With the increase of span length of steel box truss
arch bridge,the problem of nonlinear effect becomes even more
promient.The ultimate bearing capacity is an important means of
evaluate the performance of bridge safety.So it is significant
important in the practical engineering to study the ultimate
bearing capacity of long-span half-through steel box truss arch
bridge.A Yangtze River Highway Brige is a long-span
half-through steel box truss arch bridge with a main span 519
m.The ultimate bearing capacity of the structure are analyzed
using the spatial finite element model.The results show that the
influence of nonlinearities must be considered in the analysis of
ultimate bearing capacity.
Effect of masonry walls in the progressive collapse of a ten storied rc buildingkunalsahu9883
In this project, a progressive collapse assessment was carried out for a typical ten-story reinforced concrete framed structure, with and
without a masonry infill wall, designed according to codes for minimum design loads for buildings and other structures.
Three different types of analysis were carried out namely linear static analysis, nonlinear static analysis and nonlinear dynamic analysis
using SAP2000.
It was found for the studied case that, the infilled masonry walls have a valuable contribution in mitigating progressive collapse of the
reinforced concrete framed structures.
Influence line diagram for model arch bridgekunalsahu9883
It mainly deals with the graphical representation of the influence line daigram of the reaction forces, Bending moment and displacement. The material and section properties are used as mention in design and modeling of the bridge. The modeling and analysis was of the “Lupu bridge” in the MIDAS Civil2014 software. This presentation provides a critical analysis of The Lupu Bridge in Shanghai.
Cyclic Elastoplastic Large Displacement Analysis and Stability Evaluation of ...drboon
This paper deals with the cyclic elastoplastic large displacement analysis and stability evaluation of steel tubular braces subjected to axial tension and compression. The inelastic cyclic performance of cold-formed steel braces made of circular hollow sections is examined through finite element analysis using the commercial computer program ABAQUS. First some of the most important parameters considered in the practical design and ductility evaluation of steel braces of tubular sections are presented. Then the details of finite element modeling and numerical analysis are described. Later the accuracy of the analytical model employed in the analysis is substantiated by comparing the analytical results with the available test data in the literature. Finally the effects of some important structural and material parameters on cyclic inelastic behavior of steel tubular braces are discussed and evaluated.
Effect of masonry walls in the progressive collapse of a ten storied rc buildingkunalsahu9883
In this project, a progressive collapse assessment was carried out for a typical ten-story reinforced concrete framed structure, with and
without a masonry infill wall, designed according to codes for minimum design loads for buildings and other structures.
Three different types of analysis were carried out namely linear static analysis, nonlinear static analysis and nonlinear dynamic analysis
using SAP2000.
It was found for the studied case that, the infilled masonry walls have a valuable contribution in mitigating progressive collapse of the
reinforced concrete framed structures.
Influence line diagram for model arch bridgekunalsahu9883
It mainly deals with the graphical representation of the influence line daigram of the reaction forces, Bending moment and displacement. The material and section properties are used as mention in design and modeling of the bridge. The modeling and analysis was of the “Lupu bridge” in the MIDAS Civil2014 software. This presentation provides a critical analysis of The Lupu Bridge in Shanghai.
Cyclic Elastoplastic Large Displacement Analysis and Stability Evaluation of ...drboon
This paper deals with the cyclic elastoplastic large displacement analysis and stability evaluation of steel tubular braces subjected to axial tension and compression. The inelastic cyclic performance of cold-formed steel braces made of circular hollow sections is examined through finite element analysis using the commercial computer program ABAQUS. First some of the most important parameters considered in the practical design and ductility evaluation of steel braces of tubular sections are presented. Then the details of finite element modeling and numerical analysis are described. Later the accuracy of the analytical model employed in the analysis is substantiated by comparing the analytical results with the available test data in the literature. Finally the effects of some important structural and material parameters on cyclic inelastic behavior of steel tubular braces are discussed and evaluated.
Design and analysis of stress ribbon bridgeseSAT Journals
Abstract
A stressed ribbon bridge (also known as stress-ribbon bridge or catenary bridge) is primarily a structure under tension. The tension cables form the part of the deck which follows an inverted catenary between supports. The ribbon is stressed such that it is in compression, thereby increasing the rigidity of the structure where as a suspension spans tend to sway and bounce. Such bridges are typically made RCC structures with tension cables to support them. Such bridges are generally not designed for vehicular traffic but where it is essential, additional rigidity is essential to avoid the failure of the structure in bending. A stress ribbon bridge of 45 meter span is modelled and analyzed using ANSYS version 12. For simplicity in importing civil materials and civil cross sections, CivilFEM version 12 add-on of ANSYS was used. A 3D model of the whole structure was developed and analyzed and according to the analysis results, the design was performed manually.
Keywords: Stress Ribbon, Precast Segments, Prestressing, Dynamic Analysis, Pedestrian Excitation.
ANALYSIS AND COMPARATIVE STUDY OF COMPOSITE BRIDGE GIRDERSIAEME Publication
The composite bridge gives the maximum strength in comparison to other bridges. The design and analysis of various girders for steel and concrete by using various software, in that paper for composite bridge calculate the bending moment for T girder and finding which is more effective. The efforts will make to carry out to check the analysis of bridge by using SAP 2000 software. To determine the static analysis of T girder by using manual method as well as software. The results obtained from the software in structural analysis are compare the results obtained from manual calculations.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Seismic Capacity Comparisons of Reinforced Concrete Buildings Between Standar...drboon
Earthquakes are cause of serious damage through the building. Therefore, moment resistant frame buildings are widely used as lateral resisting system. Generally three types of moment resisting frames are designed namely Special ductile frames (SDF), Intermediate ductile frames (IDF) and Gravity load designed (GLD) frames, each of which has a certain level of ductility. Comparative studies on the seismic performance of three different ductility of building are performed in this study. The analytical models are considered about failure mode of column (i.e. shear failure, flexural to shear failure and flexural failure); beam-column joint connection, infill wall and flexural foundation. Concepts of incremental dynamic analysis are practiced to assess the required data for performance based evaluations. This study found that the lateral load capacity of GLD, IDF, and SDF building was 19.25, 27.87, and 25.92 %W respectively. The average response spectrum at the collapse state for GLD, IDF, and SDF are 0.75 g, 1.19 g, and 1.33 g, respectively. The results show that SDF is more ductile than IDF and the initial strength of SDF is close to IDF. The results indicate that all of frames are able to resistant a design earthquake.
Design and analysis of stress ribbon bridgeseSAT Journals
Abstract
A stressed ribbon bridge (also known as stress-ribbon bridge or catenary bridge) is primarily a structure under tension. The tension cables form the part of the deck which follows an inverted catenary between supports. The ribbon is stressed such that it is in compression, thereby increasing the rigidity of the structure where as a suspension spans tend to sway and bounce. Such bridges are typically made RCC structures with tension cables to support them. Such bridges are generally not designed for vehicular traffic but where it is essential, additional rigidity is essential to avoid the failure of the structure in bending. A stress ribbon bridge of 45 meter span is modelled and analyzed using ANSYS version 12. For simplicity in importing civil materials and civil cross sections, CivilFEM version 12 add-on of ANSYS was used. A 3D model of the whole structure was developed and analyzed and according to the analysis results, the design was performed manually.
