This document discusses analytical method validation and provides guidelines on developing and validating analytical methods according to regulatory standards. It outlines the key components that should be included in an analytical method as well as considerations for method development such as selecting stationary and mobile phases, operating parameters, and evaluating method performance characteristics during development. The document also discusses best practices for transferring validated analytical methods between laboratories.
The drug or drug combination may not be official in any pharmacopoeias.
A proper analytical procedure for the drug may not be available in the literature due to patent regulations.
Analytical methods may not be available for the drug in the form of a formulation due to the interference caused by the formulation excipients.
Analytical methods for the quantitation of the drug in biological fluids may not be available.
Analytical methods for a drug in combination with other drugs may not be available.
The existing analytical procedures may require expensive reagents and solvents. It may also involve cumbersome extraction and separation procedures and these may not be reliable.
Analytical method development and validation for simultaneous estimationProfessor Beubenz
Brief about analytical method development and validation
Subscribe to the YouTube Channel #Professor_Beubenz
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC84jGf2iRN5VjwnQqi6qmXg?view_as=subscriber
The drug or drug combination may not be official in any pharmacopoeias.
A proper analytical procedure for the drug may not be available in the literature due to patent regulations.
Analytical methods may not be available for the drug in the form of a formulation due to the interference caused by the formulation excipients.
Analytical methods for the quantitation of the drug in biological fluids may not be available.
Analytical methods for a drug in combination with other drugs may not be available.
The existing analytical procedures may require expensive reagents and solvents. It may also involve cumbersome extraction and separation procedures and these may not be reliable.
Analytical method development and validation for simultaneous estimationProfessor Beubenz
Brief about analytical method development and validation
Subscribe to the YouTube Channel #Professor_Beubenz
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC84jGf2iRN5VjwnQqi6qmXg?view_as=subscriber
This presentation includes detail about cleaning levels,equipments for cleaning validation , steps for cleaning method validation and analytical method validation used for cleaning.
It is process of “Establishing documentary evidence that provide a high degree of assurance that a specific process will consistently produce a product meeting its predetermined specifications and quality attributes”.
In the pharmaceutical industry, it is very important that in addition to final testing and compliance of products, it is also assured that the process will consistently produce the expected results.
Validation is action of proving in accordance with the principles of good manufacturing practices, that any procedure, process, equipment, material, activity or system actually leads to expected results.
Cleaning validation is documented evidence with a high degree assurance that one can consistently clean a system or a piece of equipment to predetermined and acceptable limits.
The primary regulatory concern driving the need for cleaning validation is cross contamination of the desired drug substance either by other API from previous batch runs or by residues from the cleaning agents used.
The prime purpose of validating a cleaning process is to ensure compliance with federal and other standard regulations
1. Cross contamination with active ingredients
Contamination of one batch of product with significant levels of residual active ingredients from previous batch cannot be tolerated.
In addition to the obvious problems posed by subjecting consumers or patients to unintended contaminants, potential clinically significant synergistic interactions between pharmacologically active chemicals are a real concern.
2. Contamination with unintended materials or compounds
While inert ingredients used in drug products are generally recognized as safe for human consumption, the routine use, maintenance and cleaning of equipment's provide the potential contamination with such items as equipment parts, lubricants and chemical cleaning agents3. Microbiological contamination
Maintenance , cleaning and storage conditions may provide adventitious microorganisms with the opportunity to proliferate within the processing equipment.
How the modern concept of a lifecycle model, which is based on process validation and described in ICH guidelines Q8, Q9, and Q10, can be applied to analytical procedures.
This presentation from the Institute of Validation Technology's 7th Annual Method Validation covers regulatory expectations for deviations and out-of-specification results and protocol exceptions, change control, handing investigations and CAPAs, and avoiding common pitfalls.
Analytical method validation as per ich and usp shreyas B R
Analytical method validation is a process of documenting/ proving that an analytical method provides analytical data acceptable for the intended use.After the development of an analytical procedure, it is must important to assure that the procedure will consistently produce the intended a precise result with high degree of accuracy. The method should give a specific result that may not be affected by external matters. This creates a requirement to validate the analytical procedures. The validation procedures consists of some characteristics parameters that makes the method acceptable with addition of statistical tools.
Speaker at seminar "The Pharmaceutical quality system: ICH Q8/ICH Q9" - University of Parma, 18 May 2012.
Describing steps, tools, and approaches developed for application of QbD to manufacturing processes that have analogous application to the development and use of analytical methods.
This presentation includes detail about cleaning levels,equipments for cleaning validation , steps for cleaning method validation and analytical method validation used for cleaning.
It is process of “Establishing documentary evidence that provide a high degree of assurance that a specific process will consistently produce a product meeting its predetermined specifications and quality attributes”.
In the pharmaceutical industry, it is very important that in addition to final testing and compliance of products, it is also assured that the process will consistently produce the expected results.
Validation is action of proving in accordance with the principles of good manufacturing practices, that any procedure, process, equipment, material, activity or system actually leads to expected results.
Cleaning validation is documented evidence with a high degree assurance that one can consistently clean a system or a piece of equipment to predetermined and acceptable limits.
The primary regulatory concern driving the need for cleaning validation is cross contamination of the desired drug substance either by other API from previous batch runs or by residues from the cleaning agents used.
The prime purpose of validating a cleaning process is to ensure compliance with federal and other standard regulations
1. Cross contamination with active ingredients
Contamination of one batch of product with significant levels of residual active ingredients from previous batch cannot be tolerated.
