This document provides an overview of veterinary gross anatomy. It defines anatomy as the study of animal form and structure. The main branches of anatomy are described, including gross (macroscopic) anatomy, developmental anatomy, microscopic anatomy, applied anatomy, comparative anatomy, and special anatomy. Key terms used in anatomy like planes, directions, and descriptive terms are defined. The basic structure and functions of the animal cell are then outlined, including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, organelles, and nucleus.
This document provides definitions and introductions for anatomy, physiology, and the levels of organization in the human body. It defines anatomy as the study of structures and physiology as the study of functions. It describes that cells make up tissues, tissues make up organs, and organs make up systems. Key terms used in anatomy are also defined, such as superior, inferior, anterior, and posterior. The chemistry of life and characteristics of living things like metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, and differentiation are briefly introduced.
INTRODUCTION TO THE
HUMAN BODY
ANATOMY is the study of the structure of the
body and of the relationship of its constituent
parts to each other.
In regional anatomy a geographical study is
made and each region, e.g., arm, leg, head,
chest, etc., is found to consist of a number of
structures common to all regions such as bones,
muscles, nerves, blood vessels and so on.
From this study it follows that a number of
different systems exist.
Anatomy refers to the internal and external structures of the body and their physical relationships, whereas physiology refers to the study of the functions of those structures.
The document provides an overview of anatomy and physiology, defining them as the study of structures and functions of the body respectively. It describes the levels of organization in the body from chemicals to cells to tissues to organs to systems. Key terms used in anatomy are also defined. The summary of the document is:
1. Anatomy is the study of structures and physiology is the study of functions in the body.
2. The body is organized from the basic unit of cells to tissues to organs to systems.
3. Anatomy uses terms like anterior, posterior, medial and lateral to describe positions in the body.
ANATOMY :
It is the study of structure of whole body as well as its
different individual parts and their relationship amongst
each other.
PHYSIOLOGY :
It deals with the function of the body parts, and
their synchronized working to co-ordination of the
whole body
Surface anatomy : It is the study of the external surface of the body and different marking present .
Gross anatomy : It is the macroscopic study gross organ of the body
Systemic anatomy : It deals with the structure study of different system of the body , such as digestive system , nervous system etc.
Regional Anatomy : It is the study of specific region of the body such as thorax . Abdomen , chest , head etc. from anatomy point of view
Developmental anatomy : It is study of structural feature during development of the fertilized egg to adult form .
Cytology : It is the microscopic study of the structural feature of tissues.
Embryology : Initial eight week developmental study
of structure of fertilized egg.
Teratology: Study of congenital malformations.
Radiological anatomy: Study of anatomy using radiological techniques like: X-rays,CT (computed tomography) scans, MRI (medical resonance imaging).
Applied anatomy: It is anatomical knowledge with clinical application, useful for diagnosis and surgical procedures
Cell Physiology : Deals with the study of different functional characteristics of cell and its organelles .
2) System Physiology : study of function of different organ system of body
3) Cardiovascular Physiology : Study of function of heart and blood vessel
4) Renal Physiology : Deals with study of function of Kidney .
This document provides definitions and introductions for anatomy, physiology, and the levels of organization in the human body. It defines anatomy as the study of structures and physiology as the study of functions. It describes that cells make up tissues, tissues make up organs, and organs make up systems. Key terms used in anatomy are also defined, such as superior, inferior, anterior, and posterior. The chemistry of life and characteristics of living things like metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, and differentiation are briefly introduced.
INTRODUCTION TO THE
HUMAN BODY
ANATOMY is the study of the structure of the
body and of the relationship of its constituent
parts to each other.
In regional anatomy a geographical study is
made and each region, e.g., arm, leg, head,
chest, etc., is found to consist of a number of
structures common to all regions such as bones,
muscles, nerves, blood vessels and so on.
From this study it follows that a number of
different systems exist.
Anatomy refers to the internal and external structures of the body and their physical relationships, whereas physiology refers to the study of the functions of those structures.
The document provides an overview of anatomy and physiology, defining them as the study of structures and functions of the body respectively. It describes the levels of organization in the body from chemicals to cells to tissues to organs to systems. Key terms used in anatomy are also defined. The summary of the document is:
1. Anatomy is the study of structures and physiology is the study of functions in the body.
2. The body is organized from the basic unit of cells to tissues to organs to systems.
3. Anatomy uses terms like anterior, posterior, medial and lateral to describe positions in the body.
ANATOMY :
It is the study of structure of whole body as well as its
different individual parts and their relationship amongst
each other.