Keywords: Stress Ribbon, Precast Segments, Prestressing, Dynamic Analysis, Pedestrian Excitation.
ANALYSIS AND COMPARATIVE STUDY OF COMPOSITE BRIDGE GIRDERSIAEME Publication
The composite bridge gives the maximum strength in comparison to other bridges. The design and analysis of various girders for steel and concrete by using various software, in that paper for composite bridge calculate the bending moment for T girder and finding which is more effective. The efforts will make to carry out to check the analysis of bridge by using SAP 2000 software. To determine the static analysis of T girder by using manual method as well as software. The results obtained from the software in structural analysis are compare the results obtained from manual calculations.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Seismic Capacity Comparisons of Reinforced Concrete Buildings Between Standar...drboon
Earthquakes are cause of serious damage through the building. Therefore, moment resistant frame buildings are widely used as lateral resisting system. Generally three types of moment resisting frames are designed namely Special ductile frames (SDF), Intermediate ductile frames (IDF) and Gravity load designed (GLD) frames, each of which has a certain level of ductility. Comparative studies on the seismic performance of three different ductility of building are performed in this study. The analytical models are considered about failure mode of column (i.e. shear failure, flexural to shear failure and flexural failure); beam-column joint connection, infill wall and flexural foundation. Concepts of incremental dynamic analysis are practiced to assess the required data for performance based evaluations. This study found that the lateral load capacity of GLD, IDF, and SDF building was 19.25, 27.87, and 25.92 %W respectively. The average response spectrum at the collapse state for GLD, IDF, and SDF are 0.75 g, 1.19 g, and 1.33 g, respectively. The results show that SDF is more ductile than IDF and the initial strength of SDF is close to IDF. The results indicate that all of frames are able to resistant a design earthquake.
Background: Because of its wonderful taste, as well as
numerous nutritional and medicinal qualities valued especially
in the 20th century apple fruit is preferred worldwide.
Objective: The current work presents the antioxidant
specifications of several varieties of apples distributed in
Republic of Bulgaria and also methodology/equipment and
method for the preparation of the apples for the experiment/
used to determine the antioxidant characteristics.
Methods: We use the following methods:
spectrophotometric method; systematic approach and a critical
analysis of the accessible Research Periodicals
Results: We obtain nectar from apples by their
immediate squeezing prior the experiment using a juicer. (1)
Mix the three tubes with electromagnetic stirrer VORTEX 2
GENIE for 10 seconds. (2) Place the tubes in a water bath for
10-15 minutes at 380C. (3) Put the tubes in cold water for 5
seconds to stop the reaction. (4.) Identification of the activity of
the samples with a UV-VIS spectrophotometer; ThermoScientific;
Used length λ = 560 nm.
CONCLUSION:
1. Choose fully ripe fruits to generate the highest
amount of antioxidants.
2. The studied varieties of apples can be arranged
according to their antioxidant activity as follows: Grey smith,
Aidere, Golden Delicious, Jonah Gold, Golden Delicious, Red
Delicious, Chadeo, Mutsu, and Florina
Background and objectives: Iron is one of the major component
of hemoglobin, is required for transport of oxygen, ferritin is a
protein for storage iron, and transferring is a protein for iron
transport, all these it may be change in breast cancer.
The aim of present study was to measure the serum ferritin, iron,
total iron binding capacity, transferring, and C-reactive protein
concentration in breast tumors.
Material and method: A prospective study was carried out from
April 2013 to August 2014 by clinical biochemistry department in
College of Pharmacy-University of Sulaimani on (45) healthy
female individuals, (group 1) and (50) females with breast tumor
(group 2).
Results: The mean value of serum iron, transferring, total iron
binding capacity were significantly lower in females with breast
tumors (group 2), than that of healthy female individuals, (group
1), while serum ferritin was significantly higher in females with
breast tumors (group2), than that of healthy individuals (group
1).
Conclusion: Based on findings of the present study it can be
concluded that breast tumors can cause deficient of all iron
profile except ferritin will be increase in female breast cancers.
Key words- Serum iron, S.Ferritin, S. Total iron binding, S.
Transferrin, S.C-Reactive protein, breast tumors.
The main aim of energy efficient routing is to
minimize the energy required to transmit or receive packets also
called as active communication energy. Inactive energy is the
energy which not only tries to reduce the energy consumed
when a mobile node stays idle but also listens to the wireless
medium for any possible communication requests from other
nodes. To conserve energy, many energy efficient routing
protocols have been proposed. Networks of small, inexpensive,
disposable, smart sensors are emerging as a new technology with
tremendous potential. Wireless sensor networks can be randomly
deployed inside or close to phenomenon to be monitored. The
advantage of these networks is the fact that they are selfconfiguring,
which means that a sensor network can be deployed
randomly on a battlefield, in a disaster area or in an inaccessible
area without the need for human intervention. The energy
supplies of nodes are not replenished or replaced and therefore
nodes only participate in the network for as long as they have
energy. This fact necessitates energy efficiency in the design of
every aspect of such nodes. Energy consumption in sensor nodes
occurs mainly due to computational processing and, to a greater
extent, communication. The routing protocol employed by these
sensor nodes can minimize the number of transmissions that
nodes make as well as the computational complexity of routing
path selection. It is therefore of critical importance that the
routing protocol be designed with energy efficiency in mind.
Как организовать приём промо-кодов через сайт и смсrusloterei
Презентация возможностей системы интернет-управления маркетинговой акции (лотерея, бонусная игра и пр.). Это программный модуль (движок), подключаемый к промо-странице, позволяет принимать промо-коды через web и sms, генерировать промо-коды, перечислять бонусы на мобильный (при необходимости). Выдавать статистику регистрации в акции, базу данных участников.
— The automation of fault detection in material
science is getting popular because of less cost and time. Steel
plates fault detection is an important material science problem.
Data mining techniques deal with data analysis of large data.
Decision trees are very popular classifiers because of their simple
structures and accuracy. A classifier ensemble is a set of
classifiers whose individual decisions are combined in to classify
new examples. Classifiers ensembles generally perform better
than single classifier. In this paper, we show the application of
decision tree ensembles for steel plates faults prediction. The
results suggest that Random Subspace and AdaBoost.M1 are the
best ensemble methods for steel plates faults prediction with
prediction accuracy more than 80%. We also demonstrate that if
insignificant features are removed from the datasets, the
performance of the decision tree ensembles improve for steel
plates faults prediction. The results suggest the future
development of steel plate faults analysis tools by using decision
tree ensembles.
The present study was conducted at Lucknow
District in Uttar Pradesh. The purpose of this study is to
document how being perform in extra-curricular activities can
influence development in academics, social skills, and high school
completion. In this paper we study the possible influence of
extracurricular activities on student’s performance of eighth-and
ninth graders. 120 students of age group between 13 to 16 years
comprised the sample of the study. Self-made questionnaire for
school students were administered. Data was analyzed in term of
percentage and t-test analysis. The statistical analysis revealed
that all the 6 types of extracurricular activities, viz. Yoga, Horse
riding, Sport activities, Dance, Music and Indoor and outdoor
activities together showed significant role in some extracurricular
activities and Student’s performance of Government and Private
School. Students who participate in extracurricular activities
generally benefit from the many opportunities afforded them.
