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• Between 1814 and 1815, the European
countries that had defeated Napoleon met in
the Congress of Vienna.
• Metternich, Austrian Chancellor, was the
organiser.
• His goals:
– To restore absolutism to Europe.
– Remodel the map of Europe.
CONGRESS OF VIENNA
Congress of Vienna
 At the Congress of Vienna, the chief goal is the
balance of power and the return to the Ancien
Régime.
 Leaders feel no one country should have too
much power in Europe.
 Leaders that were deposed by Napoleon are
restored to power.
 France is weakened, but remains intact.
• Main leaders at the
Congress of Viena:
Metternich (Austria),
Castlereagh (Gran
Bretaña), Alejandro I
(Rusia), Prusia
(Humbolt) and France
(Talleyrand).
• Spain participated as a
second order country.
Metternich
LOS PILARES
DEL
CONGRESO
DE VIENA
EL LEGITIMISMO: SÓLO LAS VIEJAS DINASTÍAS POSEÍAN
LA SUFICIENTE LEGITIMIDAD HISTÓRICA PARA REINAR
EL ABSOLUTISMO MONÁRQUICO COMO FORMA NATURAL
DE GOBIERNO (GRAN BRETAÑA SERÍA LA EXCEPCIÓN)
DEFENSA DE LA IGLESIA Y LOS VALORES TRADICIONALES
EL EQUILIBRIO DE PODER ENTRE LAS GRANDES POTENCIAS
COMO MEJOR GARANTÍA DE ASEGURAR LA PAZ
CONGRESOS PERIÓDICOS COMO MEJOR INSTRUMENTO
PARA RESOLVER LOS CONFLICTOS ENTRE LAS NACIONES
EL DERECHO A INTERVENIR EN TERCERAS NACIONES
CUANDO SE ATENTE CONTRA LOS PRINCIPIOS DE VIENA.
CREACIÓN DE LA SANTA ALIANZA (AUSTRIA-PRUSIA-RUSIA)
UN NUEVO MAPA DE EUROPA BASADO EN EL EQUILIBRIO
ENTRE LAS GRANDES POTENCIAS Y EL PRINCIPIO DE
NACIONES DOMINADORAS Y NACIONES DOMINADAS
NEW MAP OF EUROPE
 Reduce France to its old boundaries - her frontiers were
pushed back to 1790 level. France was deprived of all
territory conquered by Napoléon.
 Russia was given most of Poland and Finland.
 Prussia was given half of Saxony, Renania and the Sarre.
 A Germanic Confederation of 39 states (including Prussia)
was created from the previous 300, under Austrian rule.
 Austria was given back territory it had lost recently, plus
more in Germany and Italy (Venice and Lombardía).
 The Austrian Netherlands (Belgium) and the Netherlands
got united.
 Sweden and Norway were joined.
EL NUEVO MAPA NACIDO DE VIENA
Louis XVIII (r. 1814-1824)
THE HOLY ALLIANCE
• It was a treaty between Austria, Prussia and
Russia, later also France. They all had to help
each other in case of a liberal revolution in any
of the European countries.
FRANCISCO DE AUSTRIAALEJANDRO
DE RUSIA
FEDERICO DE PRUSIA
Poco después
se sumaría
Francia
REPERCUSIONES TERRITORIALES Y POLÍTICAS DEL CONGRESO DE VIENA
LOS GRANDES VENCEDORES
 AUSTRIA: GANA TERRITORIOS POR EL NORTE DE ITALIA Y PARTE DE POLONIA
 RUSIA: SE NEXIONA FINLANDIA Y LA MAYOR PARTE DE POLONIA
 PRUSIA: SE EXTIENDE POR LA ORILLA IZQUIERDA DEL RIN Y PARTE DE POLONIA
 SUECIA: SE ANEXIONA NORUEGA
 HOLANDA, ENGRANDECIDA A COSTA DE BÉLGICA
 GRAN BRETAÑA: DOMINA LAS RUTAS MARÍTIMAS Y LA ISLA DE MALTA
LOS GRANDES PERDEDORES
 FRANCIA: VUELVE A LAS FRONTERAS DE 1789
 TODOS AQUELLOS PUEBLOS Y NACIONES SIN ESTADO Y SOMETIDOS A LA
AUTORIDAD DE OTRAS POTENCIAS: POLACOS, ITALIANOS, NORUEGOS, FINESES
BELGAS, RUMANOS, HÚNGAROS, ESLOVENOS, CROATAS..ETC.
 A LOS QUE HABÍA QUE SUMAR LOS PUEBLOS CRISTIANOS SOMETIDOS POR LOS
TURCOS DESDE HACÍA MUCHO TIEMPO: GRIEGOS, BOSNIOS, BÚLGAROS, SERBIOS
RUMANOS, ALBANESES..ETC.
• HOWEVER, the French Revolution had left its
mark and the new system was unable to
prevent the growth of liberal and nationalists
movements.
• Soon this system will begin to collapse.
LIBERALISM
• It is an ideology and a
political and ideological
doctrine, based on the
concept that society is
made of free citizens who
have fundamental rights.
• Principles of liberalism:
National sovereignty. Representatives chosen by
voting.
Three separate branches of power.
A constitution establishes the rights and duties of
citizens.
