This document summarizes research on pile design in liquefying soils. It discusses observations of pile damage during past earthquakes that provided insights into soil-pile interaction in liquefied soils. Piles may undergo large displacements and fail due to bending or buckling. The document reviews two main design methods: (1) force-based/limit equilibrium analysis, which estimates lateral soil pressures on piles, and (2) displacement-based/p-y analysis, which uses Winkler springs to model soil resistance. Both have limitations and require further study to account for variability in earthquake and soil conditions.
The document summarizes research on stress distribution in soils under the pile cap of tapered piles in compressible clay. Laboratory tests were conducted using modeled tapered piles in compressible clay from Belarus. Field tests measured stresses in soils at different depths under loaded pile caps connected to instrumented tapered piles installed in compressible clay. Results found stresses slightly higher than calculated using Boussinesq's theory. Stresses increased towards pile centers and with depth, and were directed along radius vectors from pile centers. Stresses decreased radially outward from pile centers and with increased pile spacing. Stress distribution was also affected by pile spacing and tapering angle. Clearly delineated stressed zones of soil deformation were observed under loaded pile caps.
This document summarizes a study on modeling negative friction forces on pile foundations in loess soils prone to consolidation. It discusses European and Ukrainian design standards, previous research, and a case study modeling test pile behavior using PLAXIS 3D Foundation software. The study aims to clarify methods for incorporating negative skin friction forces resulting from soil consolidation, which can reduce pile capacity. Numerical modeling is seen as a way to better understand pile-soil interaction and deformation over time compared to physical testing alone.
This document provides an overview of soil mechanics as a discipline of civil engineering. It discusses the development of soil mechanics as a field systematized by Karl Von Terzaghi. The key topics covered include soil classification, compaction, soil-water relationships, stress distribution and settlement, shear strength, and slope stability. The overall objective is to impart knowledge on the physical and engineering behavior of soils, stress transfer in soils, and stability analysis of slopes. Various laboratory and field tests are also introduced to determine important engineering properties of soils.
This document discusses a study on the effects of soil-structure interaction (SSI) on the seismic response of framed structures. Three-story, seven-story, and fifteen-story reinforced concrete frames are modeled in STAAD-PRO software placed on three types of soils: hard, medium, and soft. The structures are analyzed both with and without considering SSI to understand how SSI affects structural properties like natural time period, base shear, and seismic response. The analysis shows that considering SSI leads to increased time periods, displacements, accelerations, and base shear compared to fixed-base analysis that does not account for soil flexibility. SSI has a more significant impact for taller buildings and those on soft soils.
IRJET- To Study Behavior of Pile in Liquefaction of Soil using AnsysIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that uses ANSYS software to analyze the behavior of pile foundations in liquefied soil. The study models different pile group configurations (varying number of piles and spacing between piles) embedded in soils of varying density (loose, medium, dense sand). The analysis seeks to determine the optimal pile configuration for minimizing settlement under load for each soil density condition. Results show that settlement decreases with increasing soil friction angle and increasing number of piles. Settlement also decreases with increasing relative density of the soil. Load-settlement response is similar for medium and dense sands. The study aims to better understand pile-soil interaction effects to improve design of pile foundations in liquefiable soils.
This document provides an overview and outline for an introductory geotechnical engineering course. It includes:
- A description of topics covered such as soil formation, properties, classification, compaction, and permeability.
- Learning outcomes like understanding soil engineering properties, identification of soil engineering problems, and basic analytical procedures.
- Teaching methods including lectures, examples, student discussions, and textbook readings.
- An outline of course lessons covering soil formation, properties, compaction, classification, and laboratory tests.
- Assessment breakdown of lectures, labs, exams.
Effect of differential settlement on frame forces a parametric studyeSAT Journals
Abstract It has been well established that packed bed solar collectors perform better as compared to conventional collectors. Results of performance studies on packed bed solar collector are available in literature in which different operating conditions have been considered which make it difficult to compare their performance accurately. Considering this comparative study of performance of solar collector with different packing elements has been made in the present work. Experimental investigations on solar collector packed with iron chips, wire mesh, gravels and glass balls for the same set of operating parameter have been done on a single setup to study the effect of packing material and its geometry on the thermal efficiency of packed bed collector. It is observed that iron chips packed collector is identified as the best packing materials out of the materials selected for study leading to thermal efficiency of 76.21% for the mass flow rate of 0.035 kg/s and porosity of 0.945, which is 69.58% higher as compared to smooth collector. Thermal efficiency of wire mesh packed collector for similar operating conditions is found to be 74.26% which is 65.24% higher than smooth collector. In low porosity range gravel packed collector is found to perform better as compared to glass ball packing. Effect of mass flow rate on the effective efficiency has also been conducted for various packing elements used in the present study. Based on the experimental results, plots have been drawn for efficiency against temperature rise parameters for different packing elements which can be used by the designer for choosing the correct value of mass flow rate for the specific temperature rise application. Key Words: Solar Collector, Iron Chips, Wire Mesh, Gravels, Glass Balls, Packed Bed.
The document summarizes research on stress distribution in soils under the pile cap of tapered piles in compressible clay. Laboratory tests were conducted using modeled tapered piles in compressible clay from Belarus. Field tests measured stresses in soils at different depths under loaded pile caps connected to instrumented tapered piles installed in compressible clay. Results found stresses slightly higher than calculated using Boussinesq's theory. Stresses increased towards pile centers and with depth, and were directed along radius vectors from pile centers. Stresses decreased radially outward from pile centers and with increased pile spacing. Stress distribution was also affected by pile spacing and tapering angle. Clearly delineated stressed zones of soil deformation were observed under loaded pile caps.
This document summarizes a study on modeling negative friction forces on pile foundations in loess soils prone to consolidation. It discusses European and Ukrainian design standards, previous research, and a case study modeling test pile behavior using PLAXIS 3D Foundation software. The study aims to clarify methods for incorporating negative skin friction forces resulting from soil consolidation, which can reduce pile capacity. Numerical modeling is seen as a way to better understand pile-soil interaction and deformation over time compared to physical testing alone.
This document provides an overview of soil mechanics as a discipline of civil engineering. It discusses the development of soil mechanics as a field systematized by Karl Von Terzaghi. The key topics covered include soil classification, compaction, soil-water relationships, stress distribution and settlement, shear strength, and slope stability. The overall objective is to impart knowledge on the physical and engineering behavior of soils, stress transfer in soils, and stability analysis of slopes. Various laboratory and field tests are also introduced to determine important engineering properties of soils.
This document discusses a study on the effects of soil-structure interaction (SSI) on the seismic response of framed structures. Three-story, seven-story, and fifteen-story reinforced concrete frames are modeled in STAAD-PRO software placed on three types of soils: hard, medium, and soft. The structures are analyzed both with and without considering SSI to understand how SSI affects structural properties like natural time period, base shear, and seismic response. The analysis shows that considering SSI leads to increased time periods, displacements, accelerations, and base shear compared to fixed-base analysis that does not account for soil flexibility. SSI has a more significant impact for taller buildings and those on soft soils.
IRJET- To Study Behavior of Pile in Liquefaction of Soil using AnsysIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that uses ANSYS software to analyze the behavior of pile foundations in liquefied soil. The study models different pile group configurations (varying number of piles and spacing between piles) embedded in soils of varying density (loose, medium, dense sand). The analysis seeks to determine the optimal pile configuration for minimizing settlement under load for each soil density condition. Results show that settlement decreases with increasing soil friction angle and increasing number of piles. Settlement also decreases with increasing relative density of the soil. Load-settlement response is similar for medium and dense sands. The study aims to better understand pile-soil interaction effects to improve design of pile foundations in liquefiable soils.
This document provides an overview and outline for an introductory geotechnical engineering course. It includes:
- A description of topics covered such as soil formation, properties, classification, compaction, and permeability.