In addition to the obvious problems posed by subjecting consumers or patients to unintended contaminants, potential clinically significant synergistic interactions between pharmacologically active chemicals are a real concern.
2. Contamination with unintended materials or compounds
While inert ingredients used in drug products are generally recognized as safe for human consumption, the routine use, maintenance and cleaning of equipment's provide the potential contamination with such items as equipment parts, lubricants and chemical cleaning agents3. Microbiological contamination
Maintenance , cleaning and storage conditions may provide adventitious microorganisms with the opportunity to proliferate within the processing equipment.
How the modern concept of a lifecycle model, which is based on process validation and described in ICH guidelines Q8, Q9, and Q10, can be applied to analytical procedures.
This presentation from the Institute of Validation Technology's 7th Annual Method Validation covers regulatory expectations for deviations and out-of-specification results and protocol exceptions, change control, handing investigations and CAPAs, and avoiding common pitfalls.
Analytical method validation as per ich and usp shreyas B R
Analytical method validation is a process of documenting/ proving that an analytical method provides analytical data acceptable for the intended use.After the development of an analytical procedure, it is must important to assure that the procedure will consistently produce the intended a precise result with high degree of accuracy. The method should give a specific result that may not be affected by external matters. This creates a requirement to validate the analytical procedures. The validation procedures consists of some characteristics parameters that makes the method acceptable with addition of statistical tools.
Speaker at seminar "The Pharmaceutical quality system: ICH Q8/ICH Q9" - University of Parma, 18 May 2012.
Describing steps, tools, and approaches developed for application of QbD to manufacturing processes that have analogous application to the development and use of analytical methods.
5-Scientific Approach to Validation.pptxAllanThomas30
Validation is a Science and even the most mundane tasks in healthcare environments, like hand washing, must be validated (to ensure correct method and other factors like correct hand wash agent) and also verified - to create an acceptable baseline for post handwash counts.
Webinar: Is Phase-Appropriate Validation the Right Choice for your Cell or Ge...Merck Life Sciences
Participate in the interactive webinar now: http://bit.ly/CGTWebinar
This webinar will introduce phase-appropriate validation and why it may be advantageous for cell and gene therapy development. We will also describe how validated platform assays can help you meet your critical development timelines.
Explore our webinar library: www.merckmillipore.com/webinars
Webinar: Is Phase-Appropriate Validation the Right Choice for your Cell or Ge...MilliporeSigma
Participate in the interactive webinar now: http://bit.ly/CGTWebinar
This webinar will introduce phase-appropriate validation and why it may be advantageous for cell and gene therapy development. We will also describe how validated platform assays can help you meet your critical development timelines.
Explore our webinar library: www.emdmillipore.com/webinars
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
2. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
REGULATORY GUIDANCE:
• ICH Q2B- Validation of Analytical Procedures: Methodology
• USP <1225> Validation of Compendial Procedures
• USP <1226> Verification of Compendial Procedures
• USP <1220> The Analytical Procedure Lifecycle – Proposed
• USP <621> Chromatography
• FDA Guidance- Analytical Procedures and Methods Validation for Drugs
and Biologics
• CDER Reviewer Guidance- Validation of Chromatographic Methods
• Other Journal
2
3. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
CONTENT OF IDEAL ANALYTICAL METHOD (AS PER FDA):
• Principle/Scope: A description of the basic principles of the
analytical test/technology (i.e., separation, detection); target
analyte(s) and sample(s) type (e.g., drug substance, drug
product, impurities)
• Apparatus/ Equipment: All required qualified equipment and
components (e.g., instrument type, detector, column type,
dimensions, and alternative column, filter type).
3
4. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
CONTENT OF IDEAL ANALYTICAL METHOD (AS PER FDA):
• Operating Parameters: Qualified optimal settings and ranges
(include allowed adjustments supported by compendial
sources or development and/or validation studies) critical to
the analysis (e.g., flow rate, components temperatures, run
time, detector settings, gradient, head space sampler). A
drawing with experimental configuration and integration
parameters may be used, as applicable.
4
5. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
CONTENT OF IDEAL ANALYTICAL METHOD (AS PER FDA):
Reagents/Standards: The following should be listed where
applicable:
• Description of reagent or standard
• Grade of chemical (e.g., USP/NF, American Chemical Society,
High Performance or Pressure Liquid Chromatography, or
Gas Chromatography and preservative-free)
• Source (e.g., USP reference standard, qualified in-house
reference material, WHO International Standard/Reference
Material, CBER standard)
5
6. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
CONTENT OF IDEAL ANALYTICAL METHOD (AS PER FDA):
• Purity (for pure chemicals only), State (e.g., dried, undried),
and concentration
• Potencies (where required by CFR, USP)
• Storage conditions
• Directions for safe use (as per current Safety Data Sheet)
• Validated or documented shelf life
6
7. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
CONTENT OF IDEAL ANALYTICAL METHOD (AS PER FDA):
Sample Preparation:
Procedures (e.g., extraction method, dilution or
concentration, desalting procedures and mixing by sonication,
shaking or sonication time) for the preparations for individual
sample tests. A single preparation for qualitative and
replicate preparations for quantitative tests with appropriate
units of concentrations for working solutions (e.g., µg/ml or
mg/ml) and information on stability of solutions and storage
conditions.
7
8. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
CONTENT OF IDEAL ANALYTICAL METHOD (AS PER FDA):
• Standards Control Solution Preparation: Procedures for the
preparation and use of all standard and control solutions with
appropriate units of concentration and information on
stability of standards and storage conditions, including
calibration standards, internal standards, system suitability
standards, etc.
