This document provides an introduction to the pharmacology course taught by Dr. Anubhuti Khare. The goals of the course are to teach students how to safely and effectively prescribe drugs and maintain competency. Educational objectives include describing pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs, indicating appropriate drug use for different diseases while considering cost and safety, and integrating knowledge of addictive drugs and their management. The course also aims to explain pharmacological concepts like prescribing in special medical situations, rational drug therapy, and drug effects during pregnancy and lactation. Assessment methods include short notes, structured essay questions, and identifying drugs according to their uses and adverse effects.
At the end of this e-learning session you are able to…
A. Explain history of pharmacology and following fundamental definitions of:
Pharmacology, Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacokinetics, drug, Pharmacotherapeutics, clinical pharmacology, chemotherapy, Pharmacy, Pharmaceutics.
B. Discuss different aspects of drug nomenclature.
C. Explain essential medicine and Orphan drugs.
To support this channel you can through UPI ID: abushaikh07-yahoo.com@okhdfcbank
I am happy to share lecture series on different topics of Pharmacology experiments, Pharmacy practice, Clinical pharmacy and Pharmacology.
For 30+ video lecture series on Pharmacology Experiment as per PCI B Pharm Syllabus refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1Ba6WSJjeBaK0HMF79hdad3g
For 2+ video lecture series on Pharmacoeconomics refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BY8U1TnlcHttsRB8hwpoJRL
For 5+ video lecture series on Pharmacoepidemiology refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BbqIaLoMmuF0Bf66SMFZtnb
For 5+ video lecture series on Drug discovery refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1Bbn9IE6c4MagVHZMNNinJov
For 5+ video lecture series on Drugs used in Special population use link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BZAed7zkXxyrgomJx2sSwHR
For 5+ video lecture series on Adverse Drug Reaction use link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BbWpd06N6RcV2q0K3JT29Wv
For 2+ video lecture series on Therapeutic drug monitoring refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BZQtOerZuDjx4yo0eOeTHIy
For 26+ video lecture series on Drugs act on central nervous system refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BY9xHaplYCYG26ALtIQp5aC
For 6+ video lecture series on drugs act on Gastrointestinal tract refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BYgHRHwuarKTt96bu_2L5WK
To support this channel you can through UPI ID: abushaikh07-yahoo.com@okhdfcbank
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Website Blog: https://itasacademy.blogspot.com/
Pharmacology is study of the substances which interact with living system by activating or inhibiting normal body processes. It includes physical and chemical properties, biochemical and physiological effects, mechanism of action, therapeutic uses and adverse effects of drugs.
At the end of this e-learning session you are able to…
A. Explain history of pharmacology and following fundamental definitions of:
Pharmacology, Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacokinetics, drug, Pharmacotherapeutics, clinical pharmacology, chemotherapy, Pharmacy, Pharmaceutics.
B. Discuss different aspects of drug nomenclature.
C. Explain essential medicine and Orphan drugs.
To support this channel you can through UPI ID: abushaikh07-yahoo.com@okhdfcbank
I am happy to share lecture series on different topics of Pharmacology experiments, Pharmacy practice, Clinical pharmacy and Pharmacology.
For 30+ video lecture series on Pharmacology Experiment as per PCI B Pharm Syllabus refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1Ba6WSJjeBaK0HMF79hdad3g
For 2+ video lecture series on Pharmacoeconomics refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BY8U1TnlcHttsRB8hwpoJRL
For 5+ video lecture series on Pharmacoepidemiology refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BbqIaLoMmuF0Bf66SMFZtnb
For 5+ video lecture series on Drug discovery refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1Bbn9IE6c4MagVHZMNNinJov
For 5+ video lecture series on Drugs used in Special population use link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BZAed7zkXxyrgomJx2sSwHR
For 5+ video lecture series on Adverse Drug Reaction use link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BbWpd06N6RcV2q0K3JT29Wv
For 2+ video lecture series on Therapeutic drug monitoring refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BZQtOerZuDjx4yo0eOeTHIy
For 26+ video lecture series on Drugs act on central nervous system refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BY9xHaplYCYG26ALtIQp5aC
For 6+ video lecture series on drugs act on Gastrointestinal tract refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BYgHRHwuarKTt96bu_2L5WK
To support this channel you can through UPI ID: abushaikh07-yahoo.com@okhdfcbank
For More Such Learning You Can Subscribe to My YouTube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC5o-WkzmDJaF7udyAP2jtgw/featured?sub_confirmation=1
Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/asacademylearningforever
Website Blog: https://itasacademy.blogspot.com/
Pharmacology is study of the substances which interact with living system by activating or inhibiting normal body processes. It includes physical and chemical properties, biochemical and physiological effects, mechanism of action, therapeutic uses and adverse effects of drugs.