- Learning outcomes like understanding soil engineering properties, identification of soil engineering problems, and basic analytical procedures.
- Teaching methods including lectures, examples, student discussions, and textbook readings.
- An outline of course lessons covering soil formation, properties, compaction, classification, and laboratory tests.
- Assessment breakdown of lectures, labs, exams.
Effect of differential settlement on frame forces a parametric studyeSAT Journals
Abstract It has been well established that packed bed solar collectors perform better as compared to conventional collectors. Results of performance studies on packed bed solar collector are available in literature in which different operating conditions have been considered which make it difficult to compare their performance accurately. Considering this comparative study of performance of solar collector with different packing elements has been made in the present work. Experimental investigations on solar collector packed with iron chips, wire mesh, gravels and glass balls for the same set of operating parameter have been done on a single setup to study the effect of packing material and its geometry on the thermal efficiency of packed bed collector. It is observed that iron chips packed collector is identified as the best packing materials out of the materials selected for study leading to thermal efficiency of 76.21% for the mass flow rate of 0.035 kg/s and porosity of 0.945, which is 69.58% higher as compared to smooth collector. Thermal efficiency of wire mesh packed collector for similar operating conditions is found to be 74.26% which is 65.24% higher than smooth collector. In low porosity range gravel packed collector is found to perform better as compared to glass ball packing. Effect of mass flow rate on the effective efficiency has also been conducted for various packing elements used in the present study. Based on the experimental results, plots have been drawn for efficiency against temperature rise parameters for different packing elements which can be used by the designer for choosing the correct value of mass flow rate for the specific temperature rise application. Key Words: Solar Collector, Iron Chips, Wire Mesh, Gravels, Glass Balls, Packed Bed.
ASSESSMENT OF LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL OF SOIL USING MULTI-LINEAR REGRESSION MO...IAEME Publication
The Standard Penetration Test (SPT) is the most widely used in-situ test throughout the world for subsurface geotechnical investigation and this procedure have evolved over a period of 100 years. Estimation of the liquefaction potential of soils is often based on SPT test. Liquefaction is one of the critical problems in the field of Geotechnical engineering. It is the phenomena when there is loss of shear strength in saturated and cohesion-less soils because of increased pore water pressures and hence reduced effective stresses due to dynamic loading. In the present study, SPT based data were analysed to find out a suitable numerical procedure for establishing a Multi-Linear Regression Model using IBM-Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (IBM SPSS Statistics v20.0.0) and MATLAB(R2010a) in analysis of soil liquefaction for a particular location at a site in Lucknow City. A Multi-Storeyed Residential Building Project site was considered for this study to collect 12 borehole data sets along 10 km stretch of IIM road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh (India).
Influence of stratified soil on seismic response of pile supported buildingIJARIIT
In the last few decades, it has been perceived that Soil Structure Interaction (SSI) changed the reaction attributes of
a structural system due to huge and firm nature of structure and frequently, soil softness. In the current study, to depict the
influence of soil structure interaction on the seismic response of a structure due to earthquake loading, a 5 storied (G+4)
simple square building supported on pile foundation resting on stratified soil was selected. The building sections were
modelled and analysed for different configurations (i.e., with and without slab and infill) using finite element method
SAP2000. The deformations under seismic loading in the structure and piles by incorporating the effect of soil-structure
interaction and fixed base condition were extracted, compared and discussed. Impact of variety of the parameters on different
soil conditions like variation in soil profile and number of soil layers, influence of slab and infill are considered for which the
buildings are modelled by alternate approaches, namely, (1) bare frame with fixed supports, (2) frames including slab and
infill with support accounting for soil-flexibility. The results indicate that the roof displacement varies significantly for
different soil layer combinations if included the soil structure interaction compared to that of fixed base analysis. Thus
considering the effect of SSI is essential. The horizontal displacement of the structure is maximum for a bare frame with slab
when compared to bare frame and infill frame. When infill wall is added to the structure, the horizontal displacement is
decreased due to the stiffness of the infill wall.
This document provides an overview of slope stability and analysis. It defines different types of slopes as natural, man-made, infinite and finite. Common causes of slope failure like erosion, seepage, drawdown, rainfall, earthquakes and external loading are described. Key terms used in slope stability are defined, including slip zone, slip plane, sliding mass and slope angle. Types of slope failures are identified as face/slope failure, toe failure and base failure. Methods for analyzing finite slope stability, like Swedish circle method, Bishop's simplified method and Taylor's stability number are introduced. Infinite slope analysis is described for cohesionless, cohesive and cohesive-frictional soils. Example tutorial problems on slope stability calculations are
1. Mass wasting refers to the downslope movement of rock and soil due to gravity. It occurs on all slopes and can range from very slow to sudden movements.
2. The stability of a slope depends on a balance between the downward force of gravity and friction/shear strength resisting movement. Steeper slopes and saturated soils or rock are more prone to failures.
3. Common landslide types include rotational slumps and translational slides, which move along concave and planar surfaces, respectively. Earthquakes and rapid addition of water can also trigger landslides.
This document outlines laboratory experiments for a geotechnical engineering course, including determining liquid limit, plastic limit, dry density, particle size distribution, compaction, and specific gravity of soil. It describes how geotechnical investigations are performed through surface and subsurface exploration to obtain soil properties for engineering design, and notes tests will be conducted in groups and laboratory experiment reports should follow a specific format.
This chapter discusses analyzing soil boring data to assess liquefaction resistance and predict liquefied soil thickness using the EPOLIQAN code. The EPOLIQAN code calculates liquefaction parameters from a single soil boring that are then used to compute average and range values for case studies. Empirical methods are preferred for liquefaction assessments as they are based on in situ tests that directly correlate to field performance during earthquakes. The most widely used empirical method is based on Standard Penetration Test (SPT) blowcounts, though methods exist using Cone Penetration Tests and Becker Penetration Tests as well.
INFLUENCE OF SOIL-STRUCTURE INTERACTION ON RESPONSE OF A MULTI-STORIED BUILDI...SJ BASHA
This document discusses analyzing the influence of soil-structure interaction on the response of a multi-storied building to earthquake forces. It focuses on a 12-story building located in Amaravathi, India, which consists of different soil/rock profiles. Earthquake analysis is performed with the building resting on different soil types, and the fundamental time periods, base shears, and displacements are compared to a fixed base condition. The equivalent lateral force method and free vibration analysis are used to evaluate the structural response considering soil-structure interaction effects. Results are presented and conclusions are drawn regarding how soil properties influence seismic behavior.
Construction on cohesionless soil – A reviewijsrd.com
This document discusses problems encountered during construction on cohesionless soils and remedial measures. It defines cohesionless soils as soils without water or negligible shear strength between particles, such as loose sands. Four main problems are outlined: 1) ground failures like fault ruptures or landslides, 2) soil liquefaction during earthquakes, 3) structural damages to buildings from unstable foundations, and 4) soil washouts from heavy rain or flooding. The document provides details on each problem and factors affecting liquefaction risks. Remedial measures aim to prevent issues from the unstable nature of cohesionless soils during construction.
This document provides an overview of geotechnical site investigation. It discusses the history and development of site investigations, different approaches to site investigations from desk studies to limited investigations with monitoring, and the typical sequence of a geotechnical site investigation. It also describes various subsurface exploration techniques including geophysics, boring, drilling, probing, and in situ testing methods.
The document discusses foundations and site exploration for determining soil properties. It describes the functions of foundations, including distributing loads, preventing uneven settling, and providing stability. Subsurface investigation methods are outlined, such as trial pits, probing, geophysical tests, and borings used to determine soil types and properties at varying depths. The document also discusses determining the bearing capacity of soils using methods like plate load tests and penetration tests.