8
9. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
CONTENT OF IDEAL ANALYTICAL METHOD (AS PER FDA):
• Procedure: A step-by-step description of the method (e.g.,
equilibration times, and scan/injection sequence with blanks,
placeboes, samples, controls, sensitivity solution (for impurity
method) and standards to maintain validity of the system
suitability during the span of analysis) and allowable
operating ranges and adjustments if applicable.
9
10. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
CONTENT OF IDEAL ANALYTICAL METHOD (AS PER FDA):
• System Suitability: Confirmatory test(s) procedures and
parameters to ensure that the system (equipment,
electronics, and analytical operations and controls to be
analyzed) will function correctly as an integrated system at
the time of use. The system suitability acceptance criteria
applied to standards controls and samples, such as peak
tailing, precision and resolution acceptance criteria, may be
required as applicable.
10
11. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
CONTENT OF IDEAL ANALYTICAL METHOD (AS PER FDA):
• Calculations: The integration method and representative
calculation formulas for data analysis (standards, controls,
samples) for tests based on label claim and specification (e.g.,
assay, specified and unspecified impurities and relative
response factors). This includes a description of any
mathematical transformations or formulas used in data
analysis, along with a scientific justification for any correction
factors used.
11
12. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
CONTENT OF IDEAL ANALYTICAL METHOD (AS PER FDA):
• Data Reporting: A presentation of numeric data that is consistent with
instrumental capabilities and acceptance criteria. The method should
indicate what format to use to report results (e.g., percentage label claim,
weight/weight, and weight/volume) with the specific number of
significant figures needed. The American Society for Testing and Materials
(ASTM) E29 standard describes a standard practice for using significant
digits in test data to determine conformance with specifications. For
chromatographic methods, you should include retention times (RTs) for
identification with reference standard comparison basis, relative retention
times (RRTs) (known and unknown impurities) acceptable ranges and
sample results reporting criteria
12
13. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
GENERAL POINT MUST BE CONSEDERED FOR ANALYTICAL METHOD
(FDA Reviewer Guidance):
• The sample and standard should be dissolved in the mobile
phase. If that is not possible, then avoid using too high level
of the organic solvent as compared to the level in the mobile
phase.
• The sample and standard concentrations should be close if
not the same.
• The samples should be bracketed by standards during the
analytical procedure
13
14. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
GENERAL POINT CONSEDER FOR ANALYTICAL METHOD:
• Filtration of the samples before injection is occasionally
observed. Filtration will remove particulates (centrifugation
performs the same function) that may clog columns.
Adhesion of the analyte to the filter can also happen. This will
be of importance especially for low level impurities. Data to
validate this aspect should be submitted by the applicant.
14
16. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
• An analytical procedure is developed to test a defined characteristic
of the drug substance or drug product against established
acceptance criteria for that characteristic.
• Method development should begin with an initial risk assessment
and follow with multivariate experiments. Knowledge gained during
these studies on the sources of method variation can help you
assess the method performance.
ANALYTICAL METHOD DEVELOPMENT
16
17. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
What is QbD
A systematic approach to development that begins with
predefined objectives and emphasizes product and process
understanding and process control, based on sound science
and quality risk management.
Benefits of Application of QbD Approach to Analytical Methods
• Development of a robust method
• Applicable throughout the life cycle of the product
Regulatory flexibility −
• Movements within “Design Space” are not considered a change in
method.
ANALYTICAL METHOD DEVELOPMENT
17
19. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
• What Is An ATP?
• Analytical Target Profile is a part of QbD which is a predefined,
documented statement of the requirements for the quality of the
reportable value, which the analytical procedure must generate in
order for the procedure to be considered fit for purpose Using
Current Industry Acceptance Criteria. The procedure must be able
to accurately quantify [drug] in the [FPP] in the presence of
[Impurity/degradation product] with the following requirements for
the reportable values: Accuracy = 100.0% ± 3.0% and precision ≤
2.0% relative standard deviation (RSD).
ANALYTICAL METHOD DEVELOPMENT
19
20. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
• What Is in ATP?
In ATP Target profile for the analytical method to be predefined. Some
example are given below:
1. Sample sonication time: as per QbD different sonicatione time
should be considered to get optimum solubility (ATP)
2. Chromatographic Run Time: A target run time should be selected
and as per QbD, different run time to be performed to get optimum
one.
3. Sample & standard solution concentration in impurity analysis:
Concentration of sample is very important in impurity analysis to
cover Reporting threshold limit as per ICH Q2B. A target
concentration to be selected before development work.
ANALYTICAL METHOD DEVELOPMENT
20
21. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
Parameters that may be evaluated during method development:
During early stages of method development, the robustness of methods
should be evaluated because this characteristic can help you decide which
method you will submit for approval. Other characteristics that may be
considered during method development are:
• Specificity
• Linearity
• Accuracy
• Precision
• Range
• Quantitation limit
• Detection limit.
• Solution Stability
ANALYTICAL METHOD DEVELOPMENT
21
22. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
ANALYTICAL METHOD DEVELOPMENT
Describe the
sample
Establish
Goals
Consider sample
preparation
Choose
detector
Choose
chromatographic
mode
First Run
Optimize
separation
Predict
Problems
Validate and
Release
method
22
23. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
Collection of literature:
Analytical method development starts with literature search
where in various pharmacopeias like USP, EP, BP, JP etc and
chromatographic journals are referred to check the
availability of suitable analytical methods. If any suitable
method is found, it is still necessary to perform method
optimization and validation to prove that the method can be
successfully adapted for its intended use.