PHYSIOLOGY :
It deals with the function of the body parts, and
their synchronized working to co-ordination of the
whole body
Surface anatomy : It is the study of the external surface of the body and different marking present .
Gross anatomy : It is the macroscopic study gross organ of the body
Systemic anatomy : It deals with the structure study of different system of the body , such as digestive system , nervous system etc.
Regional Anatomy : It is the study of specific region of the body such as thorax . Abdomen , chest , head etc. from anatomy point of view
Developmental anatomy : It is study of structural feature during development of the fertilized egg to adult form .
Cytology : It is the microscopic study of the structural feature of tissues.
Embryology : Initial eight week developmental study
of structure of fertilized egg.
Teratology: Study of congenital malformations.
Radiological anatomy: Study of anatomy using radiological techniques like: X-rays,CT (computed tomography) scans, MRI (medical resonance imaging).
Applied anatomy: It is anatomical knowledge with clinical application, useful for diagnosis and surgical procedures
Cell Physiology : Deals with the study of different functional characteristics of cell and its organelles .
2) System Physiology : study of function of different organ system of body
3) Cardiovascular Physiology : Study of function of heart and blood vessel
4) Renal Physiology : Deals with study of function of Kidney .
This document provides an introduction to human anatomy. It defines anatomy as the study of the structure of the body and discusses its various divisions including gross, microscopic, regional, systemic and radiological anatomy. The objectives of anatomy are also outlined. Key terms used to describe anatomical positions like anterior/posterior, medial/lateral, superior/inferior are introduced. The document also briefly discusses anatomical planes, body types, and anatomical terminology used in the field.
The document discusses the four main types of tissues in the body: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. It provides detailed information on epithelial tissue, describing the different types, functions, characteristics, and classification of epithelium. The document also discusses the structural elements, types, and examples of connective tissues. An overview of nervous tissue and the three types of muscle tissue is also provided. Finally, the document defines important anatomical terms used to describe the location and planes of the body.
This document provides an introduction to anatomy and physiology by defining key terms and concepts. It describes anatomy as the study of body structure and physiology as the study of body functions. It also discusses pathology and pathophysiology. Additionally, it outlines the levels of structural organization in the body from chemical to cellular to tissue to organ to systems. The document also defines directional terms, planes, body cavities, regions, and homeostasis.
This document provides information on anatomy and physiology, including:
- Anatomy and physiology are closely integrated, with anatomical structures relating to physiological functions.
- Gross anatomy involves examining relatively large structures visible without a microscope, including surface, regional, systemic, clinical, developmental, and microscopic anatomy.
- Physiology is the study of the functions and workings of the body, including cell, organ, and systemic physiology as well as pathological physiology.
- The body is organized in a hierarchy from the chemical and cellular levels up through tissues, organs, organ systems, and the whole organism.
This document provides an overview of human anatomy. It begins with defining anatomy and tracing the history of its study from ancient Egypt and Greece to modern times. It then outlines the main divisions of anatomy including gross/topographical, microscopic, and developmental anatomy. The key anatomical terms, positions, planes, and body cavities are defined. In particular, it discusses the serous membranes that line body cavities like the pleura and peritoneum, protecting organs and reducing friction. Overall, the document concisely covers the essential concepts in human anatomy.
This document discusses the evolution of body plans in animals and protists. It describes the major types of symmetry seen in nature including radial, bilateral, and asymmetry. It then discusses increasing complexity in body organization from unicellular to multicellular organisms with tissues and organ systems. The major body cavities seen in triploblastic animals are also summarized.
1) This document provides definitions and information about animal anatomy and physiology. It discusses the levels of organization in living things from the chemical to the organism level.
2) Homeostasis and feedback mechanisms are explained. Negative feedback systems work to maintain stable internal conditions while positive feedback accelerates responses in some cases.
3) The document covers anatomical terminology used to describe animal structures and their positions relative to the body planes and midlines. Understanding this language is important for accurately describing anatomy.
