Anatomy and Physiology

2.  ANATOMY- the branch of science that deals
with the structure of body parts, their forms,
and how they are organized.
 PHYSIOLOGY- deals on how the systems
of the body work , and the ways in which
their integrated cooperation maintains life
and health of an individual.
 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY- study of disorders of
functioning , and a knowledge of normal
physiology makes such disorder easier to
understand.

3. SUBDIVISIONS OF ANATOMY
AND PHYSIOLOGY
1) Gross anatomy -study of large, easily
observable structures.
2) Microscopic anatomy- study of very
small structures with the use of a
microscope or a magnifying instrument.
3) Developmental anatomy- Study of
structural changes from conception
to birth.

4. 4) Neurophysiology-study of the working of
nervous system.
5) Pathological anatomy (Pathology)-
deals with the cause and nature of
disease and the changes in structure and
function that results from disease process.
6) Cardiac physiology- study of the functions
of the heart.

5. 7. Cellular Physiology- Study of interactions of
cell parts and the specific functions of the
organelles of the cell in general.
8. Developmental Physiology- Study of
functional changes that occur as an organism
develops.
9. Pathological Physiology- Study of functional
changes that occur as the organs age or become
disease.

6. LEVELS OF
STRUCTURAL
ORGANIZATION

7. 1) Chemical
a) Atoms
a) Molecule.
b) Macromolecules
c) Organelles

8. TWO MAJOR CATEGORIES OF CHEMICAL
LEVEL:
1)INORGANIC CHEMICALS
2) Organic chemicals

9. 2) Cellular level- consists of cells ;this is the structural
and functional unit of the body.
3) Tissue level- which are formed by tissues, group of
similarly specialized cells and their intercellular
material.
4) Organ level- consists of organs, structure of definite
form and function and which are composed of two or
more different tissues.
5) System level- formed by systems, associations of
organs and has a common function---ORGANISM.

10. SYSTEMS OF
THE BODY

11. 1) INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM-
 Consists of the skin and the hair covering.
 Protects the deeper tissues from injury.
 Minor excretory organ.
 Regulates body temperature.

12. 2) Skeletal system
 Bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints.
 Supports the body and serves as a framework for
the attachment of the skeletal muscles.

13. 3) Muscular system
 This is for the function of movement.

14. 4) Nervous system
 Brain, spinal cord, nerves and sensory receptors.
 Functions for irritability and conductivity.

15. 5) Endocrine system
 Endocrine glands that secrete hormones, which
control bodily activities.
 Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, thymus,
pancreas, pineal, ovaries and testes.

16. 6) Cardiovascular system
 Heart, blood vessels, and blood.
 The blood transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones
and other substances to and from tissue cells where
exchange are made.

17. 7) Lymphatic system
 Compliments the cardiovascular system
 Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes and other
lymphoid organs such.

18. 8) Respiratory system
 Consists of the nasal passages,
pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and
lungs.

19. 9) Digestive system
 Digestive tract and the digestive gland.
 The digestive tract: mouth (oral cavity), esophagus,
stomach, small and large intestine, rectum and anus.
 Digestive glands: salivary glands, liver and pancreas.
 Breakdown foods.

20. 10) Urinary system
 Excretory system: kidney, ureters, bladder and
urethra
 The main function of this system is to eliminate
nitrogenous waste products.

21. 11) Reproductive system
 Functions for the perpetuation or multiplication of species.
 Male reproductive system: testes, scrotum, penis,
accessory glands and the duct system.
 Female reproductive system: ovaries, which produce egg
(ova)
 Female duct system: uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina.

22. HOMEOSTASI
S
BALANCEBALANCE EQUILIBRIUMEQUILIBRIUM
STABILITY

23.  Refers to the balance of internal
environment.
 Every organ/ system plays a role in
maintaining the constancy of the
internal environment of the body

24.  Homeostatic imbalance- means the body
organs become less efficient and internal
condition become less and less stable.
 Feedback- occurs whenever an adjustment
that a person makes in the present affects
the future state of the body.
Ex. Weather is hot--------sweat glands is activated--------perspire
(FEEDBACK)
Weather is cold--------muscles contracts and relax------
shiver--------action gives off heat.

25. Two types of feedback:
1) Negative feedback mechanism -is a feedback system that
produces a response that is opposite to the initiating
stimulus.
Ex. If blood pressure is high, the (-) feedback is to decrease
the BP.
If blood pressure is low, (-) feedback is to raise the BP.
2) Positive feedback mechanism- operates where the initial
stimulus is reinforced.
Ex. Blood glucose level is decreased-------- (+) feedback is
to lower it further.

