This document provides an introduction to pharmacology. It defines key terms related to pharmacology and drug use, including pharmacology, therapeutics, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and more. It discusses the nature and classification of drugs, and principles from historians like Paracelsus, Withering, Hippocrates, and others regarding the therapeutic and toxic effects of substances. The document also recommends several reference books for further learning about pharmacology and related topics.
Pharmacology is study of the substances which interact with living system by activating or inhibiting normal body processes. It includes physical and chemical properties, biochemical and physiological effects, mechanism of action, therapeutic uses and adverse effects of drugs.
. Introduction to Pharmacology Course Title: Pharmacology I Course No.: PHAR 2113 Prepared by: Biswajit Biswas Reference: Goodman & Gilman’s Manual of Pharmacology and Therapeutics
2. Pharmacology Greek pharmakon : "drug“ ; and logia : "the study of“. Greek: Pharmacon (Drug) Modern Latin: Pharmacologia 18th Century: Pharmacology The branch of medicine concerned with the uses, effects, and modes of action of drugs.
3. Historic development of pharmacology Worlds oldest pharmacology - from India and China Materia medica (2735 B.C.) by Pan Tsao- contained mainly Plant and metal with few animal products Ayurveda - described by Charaka accordig to Rigveda (3000 B.C.) - includes 300 vegetable drugs , classified into 50 groups according to their effects on symptoms. Papyrus (1500 B.C.) discovered by Eber -700 drugs Modern medicine (from 450 B.C.) by Hippocrates- concept of disease as a pathologic process and organize pharmacology on the basis of observation, analysis and deduction.- use simple and efficacious drugs.
4. Allopathay (James gregory, 1753-1821) -treatment without any rational basis- use symptomatic treatment with obnoxious remedis. Homeopathy (Hanneman, 19th century)-
This is an introduction to Pharmacology, which is very helpful for nursing students. This presentation tells about classification, sources, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of drugs.
Introduction to essential Pharmacology for Advanced EMT and Paramedic Students. A bit long but a good lecture. Does not goo into individual drugs, that is later. This is JUST the introduction.
presented by: Miss Prajakta D. sawant, Lecturer at Genesis Institute of Pharmacy, radhanagari.
SECOND YEAR DIPLOMA IN PHARMACY. PHARMACOLOGY AND
TOXICOLOGY(0813).
Briefly described by Dr. Nizar Muhammad, with a clinical perspective, for the students of Pharmacy and specially for nursing students, the data is taken from an american book, named as Clinical Pharmacology_anonim.
Pharmacology is study of the substances which interact with living system by activating or inhibiting normal body processes. It includes physical and chemical properties, biochemical and physiological effects, mechanism of action, therapeutic uses and adverse effects of drugs.
. Introduction to Pharmacology Course Title: Pharmacology I Course No.: PHAR 2113 Prepared by: Biswajit Biswas Reference: Goodman & Gilman’s Manual of Pharmacology and Therapeutics
2. Pharmacology Greek pharmakon : "drug“ ; and logia : "the study of“. Greek: Pharmacon (Drug) Modern Latin: Pharmacologia 18th Century: Pharmacology The branch of medicine concerned with the uses, effects, and modes of action of drugs.
3. Historic development of pharmacology Worlds oldest pharmacology - from India and China Materia medica (2735 B.C.) by Pan Tsao- contained mainly Plant and metal with few animal products Ayurveda - described by Charaka accordig to Rigveda (3000 B.C.) - includes 300 vegetable drugs , classified into 50 groups according to their effects on symptoms. Papyrus (1500 B.C.) discovered by Eber -700 drugs Modern medicine (from 450 B.C.) by Hippocrates- concept of disease as a pathologic process and organize pharmacology on the basis of observation, analysis and deduction.- use simple and efficacious drugs.
4. Allopathay (James gregory, 1753-1821) -treatment without any rational basis- use symptomatic treatment with obnoxious remedis. Homeopathy (Hanneman, 19th century)-
This is an introduction to Pharmacology, which is very helpful for nursing students. This presentation tells about classification, sources, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of drugs.
Introduction to essential Pharmacology for Advanced EMT and Paramedic Students. A bit long but a good lecture. Does not goo into individual drugs, that is later. This is JUST the introduction.
presented by: Miss Prajakta D. sawant, Lecturer at Genesis Institute of Pharmacy, radhanagari.
SECOND YEAR DIPLOMA IN PHARMACY. PHARMACOLOGY AND
TOXICOLOGY(0813).
Briefly described by Dr. Nizar Muhammad, with a clinical perspective, for the students of Pharmacy and specially for nursing students, the data is taken from an american book, named as Clinical Pharmacology_anonim.