23
24. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
Sample information: The synthetic route from raw material to
finished dosage forms (structures) of the molecule should be
collected and the impurities originating from starting materials
of synthesis, degradation products, excipients, solvents etc.
need to be considered. The method should be designed
based on the closely related structures and get the best
resolution between the closely related compounds. The
structures of impurities, starting material, intermediates and
degradation products are compared with the structure of drug
substances and arrive at the polarity whether they are less
polar or more polar than the compound of interest.
24
25. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
• Selection of diluents: The diluent should be chosen based on
the solubility of impurities, degradation products, starting
materials, intermediates and the analyte. The diluent should
be compatible with the mobile phase to get a better peak
shape of analyte.
25
26. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
• Selection of stationary phase: The selection of bonded phase can
be based on the polarity of molecule and its by-products. For RP-LC,
a wide variety of columns are accessible covering a large range of
polarity by cross-linking Si-OH groups with linear alkyl chains like
C8, C18 and phenyl groups (-C6H6), nitrile groups (-CN), , different
embedded hybridized groups amino groups (-NH2) etc. C18
columns are the commonly used columns in HPLC method analysis.
C8 or Octyl bonded phases are also used occasionally. Like C18,
they are non-polar, but not as hydrophobic.
26
27. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
• Detectors:
Various detectors used in HPLC instrument include UV-Visible
detector, photodiode array detector, fluorescence detector,
conductivity detector, refractive index detector, electro-
chemical detector, mass spectrometer detector and
evaporative light scattering detector. UV-Visible detectors are
typical in many laboratories as they can detect a wide array of
compounds
27
28. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
• pH range:
Method development within the different pH ranges from 1 to
12 for better chromatographic resolution between two or
more peaks of an analyte depends upon three main factors,
column efficiency, selectivity and retention time. The
ionizable analytes are either bases or acids and they affect
the above three factors dramatically with change in pH.
Retention time can be improved by changing the pH that will
lead to easy separation of ionizable analytes from non-ionized
forms.
28
29. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
• pH range:
To achieve optimum resolution, it requires change in the pH of
mobile phase. Method development can proceed by
investigating parameters of chromatographic separations first
at low pH and then at higher pH until optimum results are
achievd.
29
30. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
• Mobile phase composition:
Mobile phase composition (or solvent strength) plays an
important role in RP-HPLC separation. Acetonitrile (ACN),
methanol (MeOH) and tetrahydrofuran (THF) are commonly
used solvents in RP -HPLC having low UV cut- off of 190, 205
and 212nm respectively. These solvents are miscible with
water. Mixture of acetonitrile and water is the best initial
choice for the mobile phase during method development.
30
31. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
• Column temperature:
Separation of many samples can be enhanced by selecting the
right column temperature. Higher column temperature
reduces system backpressure by decreasing mobile phase
viscosity, which in turn allows use of longer columns with
higher separation efficiency. The optimum temperature is
dependent upon the nature of the mixture components. The
overall separation can be improved by the simultaneous
changes in column temperature and mobile phase
composition
31
32. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
• Analytical Method Transfer:
What is analytical method transfer: It is the documented
process that qualifies a laboratory (the receiving unit) to use
an analytical test procedure that originated in another
laboratory (the transferring unit), thus ensuring that the
receiving unit has the procedural knowledge and ability to
perform the transferred analytical procedure as intended.
32
33. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
• Transfer may be-
• One R & D development lab to another R & D development
lab
• R & D development lab to quality control lab inside same unit
• R & D development lab to quality control lab of other unit
• One facility to another intra-company facility
• One company to another company such as a contract
research organization
33
34. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
Procedure of Analytical Method Transfer: Analytical
Method Transfer (AMT) can be done by two ways:
1. Comparative Testing
2. Co-validation between Two or More Laboratories
34
35. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
1. Comparative Testing: analysis of a predetermined number of
samples of the same lot by both the sending and the receiving
units.
Prerequisite: A preapproved transfer protocol prepared by
sending unit that stipulates the details of the procedure, the
samples that will be used, and the predetermined acceptance
criteria, including acceptable variability
Criteria: Meeting the predetermined acceptance criteria is
necessary to assure that the receiving unit is qualified to run
the procedure.
35
36. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
2. Co-validation Between Two or More Laboratories: The
transferring unit can involve the receiving unit in an inter
laboratory co-validation, including them as a part of the
validation team at the transferring unit and thereby obtaining
data for the assessment of reproducibility
Prerequisite: a preapproved transfer or validation protocol
that provides the details of the procedure, the samples to be
used, and the predetermined acceptance criteria
Criteria: Meeting the predetermined acceptance criteria is
necessary to assure that the receiving unit is qualified to run
the procedure.
36
37. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
Transfer Waiver:
• The new product’s composition is comparable to that of an
existing product and/or the concentration of active ingredient
is similar to that of an existing product and is analyzed by
procedures with which the receiving unit already has
experience
• The analytical procedure being transferred is described in the
USP–NF, and is unchanged. Verification should apply in this
case
• The analytical procedure transferred is the same as or very
similar to a procedure already in use.
37
38. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
Transfer Waiver:
• The personnel in charge of the development, validation, or
routine analysis of the product at the transferring unit are
moved to the receiving unit. If eligible for transfer waiver, the
receiving unit should document it with appropriate
justifications.
38
39. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
• ELEMENTS RECOMMENDED FOR THE TRANSFER OF
ANAYTICAL PROCEDURES:
• Transferring unit:
• provide training to the receiving unit, training should be
documented, providing the analytical procedure, the
reference standards, the validation reports, and any
necessary documents, as well as for providing the necessary
training and assistance to the receiving unit as needed during
the transfer.