26. DIRECTIONAL TERMS
1. Superior (cephalic or cranial) - toward the head
of the upper part of a structure: generally refers
to structure in the trunk. Examples:
 The kidneys are superior to the urinary bladder.
 The heart is superior to the liver
 The nose is superior to the lips
 The chin is superior to the neck
 The stomach is superior to the intestines
 The esophagus is superior to the stomach

27. The kidneys are superior to the urinary bladder

28. The heart is superior to the liver

29. The nose is superior to the lips

30. The chin is superior to the neck

31. The stomach is superior to the intestines

32. The oesophagus is superior to the stomach

33. 2) Inferior (caudal) - away from
the head or toward the lower part
of a structure; generally refers to
the structure in the trunk.
Example:
 The neck is inferior to the head.
 The liver is inferior to the lungs
 The diaphragm is inferior to the
heart

34. The neck is inferior to the head

35. The liver is inferior to the lungs

36. The diaphragm is inferior to the heart

37. 3) Anterior (ventral)- nearer to or
at the front or belly surface of the
body .In the prone position the
body lies anterior side down, in
the supine position the body lies
anterior side up. Example :
 The lips are anterior to the
front teeth.
 The chest is on the anterior

38. The lips are anterior to the teeth

39. The chest is on the anterior side of the body

40. 4) Posterior (dorsal) - nearer or at
the back or backbone surface of the
body, or the opposite of anterior.
Example:
 The pharynx is posterior to the
oral cavity.
 The lumbar area is posterior to
the umbilical area
 The occipital area is on the
posterior side of the body

41. The pharynx is posterior to the oral cavity

42. The lumbar area is posterior to the umbilical area

43. 5) Medial- nearer the midline of
the body or a structure.
Example:
 The nose is medial to the eyes.
 The heart is medial to the lungs
 The genital area is medial to the
inguinal area.

44. The nose is medial to the eyes

45. The heart is medial to the lungs

46. The genital area is medial to the inguinal area

47. 6) Lateral- farther from the
midline of the body or a
structure.
Example:
 The ears are on the lateral side of
the body/The ears lare ateral to
the head
 The shoulders are lateral to the

48. The ears are on the lateral side of the head

49. The shoulders are lateral to the neck

50. 7) Intermediate- between two
structures.
Example:
 The digit two are intermediate to the
digit 1 and digit 3.
 The elbow is intermediate to the
brachial and antebrachial.
 The cervical area is intermediate to
the head and trunk.

51. The digit two are intermediate to the digit 1 and
digit 3

52. The elbow is intermediate to the brachial and
antebrachial

53. The cervical area is intermediate to the head and
trunk

54. 8) Ipsilateral- on the
same side of the body.
Example:
 The right eye is ipsilateral to the
right ear.
 The right shoulder is ipsilateral to
the right hand.

55. The right eye is ipsilateral to the right ear

56. The right shoulder is ipsilateral to the right hand

57. 9) Contra lateral- on the
opposite side of the body.
Example:
 The right ear is contra
lateral to the left ear.
 The right eye is contralateral
to the left eye.
 The right lung is contralateral
to the left lung.

58. The right ear is contralateral to the left ear

59. Theright eye is contralateral to the left eye

60. The right lung is contralateral to the left lung

61. 10) Proximal- nearer the
attachment of an extremity to
the trunk; farther from the point
of origin.
Example:
 The elbow is proximal to the
wrist.
 The brachial is proximal to
the antebrachial.

62. The elbow is proximal to the wrist

63. The brachial is proximal to the antebrachial

64. 11) Distal- farther from the
attachment of an extremity to
the trunk; farther from the point
of origin.
Example:
 The digitals are distal to the
wrist.
 The antebrachial is distal

65. The digitals are distal to the wrist

66. The ante brachial is distal to the brachial

67. 12)Superficial (external)
- toward or on the surface
of the body.
Example:
 The epidermis is the
superficial layer of the
skin.

68. The epidermis is the superficial layer of the skin

69. 13) Deep (internal) -
away from the surface of
the body.
Example:
 The dermis is the deep layer
of the skin.

70. The dermis is the deep layer of the skin

71. 14) Peripheral – extending
from the main part
(describes the location of
certain blood vessels and
nerves).
Example :
 Nerves in the arm are part of

72. Nerves of the arm are part of the peripheral
nervous system

73. 15) Parietal- pertaining
to the wall of a cavity.
Example:
 The parietal pleura lines the
chest cavity.

74. The parietal pleura lines the chest cavity

75. 16) Visceral-
pertaining to
organs within a
cavity.
Example:
The visceral pleura

76. The visceral pleura covers the lungs

77. PLANES OF
THE BODY

78. Commonly used planes are:
1) Sagittal plane- Refers to the lengthwise plane
that divides the body into right and left portions.
a) Midsagittal (median) plane - A vertical
plane that passes through the midline of the
body and divides the body or an organ into
equal right or left sides.
b) Parasagittal plane- vertical plane that does
not pass through the midline of the body and
divides the body or an organ into

79. 2) Frontal (coronal) plane- A
vertical plane at a right angle to
a midsagittal plane that
divides the body or an organ into
anterior and posterior portions.

80. 3) Horizontal (transverse) plane -
A plane that is parallel to the
ground (at a right angle to
midsagittal, parasagittal, and
frontal planes) and divides the
body or an organ into superior
and inferior portions.