The document discusses the structure and functions of the human body. It begins by defining anatomy and describing different levels of structural organization in the body, from cells to organ systems. It then outlines several key life processes including metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, reproduction, and homeostasis. It provides an overview of the 11 organ systems and their functions in maintaining homeostasis. It concludes by describing anatomical terminology used to communicate locations in the body.
This document discusses the levels of organization in the human body from cells to organisms. It defines key terms like cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. It explains that cells make up tissues, tissues make up organs, and organs work together in organ systems. Some key organ systems mentioned are the digestive system, circulatory system, and respiratory system. The relationship between cells, tissues, organs, systems and organisms is illustrated through a flow chart. The document provides a high-level overview of the hierarchical structure of the human body.
This chapter discusses the levels of organization in the human body from cells to organ systems. It describes anatomical position and planes used to describe body structure locations. The major body cavities and divisions of the abdominal cavity are presented. Directional terms and an overview of pathology, including causes of disease, diagnosis, and prognosis, are provided to give context to studying the structure and functions of the body and disease states.
What are Anatomy and Physiology?
Anatomy: the word anatomy is derived from a Greek word “Anatome” meaning to cut up. It is the study of structures that make up the body and how those structures relate with each other.
The study of anatomy includes many sub specialties. These are Gross anatomy, Microscopic anatomy, Developmental anatomy and Embryology.
Gross anatomy studies body structure with out microscope. Systemic anatomy studies functional relationships of organs within a system whereas Regional anatomy studies body part regionally. Both systemic and regional approaches may be used to study gross anatomy.
Microscopic anatomy (Histology) requires the use of microscope to study tissues that form the various organs of the body.
Physiology: the word physiology derived from a Greek word for study of nature. It is the study of how the body and its part work or function.
The document provides an overview of anatomy and physiology. It begins with an introduction defining anatomy as the study of body structure and physiology as the study of body functions. It then discusses the branches of anatomy including gross anatomy, histology, embryology, and others. Key terms like ventral, dorsal, medial, and lateral are defined. An overview of the digestive system and its organs is provided. The four chambers of the heart - right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, and left ventricle - are identified. Basic cell structure and the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are outlined. The four basic types of tissue - connective, epithelial, muscle, and nervous - are also
This document provides an overview of human anatomy and key anatomical structures. It begins by defining anatomy and its subfields. It then introduces important anatomical terms for describing body structures, including anatomical planes (coronal, sagittal, axial), body cavities (thoracic, abdominal, pelvic), and directional/positional terms. The remaining sections describe the central nervous system including the brain parts (cerebrum, brainstem, cerebellum) and spinal cord. It also briefly introduces the peripheral nervous system and its divisions. The document concludes by discussing joints, including their classification into fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints.
The human body is made up of trillions of cells that are organized into tissues, organs, and systems. Cells are the basic unit of the body and come together to form tissues like muscle and bone. Multiple tissues combine to create organs such as the stomach and liver. Systems are groups of organs that work together, such as the circulatory, respiratory, and nervous systems, which work to transport nutrients, gases, and signals throughout the body.
The human body is made up of trillions of cells that are organized into tissues, organs, and systems. Cells are the basic unit of the body and come together to form tissues like muscle and bone. Multiple tissues combine to create organs such as the stomach and liver. Systems group several organs together to carry out important functions - examples include the circulatory, respiratory, and nervous systems. The human body contains 11 major organ systems that work together intricately to keep us alive.
Anatomy is the study of body structures including their location, size, color, and shape. It is divided into gross anatomy which examines structures visible to the naked eye, microscopic anatomy which examines cells and tissues under a microscope, developmental anatomy which studies growth and development, pathological anatomy which examines diseased tissues, and systemic anatomy which examines body systems.
Physiology is the study of normal body function at the molecular, cellular, and systemic levels. It includes the functions of organs like the liver and the relationships between functions and the body. Physiology is also divided into plant/human physiology, molecular/cellular physiology, and systemic physiology.
Anatomical terms are used to describe positions in the body including anterior/posterior
The document discusses the basics of human anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy as the study of the body's structures and physiology as the study of how those structures function. While anatomy looks at structure, physiology examines how parts work together. The document then provides overviews of key topics in anatomy and physiology including cells, tissues, organs, systems, homeostasis, and the main systems and processes that support life.