In a broad sense, the pharmacology deals with the study of drugs and their interactions with living systems. This study includes sources, chemical properties, dose, biological effects, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects of drugs. i.e. Pharmacology is the study of how drugs act on biological systems and how the body responds to the drug.
It comprises all aspects of knowledge about drugs, but most importantly those that are relevant to effective and safe use for medicinal purposes. Pharmacology integrates the knowledge of many disciplines, including medicine, pharmacy, dentistry, nursing, and veterinary medicine. This integrative nature allows pharmacology to make unique and significant contributions to human health.
Pharmacology is crucial for:
discovering new medicines to help fight diseases
improving the effectiveness of medicines
reducing unwanted side effects of medicines
understanding why individuals differ in the way they respond to certain drugs, and why some others cause addiction
Pharmacology is the branch of pharmaceutical sciences which is concerned with the study of drug or medication action, where a drug can be broadly defined as any man-made, natural, or endogenous molecule which exerts a biochemical or physiological effect on the cell, tissue, organ, or organism
1.1 Pharmacology- An Introduction
The word pharmacology is derived from two Greek words, pharmacon meaning a drug, and logos meaning an opinion or reason. It can be defined as
“The science which deals with the history, source, physical properties, chemical properties, compounding, biochemical effects, physiological effects, mechanism of action, absorption, distribution, biotransformation, excretion, therapeutic and other uses of drugs, is called pharmacology.”
“The study of a substance that interacts with the living system through chemical processes especially by binding to regulatory molecules and activates or inhibits normal body processes”
“The science of substances used to prevent, diagnose and treat disease.”
Drug:
The word drug comes from Drogue meaning a dry herb. A drug can be defined as:
“A substance, material or product used for the purpose of diagnosis, prevention and relief of symptoms or cure of disease.”
WHO defines drug as:
“A substance, material or product used or intended to be used to modify or explore the physiological processes or pathological states for the benefit of the recipient.”
General Features of a Drug:
• Variability in molecular size
• Variability in shape
• Variability in chemical nature
• Variability in lipid/water partition coefficient
• Variability in degree of ionization
• Physical Properties
• Variability in molecular size
Smaller sized molecules are easily absorbed than larger molecules. Normally the molecular weight is between 100-1000 but may be higher or lower. Streptokinase is an example of large molecular weight drug while lithium or nitric oxides are of small molecular weight.
• Variability in shape
This was the introductory class for BNS Ist yr on General Pharmacology. It tries to explain the evolution of the subject and the possible future. Hoping that this will help develop some interest on the subject.
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
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4. Recommended Books
•Katung B G. Basic and clinical pharmacology
11th Edition (New York) Mc Graw Hills
• Howland pilchard D. , Mary J. Mycek
Lippincott’s Illustrated reviews
Pharmacology 5th Edition
•Board review series -- Katzung,
Lippincott’s
• Pharmacology by H.P. Rang & M.M. Dale (6th edition)
5. MCQ / reference book
• For MCQs
• Pre-test Pharmacology by Marshal Shlafer (one best type) 11th
Edition
• Board review series (at end of each chapter)
• Katzung
• Lippincott’s
• Reference Book.
• Hardman J. Limbird LE: Goodman and Gilman’s the
pharmacology Basis of Therapeutics 11th Edition (New York) Mc
Graw Hills
6. Books
• Multiauthor Textbook of Pharmacology and Therapeutics
( volume I and Volume II)
• Prof Maqsood Cheema, prof Akhlaq-un-Nabi Khan and Prof S.M.
Yusuf
• Clinico-basic pharmacology
A rapid review for under graduates and post graduates ---
Muhammad Shamim and Ghazala Shamim
• Nauman’s textbook of Pharmacology 2nd edition
8. Pharmacology
A science which deals with the
study of substances that interact
with living systems
&
activating or inhibiting
normal body process
9. Therapeutics
• The branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of
disease
• Therapy ------ the act of caring for someone (as by
medication or remedial training)
• Treatment designated to eliminate disease (or bodily
disorders or derangement.) e.g.,
• Anticoagulant therapy, Immunosuppressive therapy, Gene therapy:
(It is the insertion of an appropriate healthy gene into somatic cells
for treatment.)
• Physiotherapy ---- Therapy that uses physical agents:
exercise and massage and other modalities
12. Pharm; Pertaining to drug
•Pharmacopeia
An authoritative treatise ( a formal, systematic written
presentation of a subject ) on drugs with their formulas and
preparations.
