Anemia of chronic disease and chronic kidney disease can have several underlying mechanisms. Hepcidin regulates iron availability and contributes to decreased red blood cell production in chronic inflammatory states. Cytokines like interleukin and tumor necrosis factor can destroy red blood cell precursors. In chronic kidney disease, there is a primary deficiency of erythropoietin production by interstitial fibroblasts in the kidneys, leading to anemia related to residual renal function. Anemia is common in later stages of chronic kidney disease and prevalence increases with age. Evaluation of anemia includes symptoms, physical exam, blood tests of red blood cell indices, peripheral smear, reticulocyte count, and potentially bone marrow biopsy.