The document discusses the mechanisms of cars, including their history and evolution. It describes the key mechanisms that enable car function such as the engine (discussing Otto and diesel cycles), steering, transmission, braking, and suspension systems. It also discusses future car mechanisms like those powered by water, hydrogen, or that enable automatic driving. The document is a case study report submitted by two students for their B.E. program.

1. MECHANISM OF CAR

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MARWADI EDUCATION FOUNDATION’S GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY
AUTOMOBILE DEPARTMENT
CASE STUDY REPORT
ON
MECHANISM OF CAR
B.E FIRST YEAR
2015-16
ELEMENTS OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Name Enroll no.
Kachhadiya Divyesh 150970102006
Aeshan Merani 150970102008

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MARWADI EDUCATION FOUNDATION’S GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY
AUTOMOBILE DEPARTMENT
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that…
Shri Enroll no.
Kachhadiya Divyesh 150970102006
Aeshan Merani 150970102008
Of B.E. Second Semester Auto-mobile (TH-1) branch has satisfactorily
completed the case study work in Elements of Mechanical Engineering in the
academic year 2016.
Date of submission……….
____________ _________________
Lab-in-charge Head of department
[MR. KALPESH RATHOD] [MR. SARANG PANDE]

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Index

Abstract
Acknowledgement
Introduction
 History of car
Types of mechanisms
 Engine
 Steering mechanism
 Transmission mechanism
 Brake mechanism
 Suspension
Future Cars mechanism
Conclusion
References

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Abstract
In 21st century, use of automobiles is highly increased and it made
our life easier and fast. Without automobiles our life is very difficult, in
Automobiles, now a day’s car is widely used. In today market there are
many cars of different design in which some famous car especially in
design are DC, Chevrolet, Lamborghini, Ferrari, Audi, BMW, etc.
Everyone wants to have his own car. Car is running due to its mechanism,
car’s efficiency depend upon its mechanism. Therefore, to develop more
efficient and eco-friendly car we have to first understand its mechanism
and then we try to increase its efficiency by modifying its system, that’s
why I choose project of car mechanism.

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Acknowledgement
A case study report is a golden opportunity learning and self-
development. We consider very lucky and honoured to have so many
wonderful people lead us through in completion of this case study.
Mr.KALPESH RATHOD and Mr.SARANG PANDE A whose
patience we have probably tested to the limit. He was always so involved in
the entire process, shared his knowledge and encouraged us to think. Thank
you.

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Introduction
Car first came into Middle English as carre, from French and earlier
from Latincarrus 'wheeled vehicle', and it first meant a carriage, chariot,
cart, wagon, truck, or other conveyance. From the 16th to 19th centuries,
the word was mainly used in poetry to describe any vehicle used in a
solemn or dignified procession, as those concerned with pageantry, in times
of triumph, or in war. The word was mainly used in relation to vehicles
travelling on railways until it was transferred to automobiles around 1896.
Other words related to car include career, cargo, caricature, carry, charge,
and chariot.

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History of car:
The early history of the automobile can be divided into a number of eras,
based on the prevalent means of propulsion. Later periods were defined by
trends in exterior styling, size, and utility preferences.
 In 1768, the first steam powered automobile capable of human
transportation was built by Nicolas Joseph Cugnot.
 Josef Cugnot’s 1770 Fardier a vapour, Musee des arts ET metiers, Paris.
The first self-propelled vehicle Cugnot was of the first to employ
successfully a device for converting the reciprocating motion of a steam
piston into rotary motion by means of a ratchet arrangement. A small
version of his three-wheeled fardier a vapour ran in 1769.

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In 1807, Francois Isaac de Rivaz designed the first car
powered by an internal combustion engine fuelled by hydrogen.
 In 1886 the first petrol or gasoline powered automobile the Benz Patent
Motorwagen was invented by Karl Benz. This is also considered to be
the first "production" vehicle as Benz made several identical copies.
 Automotive production on a commercial scale started in France in 1890.
Commercial production in the United States began at the beginning of
the 1900's and was equal to that of Europe's. In those days, the European
industry consisted of small independent firms that would turn out a few
cars by means of precise engineering and handicraft methods.
 At the turn of the 20th century electrically powered automobiles
appeared but only occupied a niche market until the turn of the 21st
century.

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Mechanism of car

 Engine Mechanism
 Steering Mechanism
 Transmission Mechanism
 Breaking Mechanism

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
ENGINE MECHANISM
“Engine is the heart of automobile. “
 Combustion engine:
A combustion engine is an engine which generates mechanical power
by combustion of a fuel.
Combustion engines are of two general types:
A. Internal combustion engine
B. External combustion engine
Car works on internal combustion engine.
 Internal combustion engine
In I.C. engine it is work on two cycles.
1. Otto cycle
2. Diesel cycle

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[1] Otto Cycle
The Otto cycle is work in four stroke and two stork
engine. Petrol and Gas is used as fuel in Otto cycle engine.
Four stroke Petrol Engine
The four strokes are:
1. Intake
2. Compression
3. Power
4. Exhaust

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1. Intake stroke:
 Intake valve opens.
 Piston moves TDC to BDC.
 A vacuum is created inside the cylinder.
 Atmospheric pressure pushes the air/fuel mixture into the cylinder.
2. Compression stroke :
 Intake and exhaust valves close.
 Piston moves up BDC to TDC.
 Air/fuel mixture is compressed.
 Fuel starts to vaporize and heat and pressure begins.
3. Power stroke :
 Intake and exhaust valves remain closed.
 Spark plug fires igniting fuel mixture.
 Piston moves TDC to BDC.
 It also called working stroke.
 Heat is expand the piston and converted to mechanical energy.
4. Exhaust stroke :
 Exhaust valve opens.
 Piston move BDC to TDC.
 Exhaust gases are pushed out into the atmosphere.