Benefits of participating in extracurricular activities included
having better grades, having higher standardized test scores and
higher educational attainment, attending school more regularly,
and having higher a higher self-concept. Those who participate in
out-of-school activities often have higher grade point averages, a
decrease in absenteeism, and an increased connectedness to the
school. Finally, we discuss the possible influence of
extracurricular activities on student’s performance and whether
such participation is advisable
The Performance Evaluation of Concrete Filled Steel Tubular Arch BridgeIJERA Editor
In this paper, the system assessment theory of he concrete filled steel tubular arch bridge which is based on the theory of the reliability of system reliability is researched through the finite element analysis software ANSYS. Because the concrete filled steel tube arch bridge has the characteristics, such as the components numerous, complex forces, unable to list the of the explicit limit state equation, so use the probability design module of ANSYS (PDS) technology for the performance evaluation of the concrete filled steel tubular arch bridge with the combination of the reliability theory of monte carlo (MC) method, the response surface method (RSM) and the equivalent normal distribution method (JC method).According to the measured data and documents, selecte the random variables which have a large influence on structure reliability as the input parameters and use APDL language to write the structural response’s parameterized model of concrete filled steel tubular arch bridge. Then fit the response surface equation and get its statistical sampling parameters, and finally using Matlab program based on JC method to calculate the reliability index of the components. According to the structure characteristics of concrete filled steel tube arch bridge, the whole structure is as a series of arch rib series, derrick, floor system, selection of components of the minimum reliability index as the system's reliability index.
The Performance Evaluation of Concrete Filled Steel Tubular Arch BridgeIJERA Editor
In this paper, the system assessment theory of he concrete filled steel tubular arch bridge which is based on the theory of the reliability of system reliability is researched through the finite element analysis software ANSYS. Because the concrete filled steel tube arch bridge has the characteristics, such as the components numerous, complex forces, unable to list the of the explicit limit state equation, so use the probability design module of ANSYS (PDS) technology for the performance evaluation of the concrete filled steel tubular arch bridge with the combination of the reliability theory of monte carlo (MC) method, the response surface method (RSM) and the equivalent normal distribution method (JC method).According to the measured data and documents, selecte the random variables which have a large influence on structure reliability as the input parameters and use APDL language to write the structural response’s parameterized model of concrete filled steel tubular arch bridge. Then fit the response surface equation and get its statistical sampling parameters, and finally using Matlab program based on JC method to calculate the reliability index of the components. According to the structure characteristics of concrete filled steel tube arch bridge, the whole structure is as a series of arch rib series, derrick, floor system, selection of components of the minimum reliability index as the system's reliability index.
A Review Paper on Analysis of T Beam Deck Type and T Beam Pre Stressed Deck B...ijtsrd
A Bridge is a structure built to span physical obstacles without closing the way underneath such as a body of water, valley, or road, for the purpose of providing passage over the obstacle. K is the portion of a bridge that acts as the roadway in the support of vehicular or pedestrian traffic. While deck parts like trusses, girders, rails, arches, posts and cantilevers assume a number of forms and types, there are relatively few bridge deck types given the utilitarian nature of the component. Rudresh Meena | Prof. Afzal Khan "A Review Paper on Analysis of T Beam Deck Type and T Beam Pre-Stressed Deck Bridge" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd57385.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/engineering/civil-engineering/57385/a-review-paper-on-analysis-of-t-beam-deck-type-and-t-beam-prestressed-deck-bridge/rudresh-meena
Optimum Dimensions of Suspension Bridges Considering Natural PeriodIOSR Journals
Abstract: Suspension bridge is an efficient structural system particularly for large spans. Many difficulties
related to design and construction feasibility arises due to its long central span. There are many suspension
bridges around the world and dynamic behavior has been found to be the primary concern for those bridges.
Natural period of a suspension bridge mainly dependent on the span and other structural dimensions related to
the stiffness. In the present study, the effects of structural parameters like deck depth and tower height on
natural period of suspension bridges having different central spans are conducted. Natural periods are
analyzed by modal analysis for central span lengths ranges from 600m to 1400m. The modal analysis is
performed by finite element software package SAP2000. For each central span, tower heights and deck depth
are varied and the consequences of these variations on the natural periods of various types of vibration modes
are investigated and dominant mode for each span is recognized. Obtained values from the analysis were
utilized to plot three dimensional surfaces representing correlation among natural period, deck depth, tower
height, and span, using MATLAB functions. A relationship among tentative optimum deck depth, optimum tower
height and central span of suspension bridge is developed for obtaining minimum natural period. This
relationship can be used to obtain the tentative optimum dimensions of a suspension bridge with central span
between 600m to 1400m.
Keywords: suspension bridge, natural period, optimum dimensions, modal analysis.
This paper presents a study on flexural behaviour of concrete filled steel tube based on the former
work carried out by Manojkumar. An ANSYS model is developed that can predict the behaviour of concrete
filled steel tube to determine moment carrying capacity at ultimate point for beam Concrete filled steel tube
beams are studied and verified by the finite element program ANSYS against experimental data. The Main
parameters affecting the behaviour and strength of concrete filled beams are geometrical parameters, material
nonlinearities, loading, boundary conditions and degree of concrete confinement. To account for all these
properties ANSYS model is developed. The main parameters varied in analysis study are D/t ratio,
characteristic strength of infilled concrete. The proposed model predicts ultimate moment capacity for CFT
beams. In the numerical analysis, circular and rectangular CFT cross sections are considered using different
grades of concrete. The predicted values are compared with experimental results. Numerical analysis has
shown that for rectangular CFT’s a good confining effect can be provided. Moment capacity results obtained
from the ANSYS model are compared with the values predicted by Lin Han (2004) and different codes such as
AISC-LRFD (1999) and EC4 (1994).
Dynamic analysis of steel tube structure with bracing systemseSAT Journals
Abstract Nowadays, competition towards rise of tall steel structures made certain factors are compulsory like serviceability and comfort of human relating to lateral loads caused by wind or earthquake. Earthquake is dangerous to the living beings in terms of its effects on manmade structures. Structures like tall buildings are built to resist gravity loads. However many tall buildings are not so resistant in lateral loads due to earthquake so need an improvement in resisting lateral loads. So there are many structural systems which resist lateral loads by varying orientation, addition of different structural systems. Like steel tubular structural system is considered and compared for their results against lateral forces and also by providing mega bracing system and diagrid bracing system. In this dissertation work, four structural systems are considered in which one is framed structure and rest are tubular system with addition of different bracing systems as mega bracing and diagrid bracing system. For the purpose 45 storey steel structure with rectangular plan of dimension 44mx24m uniform throughout the height is considered and analyzed for gravity and lateral loads using ETABS software. Its intention is to obtain the functioning characteristics like displacements, storey shear, time period, frequency, peak displacement and peak acceleration in both x and y direction to get most economical structure in all ways. Results shows that the steel tubular structure with mega bracing system performance is much better than the framed structure, tubular and tubular structure with diagrid bracing system. Keywords: Steel Tube Structure, Mega Bracing, Diagrid Bracing, Dynamic Analysis, ETABS, Time and History Analysis.