This document provides an introduction to anatomy. It defines anatomy as the study of body structure and relationships between systems, while physiology studies how systems function. There are four main types of anatomy: gross (macroscopic), histology (microscopic), embryology, and surface. Anatomy forms the basis of medicine and is important for understanding disease. Structures can be described based on their position such as anterior/posterior or proximal/distal. The body has several cavities including dorsal, ventral, thoracic, and abdominopelvic which house the internal organs.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
This document provides an introduction to human anatomy. It defines anatomy as the study of the structure of the body and discusses its various divisions including gross, microscopic, regional, systemic and radiological anatomy. The objectives of anatomy are also outlined. Key terms used to describe anatomical positions like anterior/posterior, medial/lateral, superior/inferior are introduced. The document also briefly discusses anatomical planes, body types, and anatomical terminology used in the field.
The document discusses the four main types of tissues in the body: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. It provides detailed information on epithelial tissue, describing the different types, functions, characteristics, and classification of epithelium. The document also discusses the structural elements, types, and examples of connective tissues. An overview of nervous tissue and the three types of muscle tissue is also provided. Finally, the document defines important anatomical terms used to describe the location and planes of the body.
This document provides an introduction to anatomy and physiology by defining key terms and concepts. It describes anatomy as the study of body structure and physiology as the study of body functions. It also discusses pathology and pathophysiology. Additionally, it outlines the levels of structural organization in the body from chemical to cellular to tissue to organ to systems. The document also defines directional terms, planes, body cavities, regions, and homeostasis.
This document provides information on anatomy and physiology, including:
- Anatomy and physiology are closely integrated, with anatomical structures relating to physiological functions.
- Gross anatomy involves examining relatively large structures visible without a microscope, including surface, regional, systemic, clinical, developmental, and microscopic anatomy.
- Physiology is the study of the functions and workings of the body, including cell, organ, and systemic physiology as well as pathological physiology.
- The body is organized in a hierarchy from the chemical and cellular levels up through tissues, organs, organ systems, and the whole organism.
This document provides an overview of human anatomy. It begins with defining anatomy and tracing the history of its study from ancient Egypt and Greece to modern times. It then outlines the main divisions of anatomy including gross/topographical, microscopic, and developmental anatomy. The key anatomical terms, positions, planes, and body cavities are defined. In particular, it discusses the serous membranes that line body cavities like the pleura and peritoneum, protecting organs and reducing friction. Overall, the document concisely covers the essential concepts in human anatomy.
This document discusses the evolution of body plans in animals and protists. It describes the major types of symmetry seen in nature including radial, bilateral, and asymmetry. It then discusses increasing complexity in body organization from unicellular to multicellular organisms with tissues and organ systems. The major body cavities seen in triploblastic animals are also summarized.
1) This document provides definitions and information about animal anatomy and physiology. It discusses the levels of organization in living things from the chemical to the organism level.
2) Homeostasis and feedback mechanisms are explained. Negative feedback systems work to maintain stable internal conditions while positive feedback accelerates responses in some cases.
3) The document covers anatomical terminology used to describe animal structures and their positions relative to the body planes and midlines. Understanding this language is important for accurately describing anatomy.
The document discusses the structure and functions of the human body. It begins by defining anatomy and describing different levels of structural organization in the body, from cells to organ systems. It then outlines several key life processes including metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, reproduction, and homeostasis. It provides an overview of the 11 organ systems and their functions in maintaining homeostasis. It concludes by describing anatomical terminology used to communicate locations in the body.
This document discusses the levels of organization in the human body from cells to organisms. It defines key terms like cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. It explains that cells make up tissues, tissues make up organs, and organs work together in organ systems. Some key organ systems mentioned are the digestive system, circulatory system, and respiratory system. The relationship between cells, tissues, organs, systems and organisms is illustrated through a flow chart. The document provides a high-level overview of the hierarchical structure of the human body.
This chapter discusses the levels of organization in the human body from cells to organ systems. It describes anatomical position and planes used to describe body structure locations. The major body cavities and divisions of the abdominal cavity are presented. Directional terms and an overview of pathology, including causes of disease, diagnosis, and prognosis, are provided to give context to studying the structure and functions of the body and disease states.
What are Anatomy and Physiology?
Anatomy: the word anatomy is derived from a Greek word “Anatome” meaning to cut up. It is the study of structures that make up the body and how those structures relate with each other.