Causes of settlement, foundation loading and computationPirpasha Ujede
This document discusses various types of settlement that can occur in foundations and soils due to applied loads. It describes immediate settlement (Si) due to soil distortion, primary consolidation settlement (Sc) due to pore pressure dissipation in clays, and secondary consolidation settlement (Ss) in organic soils. The total settlement (S) is the sum of these three components. It also outlines other causes of settlement like erosion, temperature changes, vibrations, and mining. The document concludes by defining and explaining the different types of design loads that cause settlement, including dead loads, live loads, wind loads, snow loads, earth pressures, water pressures, and earthquake loads.
This document discusses soil-structure interaction and foundation vibrations. It begins with an introduction to soil-structure interaction, noting that the response of the soil influences the motion of the structure and vice versa. It then discusses how soil-structure interaction can alter the natural frequency and add damping to a structural system. The document outlines different effects of soil-structure interaction and how it is an important consideration in seismic analysis and design. It also discusses impedance functions, compliance functions, and modeling of machine foundation vibrations.
The document discusses site investigation for civil engineering projects. It explains that site investigations are needed to understand ground conditions and enable safe and cost-effective project design, construction and operation. The objectives of site investigations are to assess suitability, enable design, plan construction, consider environmental impacts, and identify alternative sites. Site investigations involve desk studies, site reconnaissance, subsurface exploration including boreholes, and laboratory and in-situ testing to characterize soil and rock properties.
This document provides information on the Geotechnical Engineering I course offered at the University of Hawassa, Faculty of Technology. The 5 ECTS credit, compulsory course is offered in the 4th semester to B.Sc. in Civil and Urban Engineering students. The course objectives are for students to gain knowledge in geotechnical engineering topics and skills in identifying soil properties and analyzing soil behavior. The course consists of 7 units covering topics such as soil formation, physical properties, classification, permeability, effective stress concept, compressibility, and consolidation over 15 weeks. Student assessment includes assignments, lab work, midterm and final exams.
This document discusses key aspects of engineering geology and its importance in modern development. It provides examples of how poor subsurface conditions, lack of safety measures, and lack of studies can lead to infrastructure failures. It emphasizes the role of engineering geology in properly studying soil and subsurface conditions before construction to select the best design and safety remedies. Methods discussed include field and laboratory investigations to understand rock quality and recommend appropriate structural support.
Seismic behaviour of geosynthetic reinforced municipal solid waste landfillsDr. Naveen BP
1) The document analyzes the seismic behavior of municipal solid waste landfills with and without geosynthetic reinforcement layers through one-dimensional dynamic response analysis.
2) It finds that the inclusion of geosynthetic reinforcements significantly reduces the amplification of peak ground acceleration and spectral acceleration values at the top of landfills built on rock and stiff soil, with less reduction observed for soft soil conditions.
3) The analysis is conducted using the SHAKE2000 computer program to model landfill profiles up to 30 meters tall under earthquake motions scaled from 0.1g to 0.4g recorded during the 2001 Bhuj earthquake.
The thesis aims to study the effect of soil conditions on earthquake ground motion and the seismic response of structures through numerical analysis and shake table testing. So far, the authors have reviewed literature on soil amplification and conducted numerical analyses of single-degree-of-freedom and multi-degree-of-freedom systems representing different soil layers. The analyses show that soft soil increases ground acceleration and that soil-structure interaction can be neglected in the design of flexible structures on stiff soil but should be considered for rigid structures on soft soil. Future work plans to perform shake table tests on layered soil models to compare with numerical analyses and analyze the response of model structures subjected to induced ground motions.
This document summarizes the history and status of research on structure-soil-structure interaction (SSSI). It discusses early analytical research from the 1970s studying the interaction between two structures through soil. It also describes numerical modeling research from the 1990s onward using methods like finite elements. The document notes that while SSSI research has made progress, models still often oversimplify soil and structure properties. Future research is needed to develop more realistic models of the complex SSSI phenomenon.
Goetech. engg. Ch# 03 settlement analysis signedIrfan Malik
This document discusses settlement analysis and different types of settlement. It begins by defining settlement as the vertical downward deformation of soil under a load. There are two main types of settlement based on permanence - permanent and temporary. There are also different types based on mode of occurrence: primary consolidation, secondary consolidation, and immediate settlement. Differential settlement can cause structural damage, while uniform settlement has little consequence. The document outlines methods to estimate settlement, such as consolidation tests, and discusses remedial measures to reduce or accommodate settlement.
This document discusses types of rock slope failures. It describes four main types: plane failure, wedge failure, toppling failure, and rotational failure. For each failure type, it explains the structural conditions and geometry required for that specific failure to occur. Diagrams provide visual examples of how each failure mode appears. The document also briefly discusses methods for stabilizing unstable rock slopes, including drainage, excavation, reinforcement, and protective measures.
This document summarizes the construction of the Channel Tunnel between the UK and France. It involved digging three parallel tunnels, each over 50 km long, with over 30 km under the English Channel. 11 tunnel boring machines (TBMs) were used to excavate the tunnels from both sides. The TBMs on the French side had to operate underwater and were designed with advanced sealing and pressure control systems to excavate in difficult ground conditions. Precise surveying and guidance systems were required for the TBMs to meet with accuracy at the midpoint under the Channel. The best TBM excavation rates achieved over 1,700 meters in 30 days in good ground conditions.
The Electronic Press Kit of NGTVZRO, Creative Director of Indivisible Integers.
NGTVZRO, also known as 'NZRO' or simply 'Z', is the love-child of golden-age hip-hop nostalgia and transcendentalist poetry. Z is a fiery orator, a wily artist, a passionate educator and a dangerous MC; supplied with energetic productions and the music styling of artists such as Wino Willy, Thurston Lopes, Spooks McGhie, and Von Phoenix, his music reaches for the heights of lyricism and diversity. The Director of Communications for the decorated human development firm, Kingdom Fortunes Development Group, he has a humanitarian’s heart.
ASSESSMENT OF LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL OF SOIL USING MULTI-LINEAR REGRESSION MO...IAEME Publication
The Standard Penetration Test (SPT) is the most widely used in-situ test throughout the world for subsurface geotechnical investigation and this procedure have evolved over a period of 100 years. Estimation of the liquefaction potential of soils is often based on SPT test. Liquefaction is one of the critical problems in the field of Geotechnical engineering. It is the phenomena when there is loss of shear strength in saturated and cohesion-less soils because of increased pore water pressures and hence reduced effective stresses due to dynamic loading. In the present study, SPT based data were analysed to find out a suitable numerical procedure for establishing a Multi-Linear Regression Model using IBM-Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (IBM SPSS Statistics v20.0.0) and MATLAB(R2010a) in analysis of soil liquefaction for a particular location at a site in Lucknow City. A Multi-Storeyed Residential Building Project site was considered for this study to collect 12 borehole data sets along 10 km stretch of IIM road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh (India).
Influence of stratified soil on seismic response of pile supported buildingIJARIIT
In the last few decades, it has been perceived that Soil Structure Interaction (SSI) changed the reaction attributes of
a structural system due to huge and firm nature of structure and frequently, soil softness. In the current study, to depict the
influence of soil structure interaction on the seismic response of a structure due to earthquake loading, a 5 storied (G+4)
simple square building supported on pile foundation resting on stratified soil was selected. The building sections were
modelled and analysed for different configurations (i.e., with and without slab and infill) using finite element method
SAP2000. The deformations under seismic loading in the structure and piles by incorporating the effect of soil-structure
interaction and fixed base condition were extracted, compared and discussed. Impact of variety of the parameters on different
soil conditions like variation in soil profile and number of soil layers, influence of slab and infill are considered for which the
buildings are modelled by alternate approaches, namely, (1) bare frame with fixed supports, (2) frames including slab and
infill with support accounting for soil-flexibility. The results indicate that the roof displacement varies significantly for
different soil layer combinations if included the soil structure interaction compared to that of fixed base analysis. Thus
considering the effect of SSI is essential. The horizontal displacement of the structure is maximum for a bare frame with slab
when compared to bare frame and infill frame. When infill wall is added to the structure, the horizontal displacement is
decreased due to the stiffness of the infill wall.