81. 5) Cross section plane– a plane
perpendicular to the long axis of an
organ.
Ex. A cross section of the small intestine(
tube) would look like a circle with the
cavity of the intestine at the center.
6) Longitudinal section plane - a plane
along the long axis of an organ.

82. 1) MIDSAGITTAL PLANE
2) PARASAGITTAL PLANE
3) TRANSVERSE (horizontal) PLANE
4) FRONTAL (coronal) PLANE

83. 2
3
1

84. BODY CAVITIES
One way of organizing the principal body cavities are
as follows:
**Membrane- a thin, soft pliable sheet of tissue that
lines a tube or cavity.
1) Dorsal body cavity
a. Cranial cavity
b. Spinal cavity

85. 2) Ventral body cavity
a. Thoracic cavity
b. Abdominal cavity
3) Pelvic cavity
* Female- Uterus
*Male- Prostrate gland.
2 kinds of peritoneum:
1) Parietal peritoneum

86.  Mediastinum- the space is between the
pleurae of the lungs extending from the
sternum to the back bone.
Mediastinum

89. ABDOMINOPELVIC
REGIONS
1)Subcostal line- an upper horizontal
line that passes just below the bottom of
the rib cage through the pylorus (lower
portion) of the stomach.
2) Transtubercular line- a lower
horizontal line that joins the iliac crests
(top surfaces of the hip bones)

90. 3) Right midclavicular line- drawn
through the midpoint of the right
clavicle slightly medial to the right
nipple.
4) Left midclavicular line- drawn
through the midpoint of the left clavicle

92. NINE REGIONS OF THE ABDOMEN:
1. Right Hypochondriac: to the right of the
epigastric region.
2. Epigastric: directly above the umbilical
region.
3. Left Hypochondriac: to the left of the
epigastric region
4. Right Lumbar: to the right of the umbilical
region.

93. 6. Left Lumbar: to the left ofumbilical
region.
7. Right Iliac(Inguinal): to the right
of the hypogastric (pubic) region.
8. Hypogastric (Pubic): directly
below the umbilical region.
9. Left Iliac(Inguinal): to the left of
the hypogastric (pubic region).

95. ABDOMINOPELVIC QUADRANTS
 The two lines divide the abdominopelvic cavity
into:
1) Right upper quadrant
2) Left upper quadrant
3) Right lower quadrant
4) Left lower quadrant.

96.  Quadrant names are used in locating the
site of an:
a. abdominopelvic tumor
b. abnormalities located on the abdomen.
c. Pain like
RLQ- Suspect for appendicitis.
RUQ- F Suspect for gallstone.
* Gallstone- are cholesterol that
forms within the gallbladder or bile
duct.

98. REGIONAL
TERMS

99. ANTERIOR BODY LANDMARKS
(Descriptive terms for body parts and
areas)
1) Abdominal
2) Antecubital
3) Antebrachial
4) Axillary
5) Brachial
6) Buccal
7) Carpal
8) Cervical

100. 8) Carpal
9) Cervical
10) Cranial
11) Digital
12) Femoral
13) Frontal
14) Inguinal

101. 15) Mammary
16) Nasal
17) Orbital
18) Parietal
19) Oral
20) Patellar
21) Pectoral (Thoracic)
22) Pedal
23) Perineal

102. 24) Plantar
25) Peroneal
26) Pubic
27) Sternal
28) Tarsal
29) Temporal
30) Umbilical
31) Volar (Palmar)

104. POSTERIOR BODY LANDMARKS
1) Cephalic
2) Crural
3) Deltoid
4) Gluteal
5) Lumbar

105. POSTERIOR BODY LANDMARKS
6) Occipital
7) Popliteal
8) Sacral
9) Scapular
10) Sural
11) Vertebral

107. Descriptive terms used for the
organs
1) Cardio
2) Cutaneous
3) Gastric
4) Hepa
5) Pulmonary

108. 6) Renal
7) Thorax
8) Neuro
9) Hema
10) Chole

109. Important prefixes and suffixes
Prefixes:
1) Anti (against)
2) Bi (two)
3) Brady (slow)
4) Cirrh (yellow)
5) Contra (against, opposite)
6) Crypt (hidden, concealed)

110. 7) Crypt (hidden, concealed)
8) Cyano (blue)
9) Dys (painful, difficult)
10) Ecto (exo- outside)
11) Hemi (half)
12) Hyper (over, above, excessive)
13) Hypo (under, beneath, deficient)
14) Macro (large, great)
15) Micro (small)

111. 16) Neo (new)
17) Oligo (small, few)
18) Tachy (rapid)

112. Suffixes:
1)Centesis (puncture, usually for drainage)
2)Ectomize, ectomy (excision/removal of)
3)It is (inflammation)
4)Megally (enlarged)
5)Oma (tumor)
6)Ostomy

113.  Ostomy (create an opening)
Colostomy- Surgically established fistula
between the colon and the surface
of the abdomen.
*Fistula- an opening on the anterior and
posterior part of the abdomen for
important purposes.

114. THANK
YOU