39
40. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
• ELEMENTS RECOMMENDED FOR THE TRANSFER OF
ANAYTICAL PROCEDURES:
• Receiving unit:
• Provides qualified staff or properly trains the staff before the
transfer, ensures that the facilities and instrumentation are
properly calibrated and qualified as needed, and verifies that
the laboratory systems are in compliance with applicable
regulations and in-house general laboratory procedures.
40
41. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
• ELEMENTS RECOMMENDED FOR THE TRANSFER OF
ANAYTICAL PROCEDURES:
• Both unit: Compare and discuss data as well as any deviations
from the protocol. This discussion addresses any necessary
corrections or updates to the final report and the analytical
procedure as necessary to reproduce the procedure. A single
lot of the article
41
42. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
• ELEMENTS RECOMMENDED FOR THE TRANSFER OF
ANAYTICAL PROCEDURES:
• Content of transfer protocol: Below mentioned parameters
must be included in transfer protocol
• Objective
• Scope
• Responsibilities of the transferring and receiving units,
• Materials and instruments that will be used,
• Analytical procedure
• Experimental design
• Acceptance criteria for all tests and/or methods included in
the transfer. 42
43. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
• Analytical Procedure for AMT: The procedure should be
written with sufficient detail and explicit instructions, so that
a trained analyst can perform it without difficulty. A pre-
transfer meeting between the transferring and receiving units
is helpful to clarify any issues and answer any questions
regarding the transfer process. If complete or partial
validation data exist, they should be available to the receiving
unit, along with any technical details required to perform the
test in question.
43
44. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
• What is analytical method validation
Validation is the process of demonstrating that an analytical
procedure is suitable for its intended purpose
44
45. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
• Importance of Analytical Method Validation
Validation of a method involves using experimental design to prove that the
method can produce accurate and precise results within the scope of its
intended use
Understanding the application and limitations of the test method will allow for
accurate assessment of sample information, ranging from process outputs to
commercial release testing and many steps in between.
If the method validation has not been performed or has been performed in an
inadequate manner, the method is not proven to provide reliable data.
• A majority of audit findings fell into three main categories: 1. the use of a non-
validated method for critical decision making; 2. inadequate method
validation that did not provide the necessary information; 3. method
validation that lacked appropriate controls to maintain the integrity of the
validation 45
46. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
• Types of Analytical Method need to validate
Identification tests
Quantitative tests for impurities;
Limit tests for the control of impurities; and
Assay tests for the active component in a drug substance, drug product,
or other selected component(s) in the drug product.
46
48. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
• Why verification:
Drug substance's synthetic route,
The method of manufacture for the drug product
Drug substances from different suppliers may have different impurity
profiles that are not addressed by the compendial test procedure
The excipients in a drug product can vary widely among manufacturers
and may have the potential to directly interfere with the procedure or
cause the formation of impurities that are not addressed by the
compendia procedure
Drug products containing different excipients, antioxidants, buffers, or
container extractives may affect the recovery of the drug substance from
the matrix
(But as per current thinking of FDA, FDA prefer complete validation for
compendia method instead of verification)
48
49. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
• Following parameter to be considered for Analytical Method
Validation:
Specificity
Accuracy
Precision (Repeatability, Intermediate Precision & Reproducibility)
Linearity
Range
Quantitation limit (LOQ)
Detection limit (LOD)
Robustness
49
50. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
SPECIFICITY /SELECTIVITY
Ability to assess unequivocally the analyte in the presence of components
that may be expected to be present, such as impurities, degradation
products, and matrix components.
• Identification: Ensure the identity of the analyte.
• Impurity: Ensure that all of the analytical procedures performed allow an
accurate statement of the content of impurities of an analyte (e.g.,
related substances test, heavy metals limit, or organic volatile impurities).
• Assays: Provide an exact result, which allows an accurate statement on
the content or potency of the analyte in a sample
50
51. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
SPECIFICITY /SELECTIVITY
• Procedure:
When Impurities are available (Specified identified impurity): Done by
spiking pure substances (drug substance or drug product) with
appropriate levels of impurities and/or excipients and demonstrating that
the assay result is unaffected by the presence of these materials (by
comparison with the assay result obtained on unspiked samples). For the
impurity test, the discrimination may be established by spiking drug
substance or drug product with appropriate levels of impurities and
demonstrating the separation of these impurities individually and/or from
other components in the sample matrix.
51
52. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
Accuracy
The accuracy of an analytical procedure is the closeness of test results
obtained by that procedure to the true value.
Evaluate by analyzing synthetic mixtures: known quantity of API with
excipients/ Impurity
• Recommended Data: Accuracy should be assessed using a minimum of 9
determinations over a minimum of 3 concentration levels covering the
specified range (e.g., 3 concentrations /3 replicates each of the total
analytical procedure).
• Accuracy should be reported as percent recovery by the assay of known
added amount of analyte in the sample or as the difference between the
mean and the accepted true value together with the confidence intervals.
52
53. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
Precision
The precision of an analytical procedure is the degree of agreement among
individual test results when the procedure is applied repeatedly to
multiple samplings of a homogeneous sample. The precision of an
analytical procedure is usually expressed as the standard deviation or
relative standard deviation (coefficient of variation) of a series of
measurements
A. Repeatability
• Repeatability should be assessed using:
(1) A minimum of 9 determinations covering the specified range for the
procedure (e.g., 3 concentrations/3 replicates each); or
(2) A minimum of 6 determinations at 100% of the test concentration.