This document provides an overview of slope stability and analysis. It defines different types of slopes as natural, man-made, infinite and finite. Common causes of slope failure like erosion, seepage, drawdown, rainfall, earthquakes and external loading are described. Key terms used in slope stability are defined, including slip zone, slip plane, sliding mass and slope angle. Types of slope failures are identified as face/slope failure, toe failure and base failure. Methods for analyzing finite slope stability, like Swedish circle method, Bishop's simplified method and Taylor's stability number are introduced. Infinite slope analysis is described for cohesionless, cohesive and cohesive-frictional soils. Example tutorial problems on slope stability calculations are
1. Mass wasting refers to the downslope movement of rock and soil due to gravity. It occurs on all slopes and can range from very slow to sudden movements.
2. The stability of a slope depends on a balance between the downward force of gravity and friction/shear strength resisting movement. Steeper slopes and saturated soils or rock are more prone to failures.
3. Common landslide types include rotational slumps and translational slides, which move along concave and planar surfaces, respectively. Earthquakes and rapid addition of water can also trigger landslides.
This document outlines laboratory experiments for a geotechnical engineering course, including determining liquid limit, plastic limit, dry density, particle size distribution, compaction, and specific gravity of soil. It describes how geotechnical investigations are performed through surface and subsurface exploration to obtain soil properties for engineering design, and notes tests will be conducted in groups and laboratory experiment reports should follow a specific format.
This chapter discusses analyzing soil boring data to assess liquefaction resistance and predict liquefied soil thickness using the EPOLIQAN code. The EPOLIQAN code calculates liquefaction parameters from a single soil boring that are then used to compute average and range values for case studies. Empirical methods are preferred for liquefaction assessments as they are based on in situ tests that directly correlate to field performance during earthquakes. The most widely used empirical method is based on Standard Penetration Test (SPT) blowcounts, though methods exist using Cone Penetration Tests and Becker Penetration Tests as well.
INFLUENCE OF SOIL-STRUCTURE INTERACTION ON RESPONSE OF A MULTI-STORIED BUILDI...SJ BASHA
This document discusses analyzing the influence of soil-structure interaction on the response of a multi-storied building to earthquake forces. It focuses on a 12-story building located in Amaravathi, India, which consists of different soil/rock profiles. Earthquake analysis is performed with the building resting on different soil types, and the fundamental time periods, base shears, and displacements are compared to a fixed base condition. The equivalent lateral force method and free vibration analysis are used to evaluate the structural response considering soil-structure interaction effects. Results are presented and conclusions are drawn regarding how soil properties influence seismic behavior.
Construction on cohesionless soil – A reviewijsrd.com
This document discusses problems encountered during construction on cohesionless soils and remedial measures. It defines cohesionless soils as soils without water or negligible shear strength between particles, such as loose sands. Four main problems are outlined: 1) ground failures like fault ruptures or landslides, 2) soil liquefaction during earthquakes, 3) structural damages to buildings from unstable foundations, and 4) soil washouts from heavy rain or flooding. The document provides details on each problem and factors affecting liquefaction risks. Remedial measures aim to prevent issues from the unstable nature of cohesionless soils during construction.
This document provides an overview of geotechnical site investigation. It discusses the history and development of site investigations, different approaches to site investigations from desk studies to limited investigations with monitoring, and the typical sequence of a geotechnical site investigation. It also describes various subsurface exploration techniques including geophysics, boring, drilling, probing, and in situ testing methods.
The document discusses foundations and site exploration for determining soil properties. It describes the functions of foundations, including distributing loads, preventing uneven settling, and providing stability. Subsurface investigation methods are outlined, such as trial pits, probing, geophysical tests, and borings used to determine soil types and properties at varying depths. The document also discusses determining the bearing capacity of soils using methods like plate load tests and penetration tests.
Causes of settlement, foundation loading and computationPirpasha Ujede
This document discusses various types of settlement that can occur in foundations and soils due to applied loads. It describes immediate settlement (Si) due to soil distortion, primary consolidation settlement (Sc) due to pore pressure dissipation in clays, and secondary consolidation settlement (Ss) in organic soils. The total settlement (S) is the sum of these three components. It also outlines other causes of settlement like erosion, temperature changes, vibrations, and mining. The document concludes by defining and explaining the different types of design loads that cause settlement, including dead loads, live loads, wind loads, snow loads, earth pressures, water pressures, and earthquake loads.
This document discusses soil-structure interaction and foundation vibrations. It begins with an introduction to soil-structure interaction, noting that the response of the soil influences the motion of the structure and vice versa. It then discusses how soil-structure interaction can alter the natural frequency and add damping to a structural system. The document outlines different effects of soil-structure interaction and how it is an important consideration in seismic analysis and design. It also discusses impedance functions, compliance functions, and modeling of machine foundation vibrations.
The document discusses site investigation for civil engineering projects. It explains that site investigations are needed to understand ground conditions and enable safe and cost-effective project design, construction and operation. The objectives of site investigations are to assess suitability, enable design, plan construction, consider environmental impacts, and identify alternative sites. Site investigations involve desk studies, site reconnaissance, subsurface exploration including boreholes, and laboratory and in-situ testing to characterize soil and rock properties.
This document provides information on the Geotechnical Engineering I course offered at the University of Hawassa, Faculty of Technology. The 5 ECTS credit, compulsory course is offered in the 4th semester to B.Sc. in Civil and Urban Engineering students. The course objectives are for students to gain knowledge in geotechnical engineering topics and skills in identifying soil properties and analyzing soil behavior. The course consists of 7 units covering topics such as soil formation, physical properties, classification, permeability, effective stress concept, compressibility, and consolidation over 15 weeks. Student assessment includes assignments, lab work, midterm and final exams.
This document discusses key aspects of engineering geology and its importance in modern development. It provides examples of how poor subsurface conditions, lack of safety measures, and lack of studies can lead to infrastructure failures. It emphasizes the role of engineering geology in properly studying soil and subsurface conditions before construction to select the best design and safety remedies. Methods discussed include field and laboratory investigations to understand rock quality and recommend appropriate structural support.
Seismic behaviour of geosynthetic reinforced municipal solid waste landfillsDr. Naveen BP
1) The document analyzes the seismic behavior of municipal solid waste landfills with and without geosynthetic reinforcement layers through one-dimensional dynamic response analysis.
2) It finds that the inclusion of geosynthetic reinforcements significantly reduces the amplification of peak ground acceleration and spectral acceleration values at the top of landfills built on rock and stiff soil, with less reduction observed for soft soil conditions.
3) The analysis is conducted using the SHAKE2000 computer program to model landfill profiles up to 30 meters tall under earthquake motions scaled from 0.1g to 0.4g recorded during the 2001 Bhuj earthquake.
The thesis aims to study the effect of soil conditions on earthquake ground motion and the seismic response of structures through numerical analysis and shake table testing. So far, the authors have reviewed literature on soil amplification and conducted numerical analyses of single-degree-of-freedom and multi-degree-of-freedom systems representing different soil layers. The analyses show that soft soil increases ground acceleration and that soil-structure interaction can be neglected in the design of flexible structures on stiff soil but should be considered for rigid structures on soft soil. Future work plans to perform shake table tests on layered soil models to compare with numerical analyses and analyze the response of model structures subjected to induced ground motions.