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P-V Diagram
[2]Diesel Cycle
Four stroke Diesel Engine
The four strokes are:
1. Intake
2. Compression
3. Power
4. Exhaust

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1. Intake stroke:
 Intake valve opens.
 Piston moves TDC to BDC.
 A vacuum is created inside the cylinder.
 Pressurised air inlet in the cylinder.
2. Compression stroke:
 Intake and exhaust valves close.
 Piston moves up BDC to TDC.
 Air is compressed.
 Heat and Pressure will increase.
3. Expansion stroke:
 Intake and exhaust valves remain closed.
 At the end of compression stroke fuel inlet by fuel injector in the form
of spry.
 Pressurised hot air igniting fuel mixture.
 Piston moves TDC to BDC.
 It also called working stroke.
 Heat is expand the piston and converted to mechanical energy.
4. Exhaust stroke:
 Exhaust valve opens.
 Piston move BDC to TDC.
 Exhaust gases are pushed out from the cylinder to surrounding.

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P-V Diagram

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STEERING MECHANISAM
 The basic aim of steering is to ensure that the wheels are
pointing in the desired directions. This is typically achieved by a
series of linkages, rods, pivots and gears. One of the fundamental
concepts is that of caster angle – each wheel is steered with a pivot
point ahead of the wheel; this makes the steering tend to be self-
cantering towards the direction of travel.
 The steering linkages connecting the steering box and the wheels
usually conforms to a variation of Ackermann steering geometry, to
account for the fact that in a turn, the inner wheel is actually travelling a
path of smaller radius than the outer wheel, so that the degree of toe
suitable for driving in a straight path is not suitable for turns. The angle the
wheels make with the vertical plane also influences steering dynamics as do
the tires.

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 Construction
1. The steering gear box is the same rack and pinion type used in the previous
model,
2. Two types of power steering control are available. One is an engine speed
sensing type as used previously, and the other is an electronically controlled
type.
3. A new 4-wheel steering system is used in which the rear wheels turn in
conjunction with the steering angle of the front wheels to provide superior
steer ability.

 Power steering:
Power steering helps the driver of a vehicle to steer by directing some
of its power to assist in swivelling the steered road wheels about their
steering axes. As vehicles have become heavier and switched to front wheel
drive, particularly using negative offset geometry, along with increases in
tire width and diameter, the effort needed to turn the wheels about their
steering axis has increased, often to the point where major physical exertion
would be needed were it not for power assistance. To alleviate this auto
makers have developed power steering systems: or more correctly power-
assisted steering—on road going vehicles there has to be a mechanical
linkage as a fail safe.

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There are two types of power steering systems; hydraulic and
electric/electronic. A hydraulic-electric hybrid system is also possible.
 A hydraulic power steering (HPS) uses hydraulic pressure supplied by
an engine-driven pump to assist the motion of turning the steering wheel.
 Electric power steering (EPS) is more efficient than the hydraulic
power steering, since the electric power steering motor only needs to
provide assistance when the steering wheel is turned, whereas the
hydraulic pump must run constantly.
 In EPS, the amount of assistance is easily tunable to the vehicle type,
road speed, and even driver preference. An added benefit is the
elimination of environmental hazard posed by leakage and disposal of
hydraulic power steering fluid. In addition, electrical assistance is not lost
when the engine fails or stalls, whereas hydraulic assistance stops
working if the engine stops, making the steering doubly heavy as the
driver must now turn not only the very heavy steering—without any
help—but also the power-assistance system itself.

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TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
 A manual transmission, also known as a manual gearbox, stick shift,
standard transmission, or simply a manual, is type of transmission
used in motor vehicle applications. It uses a driver-operated clutch
engaged and disengaged by a foot pedal or hand lever, for regulating
torque transfer from the engine to the transmission; and a gear stick
operated by foot or by hand.