53
54. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
Precision
B. Intermediate Precision
The extent to which intermediate precision should be established depends on
the circumstances under which the procedure is intended to be used. The
applicant should establish the effects of random events on the precision
of the analytical procedure. Typical variations to be studied include days,
analysts, equipment, etc. It is not necessary to study these effects
individually. The use of an experimental design (matrix) is encouraged.
54
55. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
Precision
C. Reproducibility
Reproducibility is assessed by means of an inter laboratory trial.
Reproducibility should be considered in case of the standardization of an
analytical procedure, for instance, for inclusion of procedures in
pharmacopoeias. These data are not part of the marketing authorization
dossier.
Recommended Data
The standard deviation, relative standard deviation (coefficient of variation),
and confidence interval should be reported for each type of precision
investigated
55
56. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
Linearity & Range
Linearity: The linearity of an analytical procedure is its ability to elicit test results that
are directly, or by a well-defined mathematical transformation, proportional to the
concentration of analyte in samples within a given range
Parameter to check: The correlation coefficient, y-intercept, slope of the regression
line, and residual sum of squares should be submitted.
Number of sample/ Injection: For the establishment of linearity, a minimum of five
concentrations is recommended. Other approaches should be justified.
56
57. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
Linearity & Range
Range: The range of an analytical procedure is the interval between the upper and
lower levels of analyte (including these levels) that have been demonstrated to be
determined with a suitable level of precision, accuracy, and linearity using the
procedure as written assay of a drug substance or a finished (drug) product:
Normally from 80% to 120% of the test concentration
For content uniformity: Covering a minimum of 70% to 130% of the test
concentration, unless a wider, more appropriate range, based on the nature of the
dosage form (e.g., metered dose inhalers), is justified
57
58. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
Linearity & Range
• For dissolution testing: +/-20% over the specified range; e.g., if the specifications
for a controlled released product cover a region from 20% after 1 hour: up to 90%
after 24 hours: the validated range would be (0-110)% of the label claim
• For the determination of an impurity: From the reporting level of an impurity to
120% of the specification. For impurities known to be unusually potent or to
produce toxic or unexpected pharmacological effects, the detection/quantitation
limit should be commensurate with the level at which the impurities must be
controlled.
• If assay and purity are performed together as one test and only a 100% standard is
used, linearity should cover the range from the reporting level of the impurities to
120% of the assay specification.
58
59. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
Detection limit
It is the lowest amount of analyte in a sample that can be detected, but not
necessarily quantitated, under the stated experimental conditions. Thus,
limit tests merely substantiate that the amount of analyte is above or
below a certain level. The detection limit is usually expressed as the
concentration of analyte (e.g., percentage or parts per billion) in the
sample.
A. Based on Visual Evaluation:
• Visual evaluation may be used for non-instrumental methods but may
also be used with instrumental methods.
• The detection limit is determined by the analysis of samples with known
concentrations of analyte and by establishing the minimum level at which
the analyte can be reliably detected 59
60. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
Detection limit
B. Based on Signal-to-Noise:
This approach can only be applied to analytical procedures which exhibit
baseline noise. Determination of the signal-to-noise ratio is performed by
comparing measured signals from samples with known low
concentrations of analyte with those of blank samples and establishing
the minimum concentration at which the analyte can be reliably detected.
Signal-to-noise ratio between 3 or 2:1 is generally considered acceptable for
estimating the detection limit.
60
61. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
Detection limit
C. Based on the Standard Deviation of the Response and the Slope
The detection limit (DL) may be expressed as:
where
= the standard deviation of the response
S = the slope of the calibration curve
The slope S may be estimated from the calibration curve of the analyte. The
estimate of may be carried out in a variety of ways, for example:
61
62. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
Detection limit
Based on the standard deviation of the blank
Measurement of the magnitude of analytical background response is
performed by analyzing an appropriate number of blank samples and
calculating the standard deviation of these responses.
Based on the calibration curve
A specific calibration curve should be studied using samples containing an
analyte in the range of DL. The residual standard deviation of a regression
line or the standard deviation of y-intercepts of regression lines may be
used as the standard deviation.
62
63. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
Detection limit
Recommended Data
The detection limit and the method used for determining the detection limit
should be presented. If DL is determined based on visual evaluation or
based on signal-to-noise ratio, the presentation of the relevant
chromatograms is considered acceptable for justification.
In cases where an estimated value for the detection limit is obtained by
calculation or extrapolation, this estimate may subsequently be validated
by the independent analysis of a suitable number of samples known to be
near or prepared at the detection limit.
63
64. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
Quantitation Limit
The quantitation limit is a characteristic of quantitative assays for low levels
of compounds in sample matrices, such as impurities in bulk drug
substances and degradation products in finished pharmaceuticals. It is the
lowest amount of analyte in a sample that can be determined with
acceptable.
Precision and Accuracy under the stated experimental conditions.
The quantitation limit is expressed as the concentration of analyte (e.g.,
percentage or parts per billion) in the sample.
QL to be determined as like Detection limit except signal-to-noise ratio is
10:1. and the calculation would be 64
65. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
Quantitation Limit
Recommended Data
The quantitation limit and the method used for determining the quantitation
limit should be presented.
The limit should be subsequently validated by the analysis of a suitable
number of samples known to be near or prepared at the quantitation limit
65
66. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
Robustness
The evaluation of robustness should be considered during the development
phase and depends on the type of procedure under study. It should show
the reliability of an analysis with respect to deliberate variations in
method parameters.