The hanging basket stress calculation and stability analysis during cantileve...IJERA Editor
The bearing capacity and stability of the Hanging Basket is a key point in the process of cantilever construction. It is important to set up finite element analytical model accord with the actual stress state of structure. According to the Laotuanpo NO.2 bridge as an engineering example, the strength, stiffness and stability of the Hanging Basket is analyzed using the space truss model. The analytical calculation shows that the design for Hanging Basket in cast-in-cantilever construction plan completely conforms to the specifications and design requirements. It is provide a solid theoretical foundation for the reliability of Hanging Basket during cast-in-cantilever construction.
Analysis of Deck Bridge with Pre Stress Deck Bridge under IRC Loading Conditi...ijtsrd
A bridge deck is the portion of a bridge that acts as the roadway in the support of vehicular or pedestrian traffic. While deck parts like trusses, girders, rails, arches, posts and cantilevers assume a number of forms and types, there are relatively few bridge deck types given the utilitarian nature of the component. Deck types are defined by the materials from which they are made and the manner in which those materials are fit together. Yogesh Kanathe | Nitesh Kushwaha "Analysis of Deck Bridge with Pre-Stress Deck Bridge under IRC Loading Conditions a Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29636.pdf
https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/29636/analysis-of-deck-bridge-with-pre-stress-deck-bridge-under-irc-loading-conditions-a-review/yogesh-kanathe
A Study of R. C. C. Beam Column Junction Subjected To QuasiStatic (Monotonic)...IOSR Journals
Abstract - Beam and column where intersects is called as joint or junction. The different types of joints are
classified as corner joint, exterior joint, interior joint etc. on beam column joint applying quasi-static loading on
cantilever end of the beam. and study of various parameters as to be find out on corner and exterior beam
column joint i.e. maximum stress, minimum stress, displacement and variation in stiffness of beam column joint
can be analyzed in Ansys software ( Non-Linear FEM Software) Significant experimental research has been
conducted over the past three decades on hysteretic behavior of beam-column joints of RC frames under cyclic
displacement loading. The various research studies focused on corner and exterior beam column joints and
their behavior, support conditions of beam-column joints. Some recent experimental studies, however,
addressed beam-column joints of substandard RC frames with weak columns, poor anchorage of longitudinal
beam bars and insufficient transverse reinforcement. the behavior of exterior beam column joint is different
than the corner beam column joint
ANALYSIS AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON STRENGTH AND BEHAVIOUR OF EXTERIOR BEAM-CO...IAEME Publication
The present work aims to study analytically and experimentally on the seismic performance ofexterior beam column joint to improve the joint ductility with non-conventional reinforcement andby using steel fibres. Five joint sub assemblages were tested under reverse cyclic loading applied atthe beam end. Beam column joints are critical regions for frames designed for inelastic response tosevere seismic attack. The overall structural safety, especially for joints is due to lack of ductility.Different parameter of joint using ANSYS modelling was studied and experimentally verified theresults. All these details are presented.
Study of Eccentrically Braced Outrigger Frame under Seismic ExitationIJTET Journal
Outrigger braced structures has efficient structural form consist of a central core, comprising braced frames with
horizontal cantilever ”outrigger” trusses or girders connecting the core to the outer column. When the structure is loaded
horizontally, vertical plane rotation of the core is restrained by the outriggers through tension in windward column and
compression in leeward column. The effective structural depth of the building is greatly increased, thus augmenting the lateral
stiffness of the building and reducing the lateral deflections and moments in core. In effect, the outriggers join the columns to the
core to make the structure behave as a partly composite cantilever. By providing eccentrically braced system in outrigger frame by
varying the size of links and analyzing it. Push over analysis is carried out by varying the link size using computer programs, Sap
2007 to understand their seismic performance. The ductile behavior of eccentrically braced frame is highly desirable for structures
subjected to strong ground motion. Maximum stiffness, strength, ductility and energy dissipation capacity are provided by
eccentrically braced frame. Studies were conducted on the use of outrigger frame for the high steel building subjected to
earthquake load. Braces are designed not to buckle, regardless of the severity of lateral loading on the frame. Thus eccentrically
braced frame ensures safety against collapse.
Similar to ANALYSIS OF ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY FOR LONG-SPAN STEEL BOX TRUSS ARCH BRIDGE (20)
Recent joint surgery studies reveal increased
revisions and resurfacing of the metal on metal hip joints. Metal
on metal hip implants were developed more than thirty years ago
and their application has been refined because of availability of
advanced manufacturing techniques and partly by advancements
in material science and engineering. Development of composite
materials may provide greater durability to metal-on-metal hip
implants .This review article is a study of the latest literature of
metal-on-metal hip implants and its various modeling techniques.
Numbers of methods are used for convergence and numerical
solution to investigate the performance of metal-on-metal hip
implant for accurate stable solution. This paper presents analysis
done by various researchers on metal-on-metal hip implants for
wear, lubrication, fatigue, bio-tribo-corrosion, design, toxicity
and resurfacing. After in vivo and in vitro studies, it is found that
all these methods have limitations. There is a need of more
insight for lubrication analysis, geometry of bearings, materials
and input parameters. The information provided in this work is
intended as an aid in the assessment of metal-on-metal hip joints.
Background Hospital contributes significantly tangible and intangible resources on a concurred plan by the scheduling of surgery on the OT list. Postponement decreases efficiency by declining throughput leads to wastage of resources hence burden to the nation. Patients and their family face economic and emotional implication due to the postponement. Postponement rate being a quality indicator controls check mechanism could be developed from the results. Postponement of elective scheduled operations results in inefficient use of the operating room (OR) time on the day of surgery. Inconvenience to patients and families are also caused by postponements. Moreover, the day of surgery (DOS) postponement creates logistic and financial burden associated with extended hospital stay and repetitions of pre-operative preparations to an extent of repetition of investigations in some cases causing escalated costs, wastage of time and reduced income. Methodology A cross-sectional study was done in the operation theaters of a tertiary care hospital in which total ten operation theaters of General Surgery Data of scheduled, performed and postponed surgeries was collected from all the operation theater with effect from March 1st to September 30th, 2018. A questionnaire was developed to find out the reasons for the postponement for all hospital’s stakeholders (surgeons, Anesthetist, Nursing Officer) and they were further evaluated time series analysis of scheduling of Operation Theater for moving average technique. Results Total 958 surgeries were scheduled and 772 surgeries performed were and 186 surgeries were postponed with a postponement rate of 19.42% in the cardiac surgery department during the study period. Month-wise postponement Rate exponential smoothing of time series data shows the dynamic of operating suits. To test throughput Postponement rate was plotted the postponed surgeries and on regression analysis is in a perfect linear relationship.