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
A conventional, 5 or 6-speed manual transmission is often the standard
equipment in a base-model car; other options include automated
transmissions such as an automatic transmission a semi-automatic
transmission, or a continuously variable transmission (CVT).
 An automatic transmission, also called auto, self-shifting transmission, n-
speed, or AT, is a type of motor vehicle transmission that can automatically
change gear ratios as the vehicle moves, freeing the driver from having to
shift gears manually. Like other transmission systems on vehicles, it allows
an internal combustion engine, best suited to run at a relatively
high rotational speed, to provide a range of speed and torque outputs
necessary for vehicular travel. The number of forward gear ratios is often
expressed for manual transmissions as well

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 The most popular form found in automobiles is the hydraulic automatic
transmission. Similar but larger devices are also used for heavy-duty
commercial and industrial vehicles and equipment. This system uses a fluid
coupling in place of a friction clutch, and accomplishes gear changes by
hydraulically locking and unlocking a system of planetary gears. These
systems have a defined set of gear ranges, often with a parking pawl that
locks the output shaft of the transmission to keep the vehicle from rolling
either forward or backward. Some machines with limited speed ranges or
fixed engine speeds, such as some forklifts and lawn mowers, only use a
torque converter to provide a variable gearing of the engine to the wheels.


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Break Mechanism 


Disc and Drum Brakes
Disc brakes are found on almost all vehicles now.
Older cars and trucks had a combination of disc and drum brakes.
At one time vehicles came with drum brakes only








Hydraulic Break System
When the Brake pedal is pressed, brake fluid travels from Master cylinder
to the Calliper or Wheel cylinder, pushing the pistons out. In turn this
action pushes the shoes against the drum or the pads against the rotor.

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
 Fluids cannot be compressed
 Fluids can transmit Movement
 Acts “Like a steel rod” in a closed container
 Master cylinder transmits fluid to wheel cylinder or caliper piston bore.
 Advance Breaking system
ABS (Anti-lock Braking System)
ABS is an automobile safety system that allows the wheels on a motor
vehicle to maintain tractive contact with the road surface according to driver
inputs while braking, preventing the wheels from locking up) and avoiding
uncontrolled skidding. It is an automated system that uses the principles
of threshold and cadence braking which were practiced by skillful drivers with
previous generation braking systems. It does this at a much faster rate and with
better control than a driver could manage.

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ABD (Automatic Brake Differential)
Under heavy braking, vehicle wheels may lock-up due to excessiveness of
wheel torques over tire-road friction forces available, caused by too much
hydraulic line pressure. The anti-lock braking system (ABS) monitors wheel
speeds and releases pressure on individual wheel brake lines, rapidly pulsing
individual brakes to prevent lock-up. During heavy braking, preventing wheel
lock-up helps the driver maintain steering control. Modern ABS has an
individual brake line for each of the four wheels, enabling different braking
pressure on different road surfaces. For example, less braking pressure is needed
to lock a wheel on ice than a wheel which is on bare asphalt. If the left wheels are
on asphalt and the right wheels are on ice, during an emergency stop, ABS
detects the right wheels about to lock and reduces braking force on the right
wheels, helping to avoid lock-up and loss of vehicle control.

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
Future of car 
In our future we have many new technology related to car these
technologies are as follows
 Engine which uses water, bio-diesel as a fuel.
A water-fuelled car is an automobile that hypothetically derives its energy
directly from water.
 Use Hydrogen as a fuel in engine.
A hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle (HICEV) is a type of hydrogen
vehicle using an internal combustion engine. Mazda has developed Wankel
engines that burn hydrogen. The advantage of using ICE such as wankel and
piston engines is that the cost of retooling for production is much lower.
Existing-technology ICE can still be used to solve those problems where fuel
cells are not a viable solution as yet, for example in cold-weather applications.
 Automatic driving system.
An automated driving system is a vehicle automation system that assumes all
real-time driving functions necessary to drive a ground-based vehicle without
real-time input from a human operator. The automated driving system is
generally an integrated package of individual automated systems operating in
concert. Automated driving implies that any human sitting in the driver's seat
(or not) has transferred all real-time driving functions.

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 Flying cars
A flying car is a personal vehicle that provides door-to-door aerial
transportation. Fulfilment of some of these goals is being attempted by personal
air vehicles being developed. The term "flying car" has also been used to refer
to roadable aircraft and hover cars.
 More efficient cars
The cars should more efficient in fuel consumption.
Low maintenance cost.

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 More speedy cars
World’s fastest car with its 1,350-horsepower Tuatara and Koenigsegg claims a
top speed of over 270 mph.
 Solar cars
Solar cars only run on solar power from the sun. They are very stable and can
come in different sizes. To keep the car running smoothly, the driver must keep an eye
on these gauges to spot possible problems. Cars without gauges almost always feature
wireless telemetry, which allows the driver's team to monitor the car's energy
consumption, solar energy capture and other parameters and thereby freeing the driver
to concentrate on driving.

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
Conclusion 
After doing this case study we learn about whole car functioning it’s
components, basic working principle, whole type of mechanisms used in car that
can be included. Also there will be new futuristic cars can will making
philosophy learn in this case study. Mechanism like break mechanism, engine
mechanism, steering mechanism, transmission Mechanism etc.

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
 References
http://www.wikipedia.org
http://www.google.com
http://www.Automobileupdates.in
http://www.carmagazine.co.uk
http://www.autocarindia.com
Books:
 Elements of mechanical engineering By Dr. N.M. Bhatt
 Denmans Handbook For Auto Mechanics And Technicians
 The Car Mechanic's Wife
 Fundamentals of Vehicle Dynamics