General Pharmacology Lecture Slides on introduction to Pharmacology by Sanjaya Mani Dixit Assistant Professor of Pharmacology at Kathmandu Medical College
1.1 Pharmacology- An Introduction
The word pharmacology is derived from two Greek words, pharmacon meaning a drug, and logos meaning an opinion or reason. It can be defined as
“The science which deals with the history, source, physical properties, chemical properties, compounding, biochemical effects, physiological effects, mechanism of action, absorption, distribution, biotransformation, excretion, therapeutic and other uses of drugs, is called pharmacology.”
“The study of a substance that interacts with the living system through chemical processes especially by binding to regulatory molecules and activates or inhibits normal body processes”
“The science of substances used to prevent, diagnose and treat disease.”
Drug:
The word drug comes from Drogue meaning a dry herb. A drug can be defined as:
“A substance, material or product used for the purpose of diagnosis, prevention and relief of symptoms or cure of disease.”
WHO defines drug as:
“A substance, material or product used or intended to be used to modify or explore the physiological processes or pathological states for the benefit of the recipient.”
General Features of a Drug:
• Variability in molecular size
• Variability in shape
• Variability in chemical nature
• Variability in lipid/water partition coefficient
• Variability in degree of ionization
• Physical Properties
• Variability in molecular size
Smaller sized molecules are easily absorbed than larger molecules. Normally the molecular weight is between 100-1000 but may be higher or lower. Streptokinase is an example of large molecular weight drug while lithium or nitric oxides are of small molecular weight.
• Variability in shape
This was the introductory class for BNS Ist yr on General Pharmacology. It tries to explain the evolution of the subject and the possible future. Hoping that this will help develop some interest on the subject.
This is to deal with UG Pharmacology entry label practical To know what are the various sources of drug information.
To select the appropriate source depending on the information.
To discuss briefly the role of electronic media in medicine.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
General Pharmacology Lecture Slides on introduction to Pharmacology by Sanjaya Mani Dixit Assistant Professor of Pharmacology at Kathmandu Medical College
1.1 Pharmacology- An Introduction
The word pharmacology is derived from two Greek words, pharmacon meaning a drug, and logos meaning an opinion or reason. It can be defined as
“The science which deals with the history, source, physical properties, chemical properties, compounding, biochemical effects, physiological effects, mechanism of action, absorption, distribution, biotransformation, excretion, therapeutic and other uses of drugs, is called pharmacology.”
“The study of a substance that interacts with the living system through chemical processes especially by binding to regulatory molecules and activates or inhibits normal body processes”
“The science of substances used to prevent, diagnose and treat disease.”
Drug:
The word drug comes from Drogue meaning a dry herb. A drug can be defined as:
“A substance, material or product used for the purpose of diagnosis, prevention and relief of symptoms or cure of disease.”
WHO defines drug as:
“A substance, material or product used or intended to be used to modify or explore the physiological processes or pathological states for the benefit of the recipient.”
General Features of a Drug:
• Variability in molecular size
• Variability in shape
• Variability in chemical nature
• Variability in lipid/water partition coefficient
• Variability in degree of ionization
• Physical Properties
• Variability in molecular size
Smaller sized molecules are easily absorbed than larger molecules. Normally the molecular weight is between 100-1000 but may be higher or lower. Streptokinase is an example of large molecular weight drug while lithium or nitric oxides are of small molecular weight.
• Variability in shape
This was the introductory class for BNS Ist yr on General Pharmacology. It tries to explain the evolution of the subject and the possible future. Hoping that this will help develop some interest on the subject.
This is to deal with UG Pharmacology entry label practical To know what are the various sources of drug information.
To select the appropriate source depending on the information.
To discuss briefly the role of electronic media in medicine.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
2. Goal
To impart knowledge, skills and attitudes to the
students so that they can prescribe drugs safely,
effectively and maintain competency in professional
life
To inculcate in them a rational and scientific basis
of therapeutics
3. Educational Objectives
• describe the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of
essential and commonly used drugs
• list the indications, contraindications, interactions and
adverse reactions of commonly used drugs
• indicate the use of appropriate drug in a particular disease
with consideration of its cost, efficacy and safety for
individual needs, and mass therapy under national health
programmes
•integrate the list the drugs of addiction and recommend the
management
•classify environmental and occupational pollutants and state
the management issues
4. Objectives
• explain pharmacological basis of prescribing drugs in
special medical situations such as pregnancy, lactation,
infancy, old age, renal and hepatic failure
• explain the concept of rational drug therapy in clinical
pharmacology with special focus to usage of
antimicrobial drugs
•prescribe drugs for the control of fertility and be aware
of the effects of drugs on the foetus
• describe the clinical presentation and management of
common poisoning including the bites and stings
5. Objectives
•state the principles underlying the concept of
`Essential Drugs’
• evaluate the ethics and modalities involved in the
development and introduction of new drugs
•understand principles of Evidence based Medicine
•understand the principles of pharmacoeconomics
6. Attitudes & Communication skills
•communicate with patients regarding proper use of
drug
•take adequate precaution during prescribing drug(s)
•understand the legal aspects of prescription
•counsel patients for compliance
•take adequate care to write prescriptions legibly
•understand rationality of poly pharmacy
•update themselves regarding recent advances
7. • Pharmacology is the science of drugs deals with
interaction of exogenously administered chemical
molecules with living systems.