Introduction: Postponement of elective scheduled operations results in inefficient use of operating room (OR) time on the day of surgery. Inconvenience to patients and families also caused by postponements. Moreover, day of surgery (DOS) postponement creates logistic and financial burden associated with extended hospital stay and repetitions of pre-operative preparations to an extend of repetition of investigations in some cases causing escalated costs, wastage of time and reduced income. Methodology: A cross sectional study was done in the operation theaters of a tertiary care hospital in which total ten operation theaters of General Surgery Data of scheduled, performed and postponed surgeries was collected from all the operation theater with effect from march 1st to September 30th 2018. A questionnaire was developed to find out the reasons for the postponement for all hospital’s stakeholders (Surgeons, Anesthetist, Nursing officer) and they were further evaluated Time series analysis of scheduling of Operation Theater for Moving average Technique. Results: total 2,466 surgeries were scheduled and 1,980 surgeries were performed and 486 surgeries were postponed in the general surgery department during the study period. Month wise postponement forecast was in accordance with the performed surgeries and on regression analysis postponed surgeries were in perfect linear relationship with the postponement Rate.
In the present paper the experimental study of
Nanotechnology involves high cost for Lab set-up and the
experimentation processes were also slow. Attempt has also
been made to discuss the contributions towards the societal
change in the present convergence of Nano-systems and
information technologies. one cannot rely on experimental
nanotechnology alone. As such, the Computer- simulations and
modeling are one of the foundations of computational
nanotechnology. The computer modeling and simulations
were also referred as computational experimentations. The
accuracy of such Computational nano-technology based
experiment generally depends on the accuracy of the following
things: Intermolecular interaction, Numerical models and
Simulation schemes used. The essence of nanotechnology is
therefore size and control because of the diversity of
applications the plural term nanotechnology is preferred by
some nevertheless they all share the common feature of control
at the nanometer scale the latter focusing on the observation
and study of phenomena at the nanometer scale. In this paper,
a brief study of Computer-Simulation techniques as well as
some Experimental result
Solar cell absorber Kesterite- type Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films have been prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD). UV–vis absorption spectra measurement indicated that the band gap of as-synthesized CZTS was about1.68 eV, which was near the optimum value for photovoltaic solar conversion in a single-band-gap device. The polycrystalline CZTS thin films with kieserite crystal structure have been obtained by XRD. The average of crystalline size of CZTS is 27 nm
Multilevel inverters play a crucial part in the
areas of high and medium voltage applications. Among the three
main multilevel inverters used, the capacitor clamped multilevel
inverter(CCMLI) has advantage with respect to voltage
redundancies. This work proposes a switching pattern to improve
the performance of chosen H-bridge type CCMLI over
conventional CCMLI. The PWM technique used in this work is
Phase Opposition Disposition PWM(PODPWM). The
performance of proposed H-bridge type CCMLI is verified
through MATLAB-Simulink based simulation. It has been
observed that the THD is low in chosen CCMLI compared to
conventional CCMLI.
- In this paper, we introduce a practical mechanism of
compressing a binary phase code modulation (BPCM) signal
according to Barker code with 13 chips in presence of additive
white Gaussian noise (AWGN) by using a digital matched filter
(DMF) corresponding to time domain convolution algorithm of
input and reference signals using Cyclone II EP2C70F896C6
FPGA from ALTERA placed on education and development
board DE2-70 with the following parameters: frequency of
BPCM signal fIF=2 MHz, sampling frequency
f MHz SAM 50
,pulse period
T 200s
, pulse width
S 13sc
, chip width
CH 1sc
, compressing factor
KCOM 13
, SNRinp=1/1, 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, 1/5 and processing
gain factor SNRout/SNRinp=11.14 dB.
The results of filter operation are evaluated using a digital
oscilloscope GDS-1052U to display the input and output signals
for different SNRinp.
Flooding is one of the most devastating natural
disasters in Nigeria. The impact of flooding on human activities
cannot be overemphasized. It can threaten human lives, their
property, environment and the economy. Different techniques
exist to manage and analyze the impact of flooding. Some of these
techniques have not been effective in management of flood
disaster. Remote sensing technique presents itself as an effective
and efficient means of managing flood disaster. In this study,
SPOT-10 image was used to perform land cover/ land use
classification of the study area. Advanced Space borne Thermal
Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) image of 2010 was
used to generate the Digital Elevation Model (DEM). The image
focal statistics were generated using the Spatial Analyst/
Neighborhood/Focal Statistics Tool in ArcMap. The contour map
was produced using the Spatial Analyst/ Surface/ Contour Tools.
The DEM generated from the focal statistics was reclassified into
different risk levels based on variation of elevation values. The
depression in the DEM was filled and used to create the flow
direction map. The flow accumulation map was produced using
the flow direction data as input image. The stream network and
watershed were equally generated and the stream vectorized. The
reclassified DEM, stream network and vectorized land cover
classes were integrated and used to analyze the impact of flood on
the classes. The result shows that 27.86% of the area studied will
be affected at very high risk flood level, 35.63% at high risk,
17.90% at moderate risk, 10.72% at low risk, and 7.89% at no
risk flood level. Built up area class will be mostly affected at very
high risk flood level while farmland will be affected at high risk
flood level. Oshoro, Imhekpeme, and Weppa communities will be
affected at very high risk flood inundation while Ivighe, Uneme,
Igoide and Iviari communities will be at risk at high risk flood
inundation level. It is recommended among others that buildings
that fall within the “Very High Risk” area should be identified
and occupants possibly relocated to other areas such as the “No
Risk” area.
Without water, humans cannot live. Since time began,
we have lived by the water and vast tracts of waterless land have
been abandoned as it is too difficult to inhabit. At any given
moment, the earth’s atmosphere contains 4,000 cubic miles of
water, which is just 0.000012% of the 344 million cubic miles of
water on earth. Nature maintains this ratio via evaporation and
condensation, irrespective of the activities of man.
There is a certain need for an alternative to solve the water
scarcity. Obtaining water from the atmosphere is nothing new -
since the beginning of time, nature’s continuous hydrologic cycle
of evaporation and condensation in the form of rain or snow has
been the sole source and means of regenerating wholesome water
for all forms of life on earth.
An effective method to generate water is by the separation of
moisture present in air by condensation. In this study, the water
present in air is condensed on the surface of a container and then
collected in an external jacket provided on the container.
Insulations are provided to optimize the inner temperature of the
container.
The method is although uncommon but has certain advantages
which make it a success. The process is economical and does not
require a lot of utilities. It also helps in further reducing the
carbon footprint.
In every moment of functioning the Li-Ion
battery must provide the power required by the user, to have a
long operating life and to and to provide high reliability in
operation. The methods for analysis and testing batteries are
ensuring that all these conditions imposed to the batteries are
met by being tested depending on their intended use.
The success rate of real estate project is
decreasing as there is large scale of project and participation of
entities. It is necessary to study the risk factors involved in the
project. This paper focused on types of risks involved in the
project, risk factors, risk management tools & techniques.