• British Pharmacopeia (B.P)
• British National Formulary (B.N.F)
• United States Pharmacopeia (U.S.P)
13. Pharm: Pertaining to drug
• Pharmacy --- The art of preparing or compounding and
dispensing of medicines or preparing suitable dosage forms
for administration of drugs to man or animals.
• A shop for compounding and dispensing drugs and medical supplies
• Pharmacist --- A person licensed to compound or dispense
drugs
• Pharmaceutics -- The large scale manufacture of drugs
14. •Pharmacognosy ----
identification of drugs
The study of biological, biochemical and economic
features of natural drugs and their constituents
•Materia medica --- The science of drug
preparation and the medical use of drugs.
15. • Pharmacogenomics: (
Pharmacogenetics)
• The study of genetic variations that cause
differences in drug response among individuals
or populations.
• Pharmacodiagnosis --- The use of drugs in diagnosis
•Posology--- It is the branch of
pharmacology which deals with the
doses of drugs
16. • Pharmacotherapeutics
• The application of pharmacological information together with
knowledge of the disease for its prevention or cure
• Therapeutic evaluation
• Whether a drug is of value and how it may best be used;
• (a) formal therapeutic trials
• (b) surveillance studies for both efficacy and adverse effects
• Rational therapeutics by
• Controlled clinical trials --- To accurately evaluate therapeutic
claims
17. • Medical pharmacology --- The science of substances
used to prevent, diagnose, and treat disease.
• Clinical pharmacology
• Scientific study of drugs in man to generate data for optimum use
of drugs
• Pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, evaluation of efficacy and
safety of drugs, comparative trials with other form of treatments,
and adverse effects
18. Toxicology
•That branch of pharmacology
which deals with the
undesirable effects of drugs
and chemicals on living
system
•Detection, prevention and
treatment of poisoning
19. Drug body interactions
Drug Body
(Pharmacodynamics)
(Pharmacokinetics)
• Pharmacdynamics ---
• It is the actions of drugs on the body
• pharmacological effects --- therapeutic / toxic effects produced by
the drug and its mechanism of action
• Pharmacokinetics
• It is the actions of body on the drug
• What happens with the drug in the body (absorption, distribution,
metabolism, and excretion)
21. Pharmacodynamics
• Where it acts?
(site of action)
• What are the effects ?
(pharmacological effects)
• How it acts?
(mechanism of action)
Pharmacokinetics
• Absorption
(locally or into the
blood from its site of
application)
• Distribution
(to its site of action or other non
required sites )
• Permeation
(through various membranes)
• Elimination by
Metabolism or Excretion
22. Drug (French; drogue, a dry herb)
Any substance that brings about a change in
biological function through its chemical
actions
23. Drug
•Any substance used for the
purpose of diagnosis,
prevention, relief or cure of a
disease in man or animal
• Drug (WHO, 1966)
“drug is any substance or product that is used or intended
to be used to modify or explore physiological systems or
pathological states for the benefit of the patients”
24. What is drug?
•A chemical substance of
known structure, other than a
nutrient or an essential dietary
ingredient, which, when
administered to a living
organism, produce a
biological effect.
25. Nature of drugs
• A drug is any substance that brings about a change in
biological function through its chemical actions. It reacts
with a regulator molecule called as receptor to show its
effects
• Hormones are drugs synthesized within the body
• Xenobiotics (Greek xenos; stranger)
• Chemicals not synthesized in the body ---
• Drugs synthesized in the pharmaceutical industries
• Poisons in small doses are drugs
26. Poisons and Toxins
• Poisons are drugs that have almost exclusively harmful
effects
• Toxins are poisons of biological origin ---synthesized by
plants or animals.
• Inorganic poisons ---- lead , arsenic
•Poisons in small doses are
drugs
27. Paracelsus (1493-1541)
•“All things are poisons and there is
nothing that is harmless, the dose
alone decides that something is no
poison”
•“The dose makes the
poison”
• All substances can be harmful if taken in the wrong doses
• Poisons in small doses are drugs
28. William withering (1741-1799)
•“Poisons in small doses are the
best medicine; and useful
medicines in too large doses are
poisonous” i.e., drugs are
useful poisons.
29. Drug / medicine
•A drug is a single chemical
substance that forms the
active ingredient of a
medicine
•Medicine = active
ingredient + excipient
30. Excipient
•An inert (or slightly active substance) used in
preparing medicines as a vehicle or
medium of administration for the
medicinal agents
•Substances in which an active
ingredient is incorporated to
formulate medicines
31. Excipient
•To deliver drugs in a stable form,
acceptable and convenient to the
patient
•May affect absorption as well as
solubility of the medicine
•Lactose, sucrose, starch,
calcium phosphate or lactate