The study of anatomy includes many sub specialties. These are Gross anatomy, Microscopic anatomy, Developmental anatomy and Embryology.
Gross anatomy studies body structure with out microscope. Systemic anatomy studies functional relationships of organs within a system whereas Regional anatomy studies body part regionally. Both systemic and regional approaches may be used to study gross anatomy.
Microscopic anatomy (Histology) requires the use of microscope to study tissues that form the various organs of the body.
Physiology: the word physiology derived from a Greek word for study of nature. It is the study of how the body and its part work or function.
The document provides an overview of anatomy and physiology. It begins with an introduction defining anatomy as the study of body structure and physiology as the study of body functions. It then discusses the branches of anatomy including gross anatomy, histology, embryology, and others. Key terms like ventral, dorsal, medial, and lateral are defined. An overview of the digestive system and its organs is provided. The four chambers of the heart - right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, and left ventricle - are identified. Basic cell structure and the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are outlined. The four basic types of tissue - connective, epithelial, muscle, and nervous - are also
This document provides an overview of human anatomy and key anatomical structures. It begins by defining anatomy and its subfields. It then introduces important anatomical terms for describing body structures, including anatomical planes (coronal, sagittal, axial), body cavities (thoracic, abdominal, pelvic), and directional/positional terms. The remaining sections describe the central nervous system including the brain parts (cerebrum, brainstem, cerebellum) and spinal cord. It also briefly introduces the peripheral nervous system and its divisions. The document concludes by discussing joints, including their classification into fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints.
The human body is made up of trillions of cells that are organized into tissues, organs, and systems. Cells are the basic unit of the body and come together to form tissues like muscle and bone. Multiple tissues combine to create organs such as the stomach and liver. Systems are groups of organs that work together, such as the circulatory, respiratory, and nervous systems, which work to transport nutrients, gases, and signals throughout the body.
The human body is made up of trillions of cells that are organized into tissues, organs, and systems. Cells are the basic unit of the body and come together to form tissues like muscle and bone. Multiple tissues combine to create organs such as the stomach and liver. Systems group several organs together to carry out important functions - examples include the circulatory, respiratory, and nervous systems. The human body contains 11 major organ systems that work together intricately to keep us alive.
Anatomy is the study of body structures including their location, size, color, and shape. It is divided into gross anatomy which examines structures visible to the naked eye, microscopic anatomy which examines cells and tissues under a microscope, developmental anatomy which studies growth and development, pathological anatomy which examines diseased tissues, and systemic anatomy which examines body systems.
Physiology is the study of normal body function at the molecular, cellular, and systemic levels. It includes the functions of organs like the liver and the relationships between functions and the body. Physiology is also divided into plant/human physiology, molecular/cellular physiology, and systemic physiology.
Anatomical terms are used to describe positions in the body including anterior/posterior
The document discusses the basics of human anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy as the study of the body's structures and physiology as the study of how those structures function. While anatomy looks at structure, physiology examines how parts work together. The document then provides overviews of key topics in anatomy and physiology including cells, tissues, organs, systems, homeostasis, and the main systems and processes that support life.
This document provides an introduction to anatomy. It defines anatomy as the study of body structure and relationships between systems, while physiology studies how systems function. There are four main types of anatomy: gross (macroscopic), histology (microscopic), embryology, and surface. Anatomy forms the basis of medicine and is important for understanding disease. Structures can be described based on their position such as anterior/posterior or proximal/distal. The body has several cavities including dorsal, ventral, thoracic, and abdominopelvic which house the internal organs.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
2. CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
1. General concept on the Anatomy
Definition: The term anatomy has come to refer the
science that deals with the form and structure of
the animal body.
It is originated from a Greek word, anatomy which
means cutting apart, because the ancient Greek
scientists uses dissecting instruments for their
investigation.
In contrast to anatomy, which deals primarily with
structure, physiology is the study of the integrated
functions of the body and the functions of all its
parts including biophysical and biochemical
processes.