Identification of risk of the project in terms of the total cost of the
project has been divided under Technical, Financial, Sociopolitical
and Statutory cost centers. Large real estate projects
have to tackle the following issues: land acquisition, skilledlabour
shortage, non-availability of skilled project managers, and
mechanization of the construction process to cater to the growing
demands. Non- availability of supporting infrastructure, political
issues like instability of the government leading to regulatory
issues, social issues, marketing forms an important part in these
projects as this is a onetime investment and the purchase cycle is
long , long development period makes the same project be at
different points in the real estate value cycle.
- In the present scenario carbon emission and sand
mining are major concern due to its hazardous effect to
environment and making serious imbalance to the ecosystem.
Various studies have been conducted to reduce severe effect on
environment, using byproducts like copper slag as partial
replacement of fine aggregate. Different researchers have also
revealed numerous uses of copper slag as a replacing agent in
determining the strength of concrete. A comprehensive review of
studies has been presented in this paper for scope of replacement
of fine aggregate from copper slag in concrete
- Security is a concept similar to being cautious
or alert against any danger. Network security is the condition of
being protected against any danger or loss. Thus safety plays a
important role in bank transactions where disclosure of any data
results in big loss. We can define networking as the combination
of two or more computers for the purpose of resource sharing.
Resources here include files, database, emails etc. It is the
protection of these resources from unauthorized users that
brought the development of network security. It is a measure
incorporated to protect data during their transmission and also
to ensure the transmitted is protected and authentic.
Security of online bank transactions here has been
improved by increasing the number of bits while establishing the
SSL connection as well as in RSA asymmetric key encryption
along with SHA1 used for digital signature to authenticate the
user
Background: Septoplasty is a common surgical
procedure performed by otolaryngologists for the correction of
deviated nasal septum. This surgery may be associated with
numerous complications. To minimize these complications,
otolaryngologists frequently pack both nasal cavities with
different types of nasal packing. Despite all its advantages,
nasal packing is also associated with some disadvantages. To
avoid these issues, many surgeons use suturing techniques to
obviate the need for packing after surgery.
Objective: To determine the efficacy and safety of trans-septal
suture technique in preventing complications and decreasing
morbidity after septoplasty in comparison with nasal packing.
Patients and methods: Prospective comparative study. This
study was conducted in the department of Otolaryngology -
Head and Neck Surgery, Rizgary Teaching Hospital - Erbil,
from the 6th of May 2014 to the 30th of November 2014.
A total of 60 patients aged 18-45 years, undergoing septoplasty,
were included in the study. Before surgery, patients were
randomly divided into two equal groups. Group (A) with transseptal
suture technique was compared with group (B) in which
nasal packing with Merocel was done. Postoperative morbidity
in terms of pain, bleeding, postnasal drip, sleep disturbance,
dysphagia, headache and epiphora along with postoperative
complications including septal hematoma, septal perforation,
crustation and synechiae formation were assessed over a follow
up period of four weeks.
Results: Out of 60 patients, 37 patients were males (61.7%)
and 23 patients were females (38.3%). Patients with nasal
packing had significantly more postoperative pain (P<0.05)><0.05). There was no significant difference between
the two groups with respect to nasal bleeding, septal
hematoma, septal perforation, crustation and synechiae
formation.
Conclusion: Septoplasty can be safely performed using transseptal
suturing technique without nasal packing.
The basic reason behind the need to
monitor water quality is to verify whether the examined
water quality is suitable for intended usage or not. This
study is conducted on Al -Shamiya al- sharqi drain in
Diwaniya city in Iraq to make valid assessment for the
level of parameters measured and to realize their effects
on irrigation. In order to assess the drainage water
quality for irrigation purposes with a high accuracy, the
Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI) will be examined
and upgraded (integrated with GIS) to make a
classification for drainage water. For this purpose, ten
samples of drainage water were taken from different ten
location of the stuay area. The collected samples were
analyzed chemically for different elements which affect
water quality for irrigation.These elements are :
Calcium(Ca+2), Sodium(Na+
), Magnesium(Mg+2),
Chloride( ), Potassium(K+
), Bicarbonate(HCO3),
Nitrate(NO3), Sulfate( , Phosphate( , Electrical
Conductivity(EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total
Suspended Solids (TSS) and pH-values (PH). Sodium
Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and Sodium Content (Na%)
have been also calculated. Results suggest that, the use of
GIS and Water Quality Index (WQI) methods could
provide an extremely interesting as well as efficient tool
to water resource management. The results analysis of
(IWQI) maps confirms that: 52% of the drainage water
in study area falls within the "Low restriction" (LR) and
47%of study area has water with (Moderate
restriction)(MR),While 1% of drainage water in the
study area classified as (Sever restriction) (SR). So, the
drainage water should be used with the soil having high
permeability with some constraints imposed on types of
plant for specified tolerance of salts
The cable-hoisting method and rail cable-lifting
method are widely used in the construction of suspension bridge.
This paper takes a suspension bridge in Hunan as an example,
and expounds the two construction methods, and analyzes their
respective merits and disadvantages.
Baylis-Hillman reaction has been achieved on
different organic motifs but with completion times of three to
six days. Micellar medium of CTAB in water along with the
organic base DABCO has been used to effect the BaylisHillman
reaction on a steroidal nucleus of Withaferin-A for the
first time with different aromatic aldehydes within a day to
synthesize a library of BH adducts (W1a –W14a) and (W1bW14b)
as a mixture of two isomers and W15 as a single
compound. The isomers were separated on column and the
major components were chosen for bio-evaluation. Cytotoxic
activity of the synthesized compounds was screened against a
panel of four cancer cell lines Lung A-549, Breast MCF-7,
Colon HCT-116 and Leukemia THP-1 along with 5-florouracil
and Mitomycin-C as references. All the compounds exhibited
promising activity against screened cell lines and were found to
possess enhaunced activity than parent compound. BH adducts
with aromatic systems having methoxy and nitro groups were
found to be more active.
This paper presents the details on the
experimental investigation carried out to get the desired fresh
properties of the SCC. Tests were performed on various mixtures
to obtain the required SCC. In the present research work we
have replaced 15% of cement with class F fly ash. By varying the
quantity of water and sand the mortar mix was prepared. Later
varying percentage of coarse aggregate was added to the mortar
to obtain the desired SCC.
The batteries used in electric and hybrid vehicles
consists of several cells with voltages between 3.6V battery and
4.2 V in series or parallel combinations of configurations for
obtaining the necessary available voltages in the operation of a
hybrid electric vehicle. How malfunction of a single cell affects
the behavior of the entire battery pack, BMS main function is to
protect individual cells against over-discharge, overload or
overheating. This is done by correct balancing of the cells. In
addition BMS estimates the battery charge status
This project aims at using (PD-MCPWM) Phase
disposition multi carrier pulse width modulation technique to
reduce leakage current in a transformerless cascaded multilevel
inverter for PV systems. Advantages of transformerless PV
inverter topology is as follows, simple structure, low weight and
provides higher efficiency , but however this topology provides a
path for the leakage current to flow through the parasitic
capacitance formed between the PV module and the ground.
Modulation technique reduces leakage current with an added
advantage without adding any extra components.
