, respiratory arrest)
4. I. stage of Analgesia &
Amnesia
• This stage is in between induction of
anesthesia to the loss consciousness.
• Pain is progressively abolished during this
stage .
• Patient remains conscious can hear and see
and feel dream like state .
• All reflexes are present and respiration is
normal .
• It difficult to maintain –used to short
procedure only .
• Suitable for dental surgery & obstetrical
Procedure . Like Burn And Small Stitching.
5. II. Stage of Excitation
• From the loss of consciousness to beginning of regular
respiration.
• Excitement and patient may shout , struggle and hold his
breath .
• Muscle tone increase and jaw are slightly closed.
• Breathing is jerky , vomiting and involuntary micturition or
defecation may occur.
• Heart rate and B.P. may rise and pupil dilate may
sympathetic stimulation .
• No stimulus or operative procedure carried out during this
stage.
• Breathing are commonly seen , potentially dangerous
response can occur during this stage including vomiting ,
laryngospasm, uncontrolled movement.
• This stage can found in modern anaesthesia, preanaesthetic
medication ,rapid induction.
6. III. Stage of Anesthesia Chirurgical
(surgery)
• Extend from onset of regular respiration to
cessation of spontaneous berating . This has been
divide into four plane.
Plane 1 : Roving eye ball. This plane ends when eye
become fixed.
Plane 2 : Loss of corneal and pharyngeal reflexes.
Plane 3 : Pupil start dilate and light reflex is lost .
Plane 4 : Intercostal paralysis , shallow abdominal
respiration , pupil are dilated
Dilate pupil
Normal pupil
7. IV. Stage of Medullary Paralysis :
• It is stage of overdose beyond the stage of surgical
anaesthetisia in which medullary centers completely
paralyzed.
• It is characterized by stoppage of breathing , fall of blood
pressure to the zero level and cardiovascular collapse. It
leads to death.
• Vigorous and prompt measure only , can save the patient
from this passage .
DEATH
9. Pharmacology of drug
# Diethyl Ether :
Physical Properties :
• Colourless ,volatile liq. With pungent odour.
• Boil at 350 C , vapor irritant.
• Exposed in air , moisture or light , it get convert to ether
peroxide and acetic aldehyde , which is irritant in nature
• Highly explosive.
• Stored in umber colour glass bottle covered with black paper.
• 10-15 % in inspired air is sufficient for induction of anaesthesia
which can be maintained but 4-5 % concentration.
10. Pharmacological Action
• Only a major portion of ether is oxidized in the
body and is eliminated through the lungs .
• The miscibility of drug with body fluid requires
large amount of drug for induction of anesthesia
and induction is slow.
• Ether irritate the respiratory track and enhance the
mucosal secretion.
• Drug may causes laryngospasm ,Ether is also
known to increase heart rate, blood pressure and
blood sugar. It also causes peripheral vasodilation .
Ether depresses myocardial contractility.
11. Advt / Therapeutic effect :
• Safest agent in wide margine , also unexperienced hand.
90 mg/100 ml blood Indused anaesthesia
190 mg/100 ml bloodCauses respiratory Track
• Not only safe anaesthetics but good analgesic also.
• It does not interfere with uterine contractility.
• Does not have any effect on liver , kidney , and heat.
• No special or complicated apparatus if required.
• Eeconomical agent .
12. Dis- advt / Adverse effect :
• Induction is very slow and stormy.
• Ether vapor are irritant and may increase salivary , bronchial
secretions
• Ether is highly explosive , hence cannot be used for
cauterization.
• Recovery is slow and is associate with high incidence of
nausea and vomiting .
• In children , it may produced convulsion .
• Used As general anaesthetics
• Used As Rubifacient
• Used as solvent
• Used As cleasing
agent
Convulsion
13. Dose :
• 1 – 4 ml
• For induction anaesthesia :
upto 15 % in inspired air
Maintainance of light
anaesthesia :
3-5 % in spired air with of
without muscle relaxant.
Deep anaesthesia :
Up to 10 % in inspired air
Preaperation :
• Anaesthetic Ether , I.P.
• Spirit of ether , I.P.
14. # Halothane :
Physical properties :
• Heavy colourless liqud .
• Inflammable, nontoxic fluorinated hydrocarbon .
• Sweet , fruit odor and boil at 500 C .