If measurements are susceptible to variations in analytical conditions, the
analytical conditions should be suitably controlled or a precautionary
statement should be included in the procedure.
One consequence of the evaluation of robustness should be that a series of
system suitability parameters (e.g., resolution test) is established to
ensure that the validity of the analytical procedure is maintained
whenever used.
66
67. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
Robustness
• Examples of typical variations are:
o Stability of analytical solutions
o Extraction time
• In the case of liquid chromatography, examples of typical variations are:
o Influence of variations of pH in a mobile phase
o Influence of variations in mobile phase composition
o Different columns (different lots and/or suppliers)
o Temperature
o Flow rate
67
68. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
Robustness
System suitability testing: These tests are used to verify that the
chromatographic system is adequate for the intended analysis. system
suitability tests are performed by collecting data from replicate injections
of standard or other solutions as specified in the individual monograph.
• Factors that may affect chromatographic behavior include the following:
Composition, ionic strength, temperature, and apparent pH of the mobile
phase•
o Flow rate, column dimensions, column temperature, and pressure
o Stationary phase characteristics, including type of chromatographic support
(particle-based or monolithic), particle or macropore size, porosity, and
specific surface area
o Reverse-phase and other surface modification of the stationary phases, the
extent of chemical modification (as expressed by end-capping, carbon loading,
and others) 68
69. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
Robustness
System Suitability: Unless otherwise specified in the individual monograph,
data from five replicate injections of the analyte are used to calculate the
relative standard deviation (RSD), if the requirement is ≤ 2.0%; data from
six replicate injections are used if the RSD requirement is >2.0%.
If adjustments of operating conditions are necessary in order to meet system
suitability requirements, each of the items in the following list is the
maximum variation that can be considered:
69
70. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
Robustness
pH of mobile phase (HPLC): ±0.2 units of the value or range specified.
Concentration of salts in buffer (HPLC): ±10% if the permitted pH variation
Ratio of components in mobile phase (HPLC): ±30% relative. However, the
change in any component cannot exceed ±10% absolute (i.e., in relation
to the total mobile phase)
Wavelength of UV-visible detector (HPLC): ±3 nm
Stationary phase: Length- between −25% and 50% of the prescribed L/dp
Flow rate (HPLC): ±50% (Based on other factors)
Injection volume (HPLC): Can be adjusted as far as it is consistent with
accepted precision, linearity, and detection limits
Column temperature (HPLC): As much as ±10°.
70
71. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
Life Cycle Management of Analytical Procedure
Once an analytical procedure (including compendial methods) is successfully
validated or verified and implemented, the procedure should be followed
during the life cycle of the product to continually assure that it remains fit
for its intended purpose.
71
72. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
Life Cycle Management of Analytical Procedure
What to be done:
Trend analysis on method performance at regular intervals
New information and risk assessments (e.g., a better understanding of
product CQAs or awareness of a new impurity) may warrant the
development and validation of a new or alternative analytical method
An appropriate number of retention samples should be maintained to
allow for comparative studies.
The retention samples used in comparative studies should include
samples that represent marketed product and, when possible, pivotal
clinical trial material.
72
73. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
Life Cycle Management of Analytical Procedure
Re-Validation:
When a change is made to an analytical procedure, such as a change in
equipment or reagent, then re-validation of all or part of the analytical
procedure needs to be considered.
Method re-validation should focus on the critical performance
characteristics of the method, such as specificity, precision, and accuracy.
The scope of re-validation should be risk-based.
73
74. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
Life Cycle Management of Analytical Procedure
• Analytical Method Comparability Studies:
Alternative Analytical Procedures
An alternative analytical procedure is an analytical procedure that is used in
place of the FDA approved analytical procedure. After approval, for an
NDA or ANDA, or for a procedure approved in a BLA but not included in an
FDA regulation, the addition, revision, or deletion of an alternative
analytical procedure that provides the same or increased assurance of the
identity, strength, quality, purity, or potency of the material being tested
as the analytical procedure described in the approved application, must
be documented in the next annual report
74
75. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
Stability Indicating Method (SIM)
If a procedure is a validated quantitative analytical procedure that can detect
changes in a quality attribute(s) of the drug substance and drug product
during storage, it is considered a stability- indicating test. To demonstrate
specificity of a stability-indicating test, a combination of challenges should
be performed. Some challenges include the use of samples spiked with
target analytes and all known interferences; samples that have undergone
various laboratory stress conditions; and actual product samples
(produced by the final manufacturing process) that are either aged or
have been stored under accelerated temperature and humidity
conditions.
75
76. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
Stability Indicating Method (SIM)
Objective
The main objective of a stability indicating method is to monitor results
during stability studies in order to guarantee safety, efficacy and quality. It
represents also a powerful tool when investigating out-of-trend (OOT) or
out-of-specification (OOS) results in quality control processes.
Important factor to consider: The method should be sensitive to the
reportable impurity level, LOQ (Limit of Quantitation), which is typically
0.05% of label claim, should be established in the method, and the
method should be linear from LOQ to typically up to 150% of the nominal
standard (STD) concentration
76
78. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
Stability Indicating Method (SIM)
• How develop a SIM:
Generation of degraded samples for testing selectivity of the method
Determination of Limit of Quantification (LoQ) In close relation to the
determination of the amount of degradation is the evaluation of Limit of
Detection (LoD) and Limit of Quantification (LoQ) of the method. These
limits should be closely related to the Reporting, Identification and
Qualification of degradation products, as stated in ICH Q3B (R2). These
thresholds are determined either as percentage of drug substance or total
daily intake (TDI) of degradation product.