This document summarizes the history and status of research on structure-soil-structure interaction (SSSI). It discusses early analytical research from the 1970s studying the interaction between two structures through soil. It also describes numerical modeling research from the 1990s onward using methods like finite elements. The document notes that while SSSI research has made progress, models still often oversimplify soil and structure properties. Future research is needed to develop more realistic models of the complex SSSI phenomenon.
Goetech. engg. Ch# 03 settlement analysis signedIrfan Malik
This document discusses settlement analysis and different types of settlement. It begins by defining settlement as the vertical downward deformation of soil under a load. There are two main types of settlement based on permanence - permanent and temporary. There are also different types based on mode of occurrence: primary consolidation, secondary consolidation, and immediate settlement. Differential settlement can cause structural damage, while uniform settlement has little consequence. The document outlines methods to estimate settlement, such as consolidation tests, and discusses remedial measures to reduce or accommodate settlement.
This document discusses types of rock slope failures. It describes four main types: plane failure, wedge failure, toppling failure, and rotational failure. For each failure type, it explains the structural conditions and geometry required for that specific failure to occur. Diagrams provide visual examples of how each failure mode appears. The document also briefly discusses methods for stabilizing unstable rock slopes, including drainage, excavation, reinforcement, and protective measures.
This document summarizes the construction of the Channel Tunnel between the UK and France. It involved digging three parallel tunnels, each over 50 km long, with over 30 km under the English Channel. 11 tunnel boring machines (TBMs) were used to excavate the tunnels from both sides. The TBMs on the French side had to operate underwater and were designed with advanced sealing and pressure control systems to excavate in difficult ground conditions. Precise surveying and guidance systems were required for the TBMs to meet with accuracy at the midpoint under the Channel. The best TBM excavation rates achieved over 1,700 meters in 30 days in good ground conditions.
The Electronic Press Kit of NGTVZRO, Creative Director of Indivisible Integers.
NGTVZRO, also known as 'NZRO' or simply 'Z', is the love-child of golden-age hip-hop nostalgia and transcendentalist poetry. Z is a fiery orator, a wily artist, a passionate educator and a dangerous MC; supplied with energetic productions and the music styling of artists such as Wino Willy, Thurston Lopes, Spooks McGhie, and Von Phoenix, his music reaches for the heights of lyricism and diversity. The Director of Communications for the decorated human development firm, Kingdom Fortunes Development Group, he has a humanitarian’s heart.
This document summarizes a study analyzing variability in the precasting and installation of pile foundations for a building project with over 340 piles. It describes sources of variability in precasting, transportation, and installation processes. It analyzes performance based on inventory vs work completed and identifies sources of waste. It suggests involving suppliers earlier in design to reduce variability and standardizing products and processes to simplify production and design. Follow-on research would include stochastic modeling and analyzing ways to further reduce variability.
This document summarizes research on pile design in liquefying soils. It discusses observations of pile damage during past earthquakes that provided insights into soil-pile interaction in liquefied soils. Piles can undergo large displacements and fail due to bending or buckling in liquefied soils. The document reviews two main design methods: (1) force-based/limit equilibrium analysis, which estimates lateral soil pressures on piles, and (2) displacement-based/p-y analysis, which uses Winkler springs to model soil resistance. Both have limitations and uncertainties regarding modeling liquefaction effects. Further research is needed to improve pile design methods in liquefying soils.
The document summarizes an engineering geological study of support requirements for a diversion tunnel at the Boztepe dam site in eastern Turkey. Empirical, theoretical, and numerical methods were used to characterize the rock mass and determine support needs. Field studies found the site contained basalt and tuffite units. Laboratory testing provided mechanical properties of intact rock samples. Rock mass quality was evaluated using RMR, Q, and GSI classification systems. Support requirements were proposed and numerically analyzed using the finite element method. A combination of approaches was found to provide a more reliable design.
1. The document discusses applying the convergence-confinement approach to analyze rock-lining interaction in tunnels using the Shimizu Tunnel case study.
2. It constructs ground reaction and support characteristic curves for different support systems - steel ribs, shotcrete, and rock bolts used in Shimizu Tunnel.
3. By intersecting the curves, it determines the design load carried by each support system when the ground and lining reach equilibrium after tunnel excavation.
This document discusses the design of pile groups for settlement at a residential development site with soft soil deposits in South Korea. A pretensioned spun high-strength concrete pile (PHC pile) was proposed as a more economical alternative to the traditionally used steel pipe piles. A comprehensive testing program was conducted including static load tests on instrumented piles. Five methods for calculating pile group settlement were evaluated, with the Unified Design Method selected since it considers ongoing consolidation of soft soils, pile-soil interaction, and the distribution of pile shaft resistance. The analysis of test data was important for understanding factors like strain effects, residual load development, and negative skin friction distribution. Reliable settlement estimation was a key issue for the PHC pile
2013 NYU Diamond Dollars Case Competition PresentationGregory Ackerman
1) The document profiles catcher Brian McCann and pitcher Ubaldo Jimenez who are both free agents. It projects McCann will sign a 5 year/$85 million contract and Jimenez a 3 year/$45 million contract based on their offensive stats, comparable player contracts, and projections of future performance.
2) It analyzes the market conditions and draft pick implications for both players, noting McCann will have more suitors as one of the top catchers available while Jimenez' market may take longer to develop with more comparable options available.
3) The aging curves and projections of future WAR for each player factor into the estimated contract values, with McCann projected to maintain higher performance levels over a 5 year
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document provides guidelines for standardizing terminology used in piling papers to reduce confusion. It discusses preferred terms for different parts of piles such as using "head" for the upper end and "toe" for the lower end. It also suggests using clear terms like "shaft" instead of ambiguous ones like "skin." The document aims to establish consistency across the piling community by presenting standardized definitions and terminology.
The document appears to provide specifications for various H-beam sections, including their weight, dimensions, cross-sectional area, moments of inertia, and other mechanical properties. It includes H-beams with depths of flange ranging from 300mm to 450mm and widths ranging from 300mm to 450mm. The largest section listed has a depth of flange of 450mm, width of 450mm, and weight of approximately 620,615 kg/m.
This document discusses rock tunnel engineering. It introduces different types of tunnels and their purposes. Tunnels can have various cross-sectional shapes and be located underground in different ground types. Tunnels are constructed using methods like cut-and-cover, drilling and blasting, or mechanized boring machines. Geotechnical investigations for tunnels are challenging due to uncertainties in ground conditions. Rock mass classification systems help characterize rock strength. The principles of tunnel stabilization and design aim to control ground movements rather than carry ground loads by mobilizing the strength of the surrounding ground.
The document provides an overview of tunneling projects and expertise at Parsons Brinckerhoff (PB). It discusses PB's long history in tunneling beginning with its founder William Barclay Parsons who pioneered cut-and-cover tunneling for the original New York City subway in the early 1900s. PB continues to be a leader in major tunneling projects around the world, with current projects including expansion of the New York City subway system, new tunnels under the Hudson River to New Jersey, and a new rail connection between Long Island and Grand Central Terminal in Manhattan. The document highlights PB's ongoing innovations in tunneling technologies and role in projects that advance the state of the practice.
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Liquefaction Analysis of Kakinada Region by Using Geotechnical Borehole Dataiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document summarizes a study on liquefaction analysis of the Kakinada region in India using geotechnical borehole data. The study aims to determine the factor of safety against liquefaction for the region using standard penetration test (SPT) data. Deterministic liquefaction analysis is performed using SPT-based methods to calculate the factor of safety, which is the ratio of cyclic resistance ratio to cyclic stress ratio. Reliability analysis is also conducted considering uncertainties in models and parameters. Key findings from selected boreholes include the soil profile period, peak ground acceleration, and ground response spectrum at the surface.