• It affects most metals including stainless steel , brass and copper
also affect rubber.
Advt :
• Induction is very smooth as it is sweet , fruity odour .
• Recovery is fast , smooth with low incidence of nausea and
vomiting
• Being non-inflammable it does not causes irritation of
respiratory passage.
• It does not produces bronchospasm and laryngospasm , hence
can be used in patient with bronchial asthma .
15. Adverse Effect :
• Mascular relaxation is inadequeate.
• It causes respiratory , cardiovascular depression .
• Shivering during recovery is very common.
• Mental recovery delayed.
• It poor analgesic .
• May increase in chances of hepatic damage.
• It is expensive , need special apparatus for administration
Uses :
Induction and maintainenace of anaesthesia.
Contraindications :
History of unexplained jaundice or pyrexia
following previous exposure to halothane ,
family history of malignant hyperthermia and
porphyria.
Hepatic damage
16. Dosage for induction :
Using calibrated gradually increased gas concentration
2-4 % , for adult and children 1.5 – 2 % in
oxygen or nitrous oxide-oxygen
Maintainance:
For both adult and child 0.5 – 2 %
17. # Chloroform :
Physical Properties :
• It is clear , volatile liquid of boiling point 61º C .
• It is non-explosive liquid which is unstable on
storage .
• It has sweet , appreciable smell.
• It marked in brown coloured bottles to avoid
oxidation by light . It also decomposes in the
presence of flame to form phosgene.
18. Pharmacological action
• Chloroform is highly potent drug which produce all stages of
anaesthesia , without causing hypoxia.
• Just 1 % concentration of chloroform in inspired air is
sufficient for induction of anaesthesia.
• Surgical anaesthesia achieved in 2 to 3 Min.
• Care should be taken to dilute the vapor with pure air to avoid
the possibility of over – dosage .
• First indication of overdose is circulatory collapse.
• Chloroform produce arterial hypotension withoutt much
affecting the heart rate . Hypotension is caused by marked
reduction in cardiac output & may occur cardiac arrest
suddenly administered .
• Chloroform gives cooling sensation on skin i.e. rubifacient .
• Dilute chloroform solution are internally administered as
carminative.
19. Advese Effect :
1. Toxic effect on liver .
2. Repeated doses of chloroform can causes cirrhosis ,
degeneration of heart and kidney.
3. It produces hypotension . Cardiac arrest and arrhythmia.
4. Drug may be produce ventricular fibrillation as well as
respiratory arrest.
5. Drug produce intestinal motility and because of it
chances of paralytic ileus.
Intestinal motility
20. Therapeutic uses :
1. It is powerful anaesthetics agent Because of toxicity
no longer used except in obstetrical anaesthesia .
2. It is counterirritant and rubifacient .
3. It used as carminative stomachic and flavoring agent .
4. Sometimes used as vehicle for excretion of organic
drug.
flavoring agent
21. Gases :
# Nitrous Oxcide :
Physical properties :
• Colourless gas , sweet odour and test , noninflammable , Non –
explosive but strongly support combustion.
• Nitrous oxide is marketed in the liquid form under 50
atmospheric pressure i9n royal blue cylinder.
Advt :
• Produced rapid induction and recovery.
• Good analgesics effect hence can be used in dental practice .
Dis-Advt :
• Pre-anaesthetic medication is required as it is potent anaesthetic.
• Excitement may be violent
• Special apparatus is required.
22. Pharmacological Action :
• Mixture of nitrous oxide gas with
oxygen containing 80 % of it causes
unconsciousness and analgesia
though not full anaesthesia.
• For achieving full surgical
anaesthesia with the gas a higher
concentration ( upto 80 % ) is
necessary which cause anoxia with
cerebral damage , if the inhalation
continues for more medication and
skeletal muscle relaxant .
Anoxia
23. Advese Effect :
• The Produced by nitrous oxide may be violent in certain cases .
• The drug is known to produce hypoxia and cardiac irregularities
during anaesthesia .
• Nitrous oxide is used as supplementary anaesthetics agent .
• Administration of nitrous oxide required administration Of
preanaesthetic medicarion and skeletal muscle relaxants.
Therapeutic uses
• Commonly employed as adjunct to
other anaesthetics agent.