78
79. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
Stability Indicating Method (SIM)
• Force Degradation:
Objective of forced degradation studies:
To establish degradation pathways of drug substances and drug products.
To differentiate degradation products that are related to drug products from those
that are generated from non-drug product in a formulation.
To elucidate the structure of degradation products.
To determine the intrinsic stability of a drug substance in formulation.
To reveal the degradation mechanisms such as hydrolysis, oxidation, thermolysis
or photolysis of the drug substance and drug product
To establish stability indicating nature of a developed method.
To understand the chemical properties of drug molecules.
To generate more stable formulations.
To produce a degradation profile similar to that of what would be observed in a
formal stability study under ICH conditions.
• To solve stability-related problems 79
81. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
Stability Indicating Method (SIM)
What to include: The testing should include the effect of temperatures (in
10°C increments (ie, 50°C, 60°C) above that for accelerated testing),
humidity (ie, 75% relative humidity or greater) where appropriate,
oxidation, and photolysis on the drug substance. The testing should also
evaluate the susceptibility of the drug substance to hydrolysis across a
wide range of pH values when in solution or suspension.”
81
83. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
Stability Indicating Method (SIM)
How much is enough
Values anywhere between 5% to 20% degradation of the drug substance
have been considered as reasonable and acceptable for validation of
chromatographic assays. However, for small pharmaceutical molecules for
which acceptable stability limits of 90% of label claim is common,
pharmaceutical scientists have agreed that approximately 10%
degradation is optimal for use in analytical validation.
83
84. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
Stability Indicating Method (SIM)
Selection of drug concentration
Which concentration of drug should be used for degradation study has not
been specified in regulatory guidance. It is recommended that the studies
should be initiated at a concentration of 1 mg/mL . By using drug
concentration of 1 mg/mL, it is usually possible to get even minor
decomposition products in the range of detection
84
85. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
Stability Indicating Method (SIM)
What is peak purity: Peak purity is an analysis of spectral differences,
assuming the impurities are spectrally different from the analyte. The
spectral analysis is achieved using vector analysis algorithms The more
similar the spectra are, the closer the value is to 0.0 degrees; the more
spectrally different, the larger the value (90 degrees is the maximum).
When no significant spectral differences are found within a peak, one can
conclude that the peak is spectrally homogeneous and probably contains
a single compound.
85
86. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
Stability Indicating Method (SIM)
Peak Purity algorithm analyzes all spectra within a peak
The Apex Spectrum is the reference spectrum that it compares to.
If Purity Angle < Purity Threshold, Within the noise of the system the peak
is spectrally homogeneous or spectrally pure.
If Purity Angle > Purity Threshold , there is something within the peak that
cannot be explained by noise. The peak is not spectrally pure, the Purity
Flag field is checked.
86
89. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
Stability Indicating Method (SIM)
Mass balance
• Mass balance correlates the measured loss of a parent drug to the
measured increase in the amount of degradation products. It is a good
quality control check on analytical methods to show that all degradation
products are adequately detected and do not interfere with quantitation
of the parent drug (i.e.,stability-indicating methods).
89
90. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
System Suitability
General Recommendation:
System suitability testing is essential for the assurance of the quality
performance of the chromatographic system. The amount of testing
required will depend on the purpose of the test method. For dissolution
or release profile test methods using an external standard method, k', T
and RSD are minimum recommended system suitability tests. For
acceptance, release, stability, or impurities / degradation methods using
external or internal standards, k', T, R, and RSD are recommended as
minimum system suitability testing parameters.
90
91. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
System Suitability
Capacity factor (k'): k' = (tR - to) /to
The capacity factor is a measure of where the peak of interest is located with
respect to the void volume, i.e., elution time of the non-retained
components.
Recommendations: The peak should be well-resolved from other peaks and
the void volume. Generally the value of k' is > 2.
Void volume: amount of dead volume in the column that is not taken up by
the particle size of the stationary phase
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92. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
System Suitability
Resolution (R,):
R, is a measure of how well two peaks are separated. For reliable
quantitation, well-separated peaks are essential for quantitation. This is a
very useful parameter if potential interference peak(s) may be of concern.
The closest potential eluting peak to the R, is minimally influenced by the
ratio of the two compounds being measured. The resolution of peaks as
indicated by the R, values is shown in below Figure:
Recommendations: R, of > 2 between the peak of interest and the closest
potential interfering peak (impurity, excipient, degradation product,
internal standard, etc.) is desirable. 92
93. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
System Suitability
Tailing factor (T):
The accuracy of quantitation decreases with increase in peak tailing because
of the difficulties encountered by3the integrator in determining
wheretwhen the peal< ends and hence the calculation of the area under
the peal peak of interest. Below Figures illustrate the tailing factors and
the effect on quantitation. If the integrator is unable to determine exactly
when an upslope or downslope occurs, ' accuracy drops.
Recommendations: T of less than 2
93
94. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
System Suitability
Theoretical plate number (N):
Theoretical plate number is a measure of column efficiency, that is, how
many peaks can be located per unit run-time of the chromatogram. N is
fairly constant for each peak on a chromatogram with a fixed set of
operating conditions.
Recommendations: The theoretical plate number depends on elution time
but in general. should be > 2000.
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95. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
System Suitability
Precision /injection repeatability (RSD): Injection precision expressed as RSD
(relative standard deviation) indicates the performance of the HPL
chromatograph which includes the plumbing, column, and environmental
conditions, the time the samples are analyzed. It should be noted that
sample preparation and manufacturing variations are not considered.
Recommendations: RSD of s 1% is desirable.
95