The document summarizes a seminar on pile foundations in liquefiable soils. It discusses 1) the performance of pile foundations during earthquakes, including case studies from past earthquakes, 2) modes of pile failure in liquefiable soils, including failure mechanisms for single piles and pile groups, 3) current design practices using methods like force equilibrium analysis and p-y analysis, 4) alternative design concepts focusing on effective pile length and buckling resistance, and 5) conclusions that further research is needed but design practices have improved based on observations of past earthquakes.
Advances in Geological and Geotechnical Engineering Research | Vol.4, Iss.3 J...Bilingual Publishing Group
Bearing Capacity of Defective Reinforced Concrete Pile in Sand-model Study
Source Area Weathering and Tectonic History Inferred from the Geochemistry of the Maastrichtian Sandstone from Patti Formation, Southern Bida Basin, North Central Nigeria
Characterization of Subsurface Lithology and Aquifer Parameters Using Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) for Groundwater Development in Igbo-Imabana, Southern Nigeria
Geotechnical Properties of Some Clay Deposits in Some Parts of Southwestern Nigeria in Relation to Its Engineering Implications on Constructions
This document presents a case study on estimating the modulus of subgrade reaction (k-value) for designing raft foundations of multi-story buildings constructed on sandy soil in Dammam, Saudi Arabia. Site investigations including boreholes and plate load tests were conducted. Plate load tests were back analyzed using numerical modeling to validate the soil properties. Different sized foundations were then modeled to estimate k-values. The k-values decreased with increasing foundation size and sometimes differed from values estimated using Terzaghi's equation, highlighting that k-value depends on foundation properties and soil conditions.
This document summarizes a student's research project analyzing ground movements caused by constructing circular shafts. The student aims to review case studies of circular shaft construction to better understand and predict surface settlements. Specifically, the student will extract settlement data from case studies of circular shafts built in clay. The analysis will compare ground movements from circular shafts to those of square shafts to determine if they exhibit similar settlement profiles. The results could help establish an improved method for predicting surface settlements from circular shaft construction.
Pile response due to earthquake induced lateral spreadingeSAT Journals
Abstract To develop a home heating system with high efficiency, the outdoor temperature is not the only parameter to be considered but also disturbances such as ventilation, door/window openings and personal lifestyle. The aim of the project is to develop the home heating system which adapts itself to changing customer demands using fuzzy logic. The energy consumption and the outdoor temperature of the house were monitored over a period of one year to produce the data required to program the fuzzy controller and thereby the appropriate set temperature will be determined. When load disturbances such as door/window openings are given, there is an increase in the energy required by the heater. This additional energy is obtained as an output from the fuzzy Abstract Liquefaction assessment is a key aspect when the pile foundations are designed under seismic loading. The liquefaction associated with lateral spreading and flow failures that can affect the overall stability of the pile foundations. This study is emphasized to investigate the extent of the liquefaction zone and the effect of the liquefaction on the pile is also monitored by the means of estimating the maximum bending moment developed due to lateral ground displacement. The investigation site is located at I.I.T. Kharagpur Extension Centre, Block No. HC, Plot. 7, Sector-III, Salt Lake City, Kolkata, India. The diameter and pile shaft length are 0.45 m and 22 m, respectively. The soil samples are collected from three boreholes located at the site of investigation and it is explored to a depth up to 30.45 m below the ground level. The boreholes reveal that the subsoil generally consists of six types of soil layers and the water table is at a depth of 1.25 m below the ground surface. A finite element model is simulated as per the field conditions using QUAKE/W (GeoStudio, 2007) to determine the depth of the liquefaction zone. The soil layers are idealized as 14 nodded rectangular elements. Initial static and dynamic analyses is performed by considering the linear elastic and equivalent linear models of soil using the earthquake history of peak acceleration of 0.16g. It is observed that the layer 1 susceptible to liquefaction due to high excess pore water pressure in that layer. Analytical study is carried out for the estimation of the maximum bending moment induced in the pile subjected to lateral ground displacement. The maximum deflection of the pile is also estimated due to the lateral ground displacement caused by the liquefaction. Index Terms: Earthquake, Ground displacement, Lateral spreading, Liquefaction, Pile
This document summarizes a study that used finite element analysis to investigate the effect of liquefaction on pile foundations. The study site was in Kolkata, India and consisted of 6 soil layers overlying a groundwater table. Finite element models using QUAKE/W software modeled the site with linear elastic and equivalent linear soil models considering an earthquake with 0.16g peak acceleration. The analyses found the first soil layer was susceptible to liquefaction due to high excess pore pressures. Bending moment and displacement of a pile foundation due to lateral ground spreading were also estimated.
Evaluating Interface Properties of Geomembrane and Compacted Clay Liners for ...MrEddyAsyrafSyed
Interfaces shear strength parameter evaluation for landfill liner systems have been a tedious testing process. Various testing methods and guidelines have been proposed by engineers and researchers over the years. The current testing procedures are based on ASTM testing guideline and basic fundamental engineering testing philosophies. Hence there is a need for much ideal testing equipment which can perform the entire test series required for landfill liner parameter evaluations
This document summarizes a case study of a slope failure that occurred on the Kimola Canal in Finland in 1965. The slope failure involved 90,000 cubic meters of clay sliding into the canal. Researchers analyzed the geotechnical conditions and concluded that the failure was caused by redistribution of excess pore pressures after excavation. New analyses using finite element modeling and measured pore pressure data found a factor of safety close to 1, consistent with the failure. The slope failure highlighted issues with assuming undrained strength parameters for design, as effective stress analysis better explained the failure. Inhomogeneity and anisotropy in the clay properties likely contributed to the upward extension of the failure surface.
This research aims to analyze how ground accelerations within liquefiable soils affect inelastic structures through physical and numerical modeling of a 3-story moment-resisting frame. Prior component testing of a beam-column connection will help validate numerical models and ensure the physical model captures real building behavior. A connection design with a structural fuse is being tested under cyclic loading to understand moment-rotation response. Future tests will integrate the frame into liquefiable soil models in a centrifuge to study soil-structure interaction and mitigation techniques during earthquakes.
Sub-Soil Investigation of a Proposed Construction Site at Kyami District, Abu...iosrjce
Sub-soil investigation of a proposed construction site located at Kyami district of the Federal Capital
Territory (F.C.T.) Abuja, Nigeria, was carried out to determine the suitability of the soil to host civil
engineering structures. The investigation involved excavation of trial pits and obtaining both disturbed and
undisturbed samples for laboratory analysis. Classification tests carried out showed that about half of the soil
samples analysed is composed mainly of clayey sand (SC), with the remaining half composed of silty sand (SM)
and non-plastic sand respectively; each occurring inalmost equal proportion. Analysis showed that the soil has
low plasticity characteristics. This implies that the potential for swelling and shrinking when wet and dry that
could have negative impact on the stability of structures placed on them is low.The soils therefore have fair to
good engineering characteristics necessary for construction work and with a mean allowable bearing capacity
of 137.8KPa the soils have moderate strength capable of carrying normal civil engineering structures.
IRJET- Dynamic Analysis of RCC Building Considering Soil Structure InteractionIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on the dynamic analysis of reinforced concrete buildings considering soil-structure interaction. The study models a 10-story reinforced concrete building resting on different soil types using a piled raft foundation. Both fixed base and soil-structure interaction models are analyzed using the finite element software ETABS. The results show that including soil-structure interaction increases the natural period and displacements of the building compared to a fixed base model. Soil flexibility has a larger effect for softer soil types. Torsional moments and bending moments are also higher when considering soil-structure interaction compared to a fixed base model. The study finds soil-structure interaction effects to be significant for the building and foundation types modeled.
