OM VERMA ASSISTANT PROFESSOR GRACIOUS COLLEGE OF NURSING ABHANPUR RAIPUR C.G.

1. GRACIOUS COLLEGE OF NURSING
SUBJECT - MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSING
TOPIC : ANAEMIA
PRESENTED BY-
OM VERMA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
GRACIOUS COLLEGE OF NURSING

12. Common etiology
ANEMIA:
 EXCESSIVE BLOOD LOSS
 DEFICIENCIES AND ABNORMALITIES OF
ERYTHROCYTE PRODUCTION DUE TO BM
PRODUCTION EXCESSIVE.
 DESTRUCTION OF ERYTHROCYTES.
 BLEEDING PEPTIC ULCER.
 IRON & NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY.
 HOOK WORM INFESTATION.
 INADEQUATE IRON INTAKE.
 LACK OF ABSORPTION OF IRON DUE TO LACK OF
GASTRIC ACIDITY & CHRONIC DIARRHOEA.
 INABILITY TO FORM Hb DUE TO DEFICIENCY OF
VITAMIN B12, PROTIENS etc.

20. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF
ANEMIA
BLOOD LOSS
GLOBULIN CHAIN IN Hb IS REDUCED.
INCREASE THE RIGIDITY OF RBC.
DESTRUCTION OF BLOOD CELL.
ANAEMIA.

23. Orthostasis A form of
low blood pressure that
happens when standing
up from sitting or lying
down.

24. Petechiae are tiny purple, red, or brown
spots on the skin. They usually appear on
arms, legs, abdominal, and buttocks

25. A small bruise ( hematoma of tissue ) caused
by blood leaking from broken blood vessels into
the tissues of the skin or mucous membranes.
ECCHYMOSIS

26. Atrophy Of Tongue Papillae

27. CLINICAL FEATURES OF
ANEMIA
 SKIN AND CONJUCTIVA LOOK PALE
 CHILD BECOME WEAK AND FEELS
FATIGUED
 CHILD GET REPEATED INFECTIONS.
 TENDENCY TO HAVE EDEMA AND
GROWTH RETARDATION.
 FREQUENT INFECTIONS
 SPLENOMEGALLY

28. PICA
Is an eating disorder in which
people compulsively eat one or
more nonfood items, such as ice, ,
paper, or dirt, and other products

29. NAILS BECOME THIN BRITTLE AND
FLAT.

31. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION OF
ANEMIA

34. A hemoglobin electrophoresis
test
is a blood test used to measure
and identify the different types of
hemoglobin in bloodstream.
Hemoglobin is the protein inside
red blood cells responsible for
transporting oxygen to tissues and
organs.

35. A reticulocyte count
test measures the number
of reticulocytes in the
blood. If the count is too high
or too low, it can mean a
serious health problem,
including anemia and disorders
of the bone marrow, liver, and
kidneys.

36. A BONE MARROW BIOPSY

37. A 22-gauge needle is used to
penetrate deeper into the
subcutaneous tissue and the
underlying periosteum, an
area roughly 1 cm in diameter.
Bone marrow aspiration and
biopsy.

38. A BONE MARROW BIOPSY
Involves removing a small sample of the
bone marrow inside bones for testing.
Bone marrow is a soft tissue in the center
of most large bones. It makes most of the
body's blood cells. The biopsy is done
using a small needle inserted into the
bone. bone marrow biopsy if your blood tests
show levels of platelets, or white or red blood
cells are too high or too low. A biopsy will help
determine the cause of these abnormalities, which
can include: anemia, or a low red blood cell count.

39. MANAGEMENT OF ANEMIA
 THE CAUSE MUST BE TREATED.
 ORAL IRON THERAPY.
DOSE: 3-6mg/Kg
 IRON ABSORPTION IMPROVES IN PRESENCE
OF VITAMIN.C
 PARENTAL IRON THERAPY.
 OXYGEN THERAPY.
 ADMINISTRATION OF TRANSFUSION THERAPY.
 HOOK WORM INFESTATION SHOULD BE
MANAGED WITH ANTIHELMENTICS.

41. DIET MANAGEMENT
 INCREASE INTAKE OF IRON.
 INCREASETHE INTAKE OF FOLLATE
 VITAMIN C INCREASESTHE UPTAKE OF IRON.
 A CHILD NEEDTO ABSORB 0.8TO 1.5mg OF
IRON/DAY.

42. Complications - Anemia
Depression.
Heart problems. ...
Increased risk of infections.
Motor or Cognitive development delays
in children.
Pregnancy complications, such as
preterm delivery or giving birth to a
baby with low birth weight.

43. NURSING ASSESSMENT
HISTORY TAKING.
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION.
VITAL SIGNS
NUTRITIONAL STATUS.
ASSESSMENT OF GASTROINTESTINAL
SYSTEM.
NEUROLOGICAL STATUS.
KNOWLEDGE DEFICIT.

44. NURSING DIAGNOSIS
 ACTIVITY INTOLERANCE RELATED TO
WEAKNESS FATIGUE AND GENERAL
MALAISE.
 IMBALANCED NUTRITION LESS THAN
BODY REQUIREMENTS RELATED TO
INADEQUATE INTAKE OF ESSENTIAL
NUTRIENTS.
 INEFFECTIVE TISSUE PERFUSSION
RELATED TO ABNORMAL Hb DUE TO
THALASSEMIA.

45. CONT…
 ALTERATION IN COMFORT RELATED TO
THALASSEMIA MENIFESTED BY TIISUE
HYPOXIA.
 DEFICIT KNOWLEDGE RELATED TO
ANAEMIA & THALASSEMIA.

46. HEALTH EDUCATION OF
ANAEMIA
 PARENT SHOULD BE TOLD THAT CHILDREN ARE
LIKELY TO PASS BLACK STOOL, WHEN THEY
INGEST IRON PREPARATION
 THEY SHOULD BE INSTRUCTED ABOUT THE
ADMINISTRATION OF MEDICATION.ORAL DROPS
OF IRON ARE ADVICED FOR THE CHILDREN OF
THE AGE OF 4-6 MONTHS.
 THEY SHOULD BE EXPLAINED ABOUT THE SIDE
EFFECTS OF IRON MEDICATION SUCH AS NAUSEA,
VOMITING,GASTRIC DISCOMFORT, DIARRHOEA
OR CONSTIPATION.
 BREAST MILK MAY BE FED, BECAUSE IRON FROM
THE BREAST MILK IS ABSORBED BETTER THAN
THE IRON FROM THE TOP MILK

47. CONT…
 EARLY DETECTION AND TREATMENT OF
WORM INFESTATION,BLEEDING
DISORDER AND PREVENTION OF BLOOD
LOSS.
 REST IS ESSENTIAL TO LOWER THE
PATIENTS OXYGEN DEMAND.
 PROTECT THE PATIENTS FROM CHILLING.