More from International Journal of Technical Research & Application (20)
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdf
ANALYSIS OF ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY FOR LONG-SPAN STEEL BOX TRUSS ARCH BRIDGE
1. International Journal of Technical Research and Applications e-ISSN: 2320-8163,
www.ijtra.com Volume 3, Issue 3 (May-June 2015), PP. 173-176
173 | P a g e
ANALYSIS OF ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY
FOR LONG-SPAN STEEL BOX TRUSS ARCH
BRIDGE
Jiang Jing-yi,Zhang Li-wen
School of Civil Engineering & Architecture
Chongqing Jiaotong University
Chongqing,China
tljbcs@163.com
Abstract—With the increase of span length of steel box truss
arch bridge,the problem of nonlinear effect becomes even more
promient.The ultimate bearing capacity is an important means of
evaluate the performance of bridge safety.So it is significant
important in the practical engineering to study the ultimate
bearing capacity of long-span half-through steel box truss arch
bridge.A Yangtze River Highway Brige is a long-span
half-through steel box truss arch bridge with a main span 519
m.The ultimate bearing capacity of the structure are analyzed
using the spatial finite element model.The results show that the
influence of nonlinearities must be considered in the analysis of
ultimate bearing capacity.
Keywords—steel box truss arch;ultimate bearing capacity;finite
element method;plastic hinge.
With the increase of steel production,steel arch bridge
has been developed rapidly.The bridge span reach new peak
frequently.Nowadays it has been a common bridge structure
form which was widely applied to highway bridge.Steel box
truss arch bridge,with its light weight,large span capacity,high
bearing capacity and high degree of assembly,has been
applied more and more widely to practical engineering.
Arch rib is a planar curved rod system mainly bearing
axial pressure,the structure reaches ultimate bearing capacity
and damage mainly due to the following two conditions:1.
Under load,the bridge lost its stability because of its own
deficiency of stiffness,that is linear or nonlinear elastic
buckling question;2. Under load,the stiffness degradation
caused by strength problem rusults in instability,that is
elastic-plastic stability or ultimate bearing capacity question.
Nowadays,the study mostly focus on the first situation in
the practical engineering.In general,the analysis is made based
on elastic theory.It’s needed to adopt greater load safety
coefficient stability checking in design.As for long-span
bridges,the material may be in elastic-plastic phase when the
bridge damage due to instability.Now the load safety
coefficient calculated according to elastic theory exceed real
value.So it’s essential to analyze ultimate bearing capacity.
For a long time, a series of studies on the ultimate
bearing capacity problem of steel arch bridge have been
carried out by many scholars.But compared with steel box
arch bridge,studies on ultimate bearing capacity problem of
steel box truss arch bridge are less. The arch rib of steel box
truss arch bridge mainly bear the axial pressure and has higher
axial compression ration,so it’s easier to come into yield phase
than the steel box arch bridge.Therefore,it’s very necessary to
study the ultimate bearing capacity of steel box truss arch
bridge.
Based on the point,Further analysis on the ultimate
bearing capacity of long-span half-through steel box truss arch
bridge are conducted in this paper.Combining the structure
and stress characteristics of the bridge,the saptial finite
element model of the Yangtze River Highway Brige was
created firstly.Subsequently,the analysis on the ultimate
bearing capacity are analyzed in detail using the spatial finite
element model.Through the analysis,both to provide technical
guidance for the smooth implemention of the bridge,also for
the futuer reference for the design of similar bridges.
I. THE THEORY OF STRUCTURAL STABILITY AND
ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY
It is the singular point which is also called the critical
point on the equilibrium path that leads to the instability of the
structure.The structural instability includes branch point
instability and extreme point instability.
It has been assumed that the structure stays in the range
of small elastic deformation when it reaches the branch point
instability or critical load.It’s also the time that the internal
force is proportional to the external load.Now the balance of
the structure emerges branch.The balance equation of the
current structure is:
0 0K K (1)
The critical load is cr min 0=P P ,which can be obtained
by solving the characteristic equations.The problem of branch
point instability is simple and explicit which equals to solving
eigenvalue in mathematics.It can be easily solved and improve
the efficiency of stability analysis.The critical load can
represent the upper limit of the second kind of stability
approximately in the structure.In conclusion, The branch point
instability occupies a very important position in the theory
analysis.
The branch point instability is only fits for ideal
structure.The actual structure has some initial unavoidable
defect because of manufacture and installation.The structure
generates displacement along the instability direction when
the external load takes effect.The displacement inevitably has
some effects on the balance state of the structure.It is named
the second kind linear elastic instability which has considered
the influence of structure large displacement.The balance
equation of the U.L method incremental of the structure can
be expressed as:
0K K F (2)
In the equations, 0K represent elastic stiffness matrix, K
initial stress stiffness matrix, displacement increment
matrix, F load increment matrix, 0K and K
are
functions of the displacements .
From a mechanical perspective,the above only considers
geometric nonlinearity and the initial defect.It assumes that
the material is infinite flexibility.The critical load of the
2. International Journal of Technical Research and Applications e-ISSN: 2320-8163,
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174 | P a g e
second kind linear elastic instability approaches to the critical
load of the branch point instability.Some members have
reached its ultimate strength before the load.The essence of
analysis of the second kind instability is the progress which
considers the influence which the geometric nonlinearity and
material nonlinearity cause,solves the balance equation and
finds its ultimate load.Curve of total process
load-displacement can be obtained when the structure is
loaded.Load increment method usually be used to solve the
problems of critical point instability.The balance equation of
the U.L method incremental of the whole structure is:
0 L
K K K F
(3)
In the equations, 0K , K , LK represent elastic stiffness
matrix,initial stress stiffness matrix and initial displacement
stiffness matrix respectively when the time t is 0.
II. ANALYSIS OF ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY
FOR THE BRIDGE
A. General engineering situation
The design scheme of the Yangtze River Highway Brige
proposed to be built is half-through steel box truss non-hinge
arch bridge wih a mian span of 519m.The arch rib is a spatial
structure with variable cross-section truss.The radial height of
cross-section on the top of arch is 12m, and the radial height
of it on the foot of arch is 14m. The two main trusses are
arranged parallelly with a center-to-center distance between
them of 25.3m.They are composed of steel box girders of
equal section and steel I-shaped beams with vertical
stiffeners.The combined welding and integral joint are applied
to joint connection.The distance between the bottom chord of
the truss and the upper chord of it is 508m.The arch rise of the
bridge is 12.7m ,and the rise-span ratio is 1/4.
Above the bridge deck,the diamond-longitudinal
bracings are arranged among the upper plane of the main arch
ring.There are no longitudinal bracings arranged among the
lower plane of the main arch ring.Besides,the K-shaped
longitudinal bracings are arranged on the upper and lower
plane of the main arch ring below the bridge deck
arranged.Enhanced crossbeams are set on the juncture of the
arch rib and bridge deck.The arch bridge axis utilize
catenary,and the arch-axis coefficient value of catenary arch is
2.0. The steel bent structure is utilized to form spandrel
structure.The bridge deck with a full width of 27.3m are
composed of precast bridge decks and wet-joints.The bridge is
a part of bi directional and four lane highway.There are 27
pair of suspenders arranged parallelly between the arch rib
and bridge deck.The longitudinal distance of every two
suspenders is 12m.