3. Branches of anatomy
1. Gross (macroscopic)anatomy. This is the study of
the form and structures of the body that can be seen
with the unaided eye
2. Developmental anatomy/Embryology: is the
study covering the period from conception (fertilization of
the egg) to birth
3. Microscopic anatomy/histology: The study of tissues
and cells that can be seen only with the aid of a
microscope
4. Applied anatomy: is one type of anatomy which deals
with operational activities of the animal body parts E.g:
surgery
5. Comparative anatomy: is a study of the structures of
various species of animals, with particular emphasis on
those characteristics that aid in classification
4. Branches cont…
6 Ultra structural anatomy/cytology: which
deals with portions of cells and tissues as they are
visualized with the aid of the electron
microscope.
7. Special Anatomy
It studies a single species or particular part of the
body of an animal.
8. Veterinary Anatomy
studies forms and structures of the domestic
animals.
5. Importance of Anatomy
It is a base for the study of other medical
courses since it gives most of the
terminologies.
Assists in clinical diagnosis and treatment.
B/se it deals with the form ,structure and
position of tissue, organs and system of the
body.
6. Methods of studying anatomy
1. Systemic studying type: is a common type of
studying anatomy in which the structure of the
body is studded based on body system
2. Regional/Topographic type of study: is studying
the body by dividing it into specific regions. E.g
axial and appendicular body parts.
Topographic anatomy divides the body of an animal
into four regions:
1. Head and neck
2. Thorax and forelimb
3. Abdomen and
4. pelvic region and Hind limb
7. 2.Definition of terminologies
Topographic Terms: are descriptive terms which
are used in indicating the position and direction of
parts of the body precisely.
Terms can be classified into two as:
Arbitrary plane
Directional terms
8. Arbitrary plane or Planes of anatomy
Arbitrary plane are imaginary frame of references used to
describe specific section or regions of the body
Median plane is an imaginary plane passing through the
body so as to divide the body into equal right and left
halves.
Sagittal plane is a plane parallel to the median plane. The
median plane is sometimes called the mid sagittal plane.
Transverse plane is at right angles to the median plane and
divides the body into cranial and caudal segments
Horizontal/Frontal plane is at right angles to both the
median plane and transverse planes. The horizontal plane
divides the body into dorsal (upper) and ventral (lower)
segments
9. Directional terms
Like the directions, North, South, East and West, they
can be used to describe the locations of structures in
relation to other structures or locations in the body.
They provides a common method of communication
that helps to avoid confusion when identifying
structures.
Cranial: A directional term meaning toward the head.
Ex. the horn is cranial to the hump.
Caudal: direction towards the tail.
Ex. Stomach is caudal to the heart
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10. Rostral: relative position of the head structures
toward the muzzle.
Ex. nasal cavity is rostral to the mouth.
Medial: close to or toward the median plane.
Ex. Spinal cord is medial to vertebral column
Lateral: away from the median plane.
Ex. lungs are lateral to the heart
Dorsal : directed toward the back(dorsum).
Ex. wither region is dorsal to sternum
Ventral : directed toward the belly .
Ex. Spleen is ventral to the kidneys
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11. 11
Superficial and external: implies proximity to the
skinor the surface of the body.
Deep and internal: Indicate proximity to the center of
anatomical structure.
Directional Terms more useful for extremities/limbs
Proximal means relatively close to a given part,
usually the vertebral column, body, or center of
gravity. Ex. the knee is proximal to the foot.
Distal means farther from the vertebral column
• E.g., The hoof is distal to the knee.
12. Palmar: caudal surface of the forelimb distal to the elbow.
Dorsal: when used to the forelimb refers to the
opposite palmar side( structures towards the front of
both limbs).
Plantar: caudal surface of the hind limb below the
hock.
Prone refers to a position in which the dorsal aspect
of the body or any extremity is uppermost.
Pronation refers to the act of turning toward a prone
position.
Supine refers to the position in which the ventral
aspect of the body or palmar or plantar aspect of an
extremity is uppermost.
Supination refers to the act of turning toward a
supine position.
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13. limb median axis is called reference axis.
Axial structures towards the reference axis.
Abaxial structures away from the reference axis.
External superficial/ towards the skin of an animal.
Internal deep/ profundus/ away from the skin of the
limb.
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15. 3. Cell
All living things, both plants and animals, are
constructed of small units called cells
The simplest animals, such as the ameba, consist of a
single cell that is capable of performing all functions
commonly associated with life
These functions include growth (increase in size),
metabolism (use of food), response to stimuli (such
as moving toward light), contraction(shortening in
one direction), and reproduction(development of new
individuals of the same species)
16. Cell cont…
A typical cell consists of three main parts,
the cytoplasm, the nucleus, and the cell membrane
Structures of animal cell
17. Cell cont…
1. The Plasma Membrane: The thin plasma membrane
surrounds the cell, separating its contents from the
surroundings and controlling what enters and leaves the
cell.