Analysis of Design Parameters Affecting Deformation Behaviour of a Braced Exc...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes previous research on the analysis and design of braced excavations in soft soil. It then describes a numerical study conducted to analyze the effects of various design parameters on the deformation behavior of a braced excavation in soft clay. A finite element analysis was performed using the software PLAXIS to model typical braced excavations. The analysis employed a soft soil creep constitutive model. A parametric investigation was conducted to determine the influence of wall embedment depth, strut location, wall thickness, and soil properties on ground deformation. Based on the results, a design guideline is proposed to help engineers optimize ground deformations from braced excavations.
Analytical study on soil pile interaction effect in the variation of natural ...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes an analytical study on how the natural frequency of a single pile foundation varies with soil-pile interaction effects. It presents the theoretical formulation for calculating the depth of fixity and natural frequency of a pile based on the soil modulus and pile diameter. A finite difference method and MATLAB code were used to model the soil-pile system and conduct a parametric study. The results show that the natural frequency non-linearly decreases with lower soil modulus and smaller pile diameter. An equation was developed through regression analysis to predict the natural frequency based on the soil and pile properties. Understanding how natural frequency varies with soil-pile interaction is important for designing foundations subjected to dynamic loads.
The document summarizes the design and construction of the foundations for the Rion Antirion Bridge in Greece. Key points:
1) The foundations used an innovative design of large diameter gravity caissons resting on reinforced natural ground, with steel tubular inclusions and a gravel layer, to address weak soil conditions, seismic activity, and tectonic movements.
2) Subsurface investigations found deep alluvial deposits with low strength and shear wave velocities, posing challenges for the large bridge piers.
3) The foundation concept used capacity design principles, with the gravel layer absorbing inelastic deformations and inclusions providing overstrength to prevent deep failures, allowing sliding if design loads were exceeded.
IRJET-Soil-Structure Effect of Multideck R.C.C. StructuresIRJET Journal
1. The document discusses the soil-structure interaction effects on multideck reinforced concrete structures. It models the soil as springs to capture the flexibility of the soil-foundation system and how it impacts the structural response.
2. Static and response spectrum analyses are performed on a 10-story building model considering bare frame, infill frame, and shear wall conditions. The building is analyzed considering soft soil conditions.
3. The results show that considering soil-structure interaction through flexible soil springs leads to reduced structural demands like base shear and displacements compared to fixed-base analysis. The presence of infill and shear walls further reduces the response.
This document summarizes the results of a study on the effects of inclination, length pattern, and bending stiffness of soil nails on the behavior of nailed structures. Numerical simulations using FLAC were conducted to examine how nail inclination affects slope stability and deformations in nailed excavations. The simulations showed that increasing nail inclination decreases the stabilizing effect of nails, as compressive forces can develop in steeply inclined nails. Nail length patterns were found to influence displacement characteristics in staged excavations. Additional analyses looked at how bending stiffness contributes to stability, finding it has little effect under working conditions but may be more significant near failure. The report provides conclusions and recommendations for design.
24. Evaluation of temperature and freeze–thaw effects on excess pore pressure...PinakRay2
This document discusses a laboratory study that evaluated how temperature and freeze-thaw cycles affect excess pore pressure generation in fine-grained soils. Specifically, the study investigated the effects of conditioning soil specimens at various temperatures ranging from 24°C to -0.2°C, as well as subjecting specimens to 1-4 freeze-thaw cycles. Strain-controlled cyclic triaxial tests were performed and found that excess pore pressure generation differed significantly depending on conditioning temperature, with a transitional change observed near freezing. Subjecting specimens to freeze-thaw cycles slightly reduced excess pore pressure generation. The temperature path to reach near-freezing temperatures also influenced pore pressure development.
This document summarizes the identification and classification of expansive soils. It describes simple identification tests like the free swell test and differential free swell test. It also discusses specialized tests such as differential thermal analysis. Various classification systems from different agencies are presented. Expansive soils are identified in the field by cracking patterns in summer. Laboratory tests help identify the type and amount of clay minerals present, which influence the soil's expansivity. Classification aims to assess swelling potential and guide appropriate construction methods.
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The document discusses the use of the RMi rock mass characterization system for designing rock support in underground excavations. It begins by outlining the goals of underground excavation design and some current methods for stability analysis and rock support estimation. These include classification systems, ground-support interaction analysis using Fenner-Pacher curves, and key block analysis. The chapter then reviews factors influencing stability, defines key terms, and describes various modes of failure in underground openings including block failures, overstressing of intact rock or jointed materials, and special considerations for faults and weakness zones.
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
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1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
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4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) Curriculum
Analysis of piles under earthquakes
1. 301
th
The 14 World Conference on Earthquake Engineering
October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China
PILE DESIGN IN LIQUEFYING SOIL
Vijay K. Puri1 and Shamsher Prakash2
1
Professor,Civil and Environmental Engineering, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, USA
2
Professor Emeritus, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO USA
puri@engr.siu.edu , Prakash @mst.edu
ABSTRACT:
The behavior of piles in seismic areas is significantly affected if the soil liquefies. The strength of the soil
and its stiffness decrease due to the increase in pore water pressure. The observed pile damage during
earthquakes has provided an insight into the mechanism of soil-pile interaction in liquefying soils. The
piles in liquefied soil may undergo large lateral displacements and my fail due to bending or buckling.
The paper discusses the observed performance of piles in liquefying soils and the suggested methods for
their design.
KEY WORDS: Piles; Soils; Liquefaction; Performance; Design.
1. INTRODUCTION
Pile foundations are regarded as a safe alternative for supporting structures in seismic areas and have been
used for this purpose in non-liquefying as well as liquefying soils. The overall design problem in either
case is complicated. The seismic loading induces large displacements/strains in the soil. The soil behavior
becomes non-linear. The shear modulus of the soil degrades and damping (material) increases with
increasing strain. The stiffness of piles should be determined for these strain effects. The stiffness of the
pile group is estimated from that of the single piles by using group interaction factors. The contribution of
the pile cap, if any, is also included. The response of the single pile or pile groups may then be
determined using principles of vibrations.
In liquefiable soils, progressive buildup of pore water pressure may result in loss of strength and stiffness
resulting in large bending moments and shear forces on the pile. The mechanism of pile behavior in
liquefying soil has been investigated by several investigators in the recent years based on observations of
pile performance during earthquakes and studies in the centrifuge. The behavior and design of piles in
liquefying soil is discussed in this paper.
The pile behavior in liquefied soil is strongly influenced by non-linearity of soil, resulting in soil’s shear
modulus degradation and increased material damping with displacement. Soil displacements and lateral
spreading associated with liquefaction may exert damaging lateral pressure on the piles (Finn and Fujita,
2004, Ishihara and Cubrinovsky, 2004)).
2. OBSERVATIONS DURING PAST EARTHQUAKES
Excess pore pressure during seismic motion may cause lateral spreading resulting in excess moments in
the piles and settlements and tilt of the pile caps and the superstructure. Excessive lateral pressure may
lead to failure of the piles which were experienced in 1964 Niigata and the 1995 Kobe earthquake (Finn
and Fujita, 2004). Figure 1 shows the damage to a pile under a building in Niigata caused by ground
displacement (Yasuda et al, 1999). The ground displacement at this location was more than 1 m. Ishihara
and Cubinovski (2004) investigated the performance of piles below an oil-storage tank (Fig.2)
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Figure.1 Damage to pile by 2m of lateral ground displacement during 1964 Niigata earthquake
(Yoshida et al.1990)
Figure 2 Detailed profile of the quay wall movement and ground distortion in the backfills at
Section M-5
during the Kobe earthquake of 1995. The quay wall moved approximately 1m towards the sea. The
seaward movement of the quay wall was accompanied by lateral spreading of the backfill soils resulting
in a number of cracks on the ground inland from the waterfront. The lateral ground displacement was
plotted as a function of the distance from the waterfront, Figure 3. The permanent lateral ground
displacement corresponding to the location of Tank TA72 is seen somewhere between 35 and 55 cm
(Ishihara and Cubrinovski, 2004). To inspect the damage to the piles of an oil tank site after Kobe
(1995) event, 70cm wide and 1m deep trenches were excavated at 4 sections and the upper portion of
the pile was exposed. The wall of the cylindrical piles was cut to open a window about 30cm long and
15cm wide. From this window, a bore-hole camera was lowered through the interior hole of the hollow
cylindrical piles to examine the damage to the piles throughout the depth (Ishihara and Cubrinovski,
2004). The lateral displacement and cracks on two damaged piles (pile no 2 and 9) in the pile group
supporting the tank are shown in figures 4 and 5 respectively. It was further observed that the piles
showed cracking and suffered maximum damage at the depth of the interface zone between the
liquefied fill deposit and the underlying non-liquefied Silty soil layer. This observation indicates that
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liquefaction and resulting lateral spreading of the backfill soil seriously affected the pile performance.