• Greek: Pharmacon—drug; logos—discourse in
Any single chemical substance which can produce a
biological response is a ‘drug’.
• Oswald Schmiedeberg, regarded as the‘father of
pharmacology” fundamental concepts in
pharmacology (1838-1921)
8. Two important divisions
• Pharmacokinetics --- movement—what body
does to drug -- ADME
• Pharmacodynamics--- what drug does to the
body --- effects of drugs, M/A
9. Drug
• Any substance or product that is used or is
intended to be used to modify or explore
physiological systems or pathological states
for the benefit of the recipient
10. Some important defn.
• Clinical Pharmacology: scientific study of
drugs in man. includes pharmacodynamic and
pharmacokinetic investigation in healthy
volunteers and in patients
• Chemotherapy: It is the treatment of systemic
infection/malignancy with specific drugs that
have selective toxicity for the infecting
organism/ malignant cell
11. • Pharmacy It is the art and science of
compounding and dispensing drugs or
preparing suitable dosage forms for
administration of drugs to man or animals.
• Toxicology It is the study of poisonous effect
of drugs and other chemicals with emphasis
on detection, prevention and treatment of
poisonings.
12. Drug Nomenclature
• Chemical name
• Generic / Pharmacological name/Non-
proprietary name
• Brand name/Proprietary name
13. CHEMICAL NAME
• Given according to the structure
• Not convenient for prescription
• Significant for chemist
e.g. 1-(Isopropylamino)-3-(1-naphthyloxy)
propan-2-ol for propranolol
14. Non-proprietary name
• It is the name accepted by a competent scientific
body/authority
United States Adopted Name (USAN) by the USAN council
BritishApproved name (BAN)
The nonproprietary names of newer drugs are kept uniform
by an agreement to use the Recommended International
Nonproprietary Name (rINN) in all member countries of the
WHO
many older drugs still have more than one non-proprietary
names, e.g. ‘meperidine’ and ‘pethidine’ or
‘lidocaine’ and ‘lignocaine’ for the same drugs
15. Proprietary (Brand) name
• It is the name assigned by the manufacturer(s)
and is his property or trade mark
• One drug may have multiple proprietary
names, e.g. ALTOL, ATCARDIL, ATECOR, ATEN,
BETACARD, LONOL, TENOLOL, TENORMIN for
atenolol from different manufacturers
16. CHEMICAL NAME GENERIC NAME PROPRIETARY NAME
ACETYL SALICYLIC ACIS ASPIRIN DISPIRIN
AMINO BENZYL PENICILLIN AMPICILLIN ROSCILLIN
DIPHENYL HYDANTOIN PHENYTOIN DILANTIN
17. Pharmacopoeias
• They contain description of chemical
structure, molecular weight, physical and
chemical characteristics, solubility,
identification and assay methods, standards of
purity, storage conditions and dosage forms of
officially approved drugs in a country
Official code
18. Formularies
• Produced in easily carried booklet form, they
list indications, dose, dosage forms,
contraindications, precautions, adverse effects
and storage of selected drugs that are
available for medicinal use in a country
British National Formulary (BNF)
National Formulary of India (NFI)
19. Recommended books for undergraduates
1.Essentials of Medical Pharmacology by K.D.Tripathi
(Prescribed)
2.Medical Pharmacology 3rd edition by Dr Padmaja Udaykumar
(Prescribed)
3.Principles of Pharmacology by H.L.Sharma, K.K.Sharma
(Prescribed)
4.Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics. R.S Sathoskar and
Bhandarkar (Prescribed)
5.Basic and Clinical Pharmacology Lange publications by
Bertram G Katzung (Reference)
6.Pharmacology by HP Rang. M M Dale, J.M Ritter, P.K.Morore
(reference)
7. The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics by Goodman &
Gilman (reference)
20. Paper I
General Pharmacology, ANS, CVS, blood, diuretics, CNS,
autacoids, Respiratory System
I. Clinical Problem (1) = 5 marks
II. Structured essay questions (1) = 5 marks
III. Short notes (4 x3 = 12 marks)
IV. Give reasons for the following (5 x1 = 5)
V. Give two uses and two adverse effects specific to
the drug (4 x1= 4)
VI. Choose the drug and justify (5 x 1 = 5)
VII. Name two drugs (½ x 8 = 4)
21. Paper II
(Topics: GIT, Hormones, antibiotics, chemotherapy and miscellaneous)
I. Clinical problem ( 1) = 5 marks
II. Structured essay questions (1) = 5 marks
III. Short notes (4 x3 = 12 marks)
IV. Give reasons for the following (5 x1 = 5)
V. Specify the mechanism of action of the following drugs
(3 x1 = 3)
VI. Specify the spectrum (highly susceptible organism) for
the following agents (2x1=2)
VII. Give two uses and two adverse effects specific to the
drug (4 x1= 4)
VIII. Name two drugs (½ x 8 = 4)