The plasma membrane is composed of two main
molecules, fats (phospholipids) and proteins
The fats are arranged in a double layer with the large
protein molecules dotted about in the membrane
Some of the protein molecules form tiny channels in
the membrane which helps to transport substances
from one side of the membrane to the other
18. Cell cont…
Substances need to pass through the membrane to
enter or leave the cell and they do so in two ways
1. Require no energy i.e. they are passive transport,
which includes
A. diffusion – movement of molecules from high
concentration on one side of the cell membrane to
move across the membrane until they are present in
equal concentrations on both sides
B. Osmosis is in fact the diffusion of water across a
membrane that allows water across but not larger
molecules. This kind of membrane is called a semi-
permeable membrane
19. Cell cont…
2. Require energy i.e. they are active transport that
includes
A. Active transport - When a substance is transported
from a low concentration to a high concentration i.e. uphill
against the concentration gradient, energy has to be used.
Active transport is also important for reabsorption of
glucose, amino acids and sodium ions from the urine
B. Phagocytosis - Phagocytosis is sometimes called “cell
eating”. It is a process that requires energy and is used by
cells to move solid particles like bacteria across the plasma
membrane.
21. Cell cont…
C. Pinocytosis - Pinocytosis or “cell drinking” is a very similar
process to phagocytosis but is used by cells to move fluids across
the plasma membrane
D. Exocytosis - is the process by means of which substances
formed in the cell are moved through the plasma membrane into
the fluid outside the cell (or extra-cellular fluid).
2. The Cytoplasm – the internal part of the cell and it includes:
Cytosol - clear jelly-like fluid or intracellular fluid
cell inclusions
organelles
microfilaments and microtubules are found
22. Organelles
Organelles are the “little organs” of the cell - like the
heart, kidney and liver are the organs of the body
They are structures with characteristic appearances and
specific “jobs” in the cell
Most can not be seen with the light microscope and so
it was only when the electron microscope was
developed that they were discovered
The main organelles in the cell are the ribosomes,
endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondrion, Golgi
complex and lysosomes
► Ribosomes are tiny spherical organelles that make
proteins by joining amino acids together
23. Organelles cont…
►Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of
membranes that form channels throughout the
cytoplasm from the nucleus to the plasma
membrane.
Smooth ER is where the fats in the cell are
made and in some cells, where chemicals like
alcohol, pesticides and carcinogenic molecules
are inactivated.
Rough ER has ribosomes attached to its
surface. The function of the Rough ER is
therefore to make proteins that are modified,
stored and transported by the ER
24. Organelles cont…
► Mitochondria are the “power stations” of the cell
They make energy by “burning” food molecules
like glucose. This process is called cellular
respiration
The reaction requires oxygen and produces carbon
dioxide which is a waste product
The overall equation for cellular respiration is-
Glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water +
energy
► Golgi apparatus - modifies and sorts the proteins
and fats made by the ER, then surrounds them in a
membrane as vesicles
25. Organelles cont…
► Lysosomes are large vesicles that contain digestive
enzymes. These break down bacteria and other
substances that are brought into the cell by
phagocytosis or pinocytosis
► Microfilaments & Microtubules - Threadlike
structures called microfilaments and microtubules that
can contract and relax for cell movement
These structures also form the projections from the
plasma membrane known as flagella (singular
flagellum) as in the sperm tail, and cilia found lining
the respiratory tract and used to remove mucus that has
trapped dust particles
26. Organelles cont…
3. Nucleus is the largest structure in a cell and can be seen with
the light microscope
It is a spherical or oval body that contains the chromosomes
Nucleus controls the development and activity of the cell
Most cells contain a nucleus although mature red blood
cells have no nucleus and muscle cells have several nuclei
Controls the two cell divisions i.e
Mitosis - division of somatic cells to produce two daughter
cells. division of diploid cells into 2 similar diploid cells
with each other and their mother cell
Meiosis - division of germ cells (diploid cells) into 4
different haploid cells from its mother cells