The following figure.2 is the general arrangement
drawing of the Yangtze River Highway Brige .It will be a
non-hinge arch bridge with the largest span in the world after
completion.
(a)elevation
(b)profile
Fig. 1 Figure of the general arrangement drawing of
theYangtze River Highway Brige (cm)
B. The spatial finite element model
According to the design drawings,the spatial finite
element model of the Yangtze River Highway Bridge was
built by large software Midas/Civil especially suitable for
bridge engineering. The analysis on the linear elastic stability
and fluencing factors of stability are analyzed in detail using
the spatial finite element model.
In the model,the main arch ring,longitudinal
bracings,enhanced crossbeams,spandrel structure and vertical
and horizontal beams are simulated by spatial finite beam
elements.The impact of stiffening ribs has been taked fully
into account when the Cross section properties are defined.
The suspenders are simulated by spatial finite truss elements
and the bridge decks are simulated by spatial finite plate
elements.The secondary dead load from bridge deck
pavement,sidewalk and crash barrier are replaced by
equivalent load.
The boundary conditions of model are arranged
according to specific location of bearing and actual constraint
conditions. The connection between bridge deck and spandrel
structure are simulated by node coupling The arch springings
of both sides have fixed constraints.Shared nodes are used to
connect the precast bridge decks with the vertical and
horizontal beams.When the actual bridge structure is
dispersed into spatial finite element model,there are 3585
beam element,54 truss element,1440 plate element and 2725
nodes. The spatial finite element model of the Yangtze River
Highway Brige is shown in figure.2.
Fig. 2 The spatial finite element model of the Yangtze
River Highway Brige
C. Basic assumption
(1)The pushover function of the Midas/Civil software is
used to analyze the ultimate bearing capacity of the bridge in
the paper.The material nonlinearity property is realized by
setting plastic hinge to spatial beam element section.Plastic
hinge is defined by the relationship between the moment and
the curvature ratio.Yield surface is automatically calculated
through the section and the material property in the
software.The yield stress of the steel used in the main truss is
3. International Journal of Technical Research and Applications e-ISSN: 2320-8163,
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175 | P a g e
y =370MPa .The yield stress of the steel used in the bridge
floor system and the brace system is y =345MPa .The yield
stress of the high strength steel rope used in the bridge is
y =1860MPa .According to the mechanics characteristic of the
arch,multi-axis hinge which considers the axis force and the
moment simultaneously is used only in boom of the arch rib
and spandrel members.
(2)To define the worst-case load method of the live
load,we need to build the finite element model of the whole
bridge and then start the analysis of the moving loads.The
control member which can affect the ultimate bearing capacity
of the whole bridge can be determined by checking the stress
distribution of the boom of the arch rib.Start the moving load
tracker,find the distribution of the moving load when the
control member works under the worst-case internal force
state and convert the moving load to the static load.Then
define the load case and treat it as the worst-case load method
of the live load when starting the analysis of the ultimate
bearing capacity of the bridge.
(3)Because the arch does not have uniform dead load
density,in the paper,critical collapsing load under the elastic
state is defined as cy cr q=P P .For analysis of the ultimate
bearing capacity of a bridge, cy cr q=P P is also used.In the
equations, qP represents the live load (including vehicle load
and pedestrian load), cr is the multiple of load used when it
reaches the ultimate bearing load.
Fig. 3 The schematic diagram of control member
on ultimate bearing load
Fig. 4. The worst-case load method of the live load
D. The analysis of linear elastic stability
According to the theory of linear elastic stability,the
linear elastic stability is analyzed firstly to study the ultimate
bearing capacity of the bridge under dead load and live load in
operation phase.The dead load includes weight of the structure
and secondary dead load.The live load is arranged in
accordance with aforementioned the worst-case load method.
By calculation,based on the definition of the ultimate
bearing capacity safety coefficient,the safety coefficient of
first three buckling and the modal characteristics of the
aforementioned conditions of the bridge are shown in Table
1.Due to space limitations, only the first three bridge buckling
mode are listed in Figure 5.
Table 1 The load safety coefficient and modal
characteristic of the first three orders instability
Order
Safety
coefficient
The modal characteristic of
instability
1 92.7
Local instabilityof lower
chords
2 112.9
Local instabilityof lower
chords
3 124.0
Local instabilityof lower
chords
(a) The first-order instability mode
(b) The second-order instability mode
(c) The third-order instability mode
Fig. 5 The first three orders instability modes under
the linear elastic state
By analyzing the information of table 1,We can see that
the lowest order instability mode of the Yangtze River
Highway Bridge in various operating conditions is out-plane
instability or local fishbone-like instability of chords.While
the first-order safety coefficient meet the requirement of
design and standard.
The characteristics of all-order instability mode as shown
in fig.5 illustrate that the kind of long-span half-through steel
box truss arch bridge appear out-plane instability relatively
easily and most likely to occur in the arch rib without
longitudinal bracings.
E. The analysis of ultimate bearing capacity
Because the geometric nonlinearity,material nonlinearity
and initial geometric defects are not taked into consideration
for the method of linear elastic stability analysis,the critical
load almost only represent the upper limit of the second kind
of stability approximately in the structure.So it’s necessary to
analyze elastic-plastic stability considering geometric
nonlinearity and material nonlinearity for obtaining ultimate
bearing capacity.The completed bridge phase is used to make
a analysis of ultimate bearing capacity.The initial dead load of
the structure (including the dead weight and the secondary
dead load) is loaded on the bridge,then the live load (including
vehicle load and pedestrian load) is loaded step-by-step until
the bridge achieve its ultimate bearing capacity.
The curve of load-displacement of control point is shown
in figure.6.Because the ultimate load is definited as 50 times
live load,the actual load safety coefficient is cr =50 0.28=14 .
4. International Journal of Technical Research and Applications e-ISSN: 2320-8163,
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176 | P a g e
Fig. 6 The curve of load-displacement of control point
The analysis results of elastic-plastic stability for the
Yangtze River Bridge show that the L/4 position of the bottom
chord section close to the left bank begin to enter the plastic
working state with the increase of the load,and then the plastic
region continues to expand,subsequently the upper chord
section of the left arch foot,the L/4 position upper chord
section close to the right bank enter the plastic working state
in succession,finally the bottom chord section of the arch foot
close to the right bank enter plastic working state.Now the
structure become unstable and reach its ultimate bearing
capacity.
III. CONCLUSION
Through the calculation and analysis, this paper gives the
following conclusions:
(1)The result of analysis on linear elastic stability of
the Yangtze River Highway Brige show that the safety
coefficient is 92.7.When the nonlinear effect is took into
consideration, the safety coefficient of it is 14.0.It illustrate
that the stability and ultimate bearing capacity satisfied the
requirement of design and standard.
(2)Under the influence of nonlinear effect, the safety
coefficient of structure is much smaller than the safety
coefficient of linear elastic instability.While we can see that
geometric and material nonlinearity can’t be ignored in the
calculation of ultimate bearing capacity of large-span steel
box truss arch bridge.
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