• It is employed for extraction tooth ,
obstetrical analgesia and for certain
painful procedures. extraction tooth
24. Contraindications :
In patient with demonstrable
collection of air in pleural,
Pericardial , Peritoneal space ,
intestinal obstruction , arterial air
embolism , chronic obstructive
airway disease and emphysema.
Dosage :
• Nitrous oxide with 25 to 30 % oxygen.
• For analgesia 50 % nitrous oxide missed
with 50 % oxygen .
25. # Cyclopropane :
Physical Properties:
• Colourless gas with sweet odour and test .
• It is available as liquid under pressure andadninistration in
closed circuit.
• cardiac contractility.
Preparation And Doses :
Cyclopropane I.P. : 30 to 35 % concentration.
26. Therapeutic Effect :
• Potent anesthetic agent.
• Induction is pleasant and quicker.
• Recovery is rapid and smooth .
• Does not irritate respiratory passage .
• Incidence of nausea and vomiting are less.
• It produced adequate muscular relaxation.
• It does not affect B.P. and
Advese Effect
• The sign if anesthesia are not clear .
• Rapid induction may produced laryngospasm ,
breath , holding , tachypnea, coughing .
• It may produced excitement and delirium .
• Stages of anashaesia is not clear ,as induction is very smooth.
• it increase capillary oozing.
27. Mechanism of action of Inhalatory
anaesthetics :
Inhaled anesthetics produce immobility via
actions on the spinal cord . There is consensus that
inhaled anesthetics produce anesthesia by
enhancing inhibitory channels and attenuating
excitatory channels, but whether or not this occurs
through direct binding or membrane alterations is
not known .
28. B) Nonvolatile intravenous anaesthertics
Advt :
• Easy to administer .
• Induction is rapid and smooth .
• Post anaesthetic complication are rare .
• Recovery is very fast .
• Respiratory and myocardial function remains unaffected.
• No irriatation of respiratory passage.
Dis-Advt :
• Usal stages of anaesthesia are not cleare.
• Coughing , apneas is common during induction,
• Muscular relaxation is very poor .
• Ingection around nerve may produces palsy ( paralysis) .
Preaperations :
• Thiopenton sodium 2.5 % solution
• Methohexitone 1 % solution
• Propenamide 4 mg/kg
• Ketamine 1.2 mg/kg
Cerebral palsy
29. # Thiopentone :
Thiopentone sodium is sodium salt of pentobarbitone
which can be uses as anaesthetics agent .
Pharmacological action :
• Nitrous oxide or pethidine together with use of muscle
relaxant .
• The drug may be used in very short operations such as
manipulations or settling of fracture , but this can be
dangerous owing to the possibility of respiratory arrest .
• The drug is commonly administered as an intravenous
injection.2.5 to 5 % solution given by intravenous
Thiopentone is rapidly distributed and act quickly on brain
and effect of an initial dose 25 mg last for about 15 minutes ,
Thus it is ultra short acting .It is poor analgesics
30. Undesirable effects :
It depress respiration and causes coughing , Laryngospasm ,
bronchospasm .
Therapeutic Uses :
It used as intravenously for induction of Anaesthesia and as a basal
anesthetics .
Contraindications :
Inability to maintain air way , hypersensitivity to barbiturates ,
cardiovascular disease , dyspnea , porphyria .
31. PREANAESTHETIC MEDICATION
The pharmacological agent when administerd externally
with an important objectives to make analsthesia mor smooth and
agreeable for the patient , the phenomenon is termed as preanaesthetic
medication.
Aimes and Objectives :
For sedation – to reduced anxiety
To obtain an additive and synergestic effect .
To minimize pre and post operative complication.
To facilitate smooth and rapid induction.
To overcome secretary effects of general anaesthetics .
It Produce synergetic effect or additive effect with anaesthetics
agent, so dose and hence toxicity of anaesthetics agent can be
reduced .
33. Basal Anesthetics :
Drug which are produce preliminary and incomplete
anaesthesia induced to prepare a surgical patient for total
anaesthesia with another agent called basal anaesthestics .
E. g.
1. Thiopentone sodium : 2% salt by I.V. After administered
patient become unconscious.
2. Tribromomethanol : It also administered as retention edema
It contain halogen , It has hepatotoxic effect
3. Paraldehyde : It also administered as retention edema.
With tranquilizer and better safety established anaesthetics
they are basal anaesthetics used recent time.