The maximum moment on the pile thus seems to occur at the interface zone of the liquefying and nonliquefying soil layers.
Figure.3 Lateral ground displacement versus distance from the waterfront along Section M-5(Kobe
1995 EQ)
Figure. 4 Lateral displacement and observed cracks on the inside wall of Pile No.9 Kobe 1995 EQ
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Figure.5 Lateral displacement and observed cracks on the inside wall of Pile No.2 Kobe 1995 EQ
3. LABORATORY STUDIES
In order to determine the various factors affecting the behavior of piles in liquefying soil, studies have
also been conducted using large shake table and centrifuges ( Abdoun et al., 2003: Boulanger et al., 2003;
Suzuki et al., 2005; Tokimatsu et al., 2004, 2005). The development and distribution of excess pore water,
subgrade reaction and stiffness of soil-pile system and deflected shape of the pile have been investigated.
Based on the results of centrifuge tests Liyanapathirana and Poulos (2005) concluded that for the case of
free head piles when a liquefying soil layer is underlain by a non-liquefying soil layer, , maximum
bending moment develops at the interface between the two layers irrespective of the thickness of the
liquefying soil layer. For fixed head piles, the maximum bending moment develops at the interface if the
thickness of the liquefying layer is greater than one third, and less than two thirds, the total thickness of
the soil deposit.
Bhattacharya (2006) re-examined the damage to piles during 1964 Niigata and 1995 Kobe earthquakes
and noted that pile failure in liquefying soil can be better explained as buckling type failures.
4. METHODS OF DESIGN
The design of pile foundations in liquefied soils requires a reliable method of calculating the effects of
earthquake shaking and post liquefaction displacements on pile Foundations (Finn and Fujita,2004).
The methods currently in use for design of piles in liquefying soil are ;
1. The force or limit equilibrium analysis and
2. The displacement or p-y analysis.
4.1 The Force or Limit Equilibrium Analysis
This method of analysis is recommended in several Japanese design codes for analysis of pile foundations
in liquefied soils undergoing lateral spreading (JWWA, 1997; JRA, 1996). The method involves
estimation of lateral soil pressures on pile and then evaluating the pile response. A schematic sketch
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showing lateral pressures due to non- liquefied and liquefied soil layers is shown in Figure 6. The nonliquefied top layer is assumed to exert passive pressure on the pile. The liquefied layer is assumed to
apply a pressure which is about 30% of the total overburden pressure This estimation of pressure is based
on back calculation of case histories of performance of pile foundations during the Kobe earthquake .
The maximum bending moment is assumed to occur at interface between the liquefied and nonliquefied soil layer .
Fig 6. Schematic Sketch Showing Pressure Distribution against the Piles due to Lateral Soil Flow
associated with Liquefaction (JWWA, 1997) (Ashford and Juirnarongrit, 2004 and Finn Fujita, 2004).
4.2 Displacement or p-y Analysis
This method involves making Winkler type spring mass model shown schematically in Fig. 7. The
empirically estimated post liquefaction free field displacements are calculated. These displacements are
assumed to vary linearly and applied to the spings of the soil-pile system as shown in Fig. 7 (Finn and
Thavaraj, 2001). Degraded p-y curves may be used for this kind of analysis. In the Japanese practice
the springs are assumed to be linearly elastic-plastic and can be determined from the elastic modulus of
soil using semi-empirical formulas (Finn and Fujita, 2004). The soil modulus can be evaluated from
plate load tests or standard penetration tests. Reduction in spring stiffness is recommended by JRA
(1996) to account for the effect of liquefaction. Such reduction is based on FL (factor of safety against
liquefaction). These reduction factors are shown in Table 1.
Fig.7. A Schematic Sketch for Winkler Spring Model for Pile Foundation Analysis (Finn and Thavaraj,
2001)
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Table.1 Reduction coefficients for soil constants due to liquefaction (JRA, 1996)
Dynamic Shear Strength Ratio R
Range of FL
Depth from present ground surface
X(m)
R ≤ 0.3
0.3 < R
0 ≤ X ≤ 10
0
1/3
FL ≤ 1/3
10 ≤ X ≤ 20
1/3
1/3
1/3 < FL ≤ 2/3
0 ≤ X ≤ 10
10 ≤ X ≤ 20
0 ≤ X ≤ 10
1/3
2/3
1/3
2/3
2/3
1
1/3 < FL ≤ 1
10 ≤ X ≤ 20
1
1
The North American Practice is to multiply the p-y curves, by a uniform degradation factor p, called the
p-multiplier, which ranges in values from 0.3 - 0.1. The values ‘p’ seems to decrease with pore water
pressure increase (Dobry et. al; 1995) and become 0.1 when the excess pore water pressure is 100%.
Wilson et al (1999) suggested that the value of ‘p’ for a fully liquefied soil also depends on the initial
relative density Dr. The values of ‘p’ range from 0.1 to 0.2 for sand at about 35% relative density and
from 0.25 to 0.35 for a relative density of 55%. It was found that the resistance of the loose sand did not
Fig. 8. Post-liquefaction un-drained stress-strain behavior of sand (Yasuda et al 1999)
pick up even at substantial strains but the denser sand, after an initial strain range in which it showed
little strength, picked up strength with increasing strain ( Fig. 8) . This finding suggests that the
good performance of the degraded p-y curves which did not include an initial range of low or zero
strength ,must be test specific and the p-multiplier may be expected to vary from one design situation
to another. Dilatancy effects may reduce the initial p-y response of the dense sands (Yasuda et al 1999).
Ashford and Juirnarongrit (2004) compared the force based analysis and the displacement based analysis
for the case of single piles subjected to lateral spreading problems. They observed that the force based
analysis reasonably
estimated the pile moments but underestimated pile displacements. The
displacement analysis was found to make better prediction about the pile moment and the pile
displacement
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5. DISCUSSION
The ‘force based’ method of pile design in liquefied soil recommended in the Japanese codes is based on
the observation of pile damage during the past earthquakes especially the Kobe earthquake. The pile
performance in liquefied soil may be influenced by earthquake parameters, variations in the soil profile
and the pile geometry. A question naturally arises as to how far these factors are accounted for in this
method. Similarly, the ‘displacement’ method requires the prediction of surface displacements which are
estimated empirically and the development of p-y curves for generating the post-liquefaction behavior
introduce an unknown uncertainty. These questions need further study as no satisfactory solutions are
available as of today (2008).
6. CONCLUSIONS
The design of pile foundations in liquefying soil needs an understanding of soil liquefaction, behavior of
soils following liquefaction and the soil-pile interaction. The practice of pile design in liquefying soil has
progressed considerably in the last decade based on observations during the past earthquakes and
experimental studies on centrifuge and large shake table. However, there are several parameters and
questions which need to be examined further in detail.
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