 Economically, right to property and a free
market economy.
LIBERAL REVOLUTIONS
• Uprisings, usually lead by the bourgeoisie, that
tried to get the collapse of absolutism.
• Liberalism didn’t give rise to a new democracy.
Census suffrage meant that only rich people
could vote.
NATIONALISM
• Nationalism is a political ideology that defends
the right of nations to create their own state.
STATE vs. NATION
• The nation can be defined as a group of
individuals who have a set of their own
cultural ties (language, race, religion, common
history…) and choose to live together.
• The state is the political and administrative
organisation that exercises power over a
specific territory.
• Under the Ancien Régime, different European
nations were subject to the same laws, imposed
by the empire they were part of (Russian,
Austrian and Ottoman).
• Other countries were divided between several
states (Germany and Italy).
There will be nationalist movements or uprisings
to form new nations (separation from an empire).
For example, Greece from the Ottoman Empire.
And there will be nationalist movements of union
of different states to form new nations. For
example, Italy or Germany.
THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1820
 THEY BEGAN IN SPAIN, WITH LIBERAL NATURE.
 IT WILL SPREAD TO PORTUGAL, NAPLES, RUSSIA AND THE PIAMONTE (LIBERAL REVOLUTIONS)
 IN GREECE AND THE AMERICAN SPANISH COLONIES WILL HAVE A NATIONALIST NATURE.
•THE LIBERAL MOVEMENTS WILL
FAIL DUE TO THE HOLY ALLIANCE
INTERVENTION. IN SPAIN, THE
100.000 SONS OF SAINT LOUIS WILL
GIVE BACK THE ABSOLUTE THRONE
TO FERDINAND VII.
• THE NATIONALIST MOVEMENTS IN
GREEECE AND THE AMERICAN
COLONIES WILL SUCCEED. GREECE
WILL GAIN INDEPENDENCE FROM
THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE (1821-29).
AND ALMOST ALL THE AMERICAN
SPANISH COLONIES WILL GAIN
INDEPENCE FROM SPAIN.
LA DERROTA ESPAÑOLA EN LA BATALLA DE
AYACUCHO (PERÚ. 1824) SUPUSO LA PRÁCTICA
DESAPARICIÓN DEL IMPERIO ESPAÑOL EN
AMÉRICA. NINGUNA GRAN POTENCIA PRESTÓ
SU APOYO A ESPAÑA. NACÍAN LAS NUEVAS
NACIONES LATINOAMERICANAS
EN 1829 NACÍA LA PEQUEÑA GRECIA,
DESPUÉS DE UNA LARGA GUERRA EN LA
QUE LA INTERVENCIÓN DE INGLESES,
RUSOS Y FRANCESES FUE DECISIVA PARA
PODER DERROTAR AL IMPERIO TURCO
LOS ÉXITOS DE 1820
After-Effects: 1820s-1830s
• Revolutions broke out
in Latin America
because Spain was no
longer strong enough to
control its territory.
• The most famous
revolutionary was
Simón Bolivar
THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1830
• A series of revolutionary uprisings led by the
bourgeoisie, with the support of the masses.
They happened in various parts of Europe.
Their aim was to implement a moderate
liberalism, with a consittition with census
suffrage.
• There were liberal uprisings (France, Spain) as
well as nationalist uprisings (Belgium, Poland,
Italy and Germany).
• In France, Charles X,
Luis XVIII’s successor,
had restablished the
absolutism.
• After the revolution
in 1830, he was
forced to abdicate
and the new king
would be Luis Felipe
de Orleans, who
established a
moderate liberalism
with census suffrage.
Luis Felipe de OrleansCarlos X
La libertad guiando al pueblo. Delacroix. Francia. 1830
• Belgium gained independence from the
Netherlands. Its new king would be Leopoldo I
(as a constitutional king).
• Spain changed from absolutism to liberalism,
after the Guerras Carlistas.
• In Poland, Germany and Italy, the revolutions
didn’t succeed, the absolutist governments in
Russia, Prussia and Austria will defeat them.
LA OLEADA REVOLUCIONARIA DE 1830:
 EN FRANCIA Y ALEMANIA DE CARÁCTER
FUNDAMENTALMENTE LIBERAL
 EN BÉLGICA, POLONIA E ITALIA DE CARÁCTER
FUNDAMENTALMENTE NACIONALISTA
Arranca en Francia
THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848
• In 1848, a series of revolutions took place called for the
introduction of democratic principles (universal
suffrage, sovereignty of the people and social equality).
• It began in France. And It finished when Luis Felipe de
Orleans abdicated, the Second Republic was
proclaimed.
• There were also nationalist revolutions: Italians, Czechs
and Hungarians all rebelled against Austria. But these
movements failed.
• Germans attempted to create a parliament for the first
time. They also failed.
LA OLEADA REVOLUCIONARIA DE 1848: “LA PRIMAVERA DE LOS PUEBLOS”
LA OLEADA DEL 48 ARRANCA EN
FRANCIA, DE CLARO CARÁCTER
LIBERAL, PARA EXTENDERSE A
ITALIA, ALEMANIA Y AUSTRIA,
DONDE SE COMBINARÁN LAS
REIVINDICACIONES LIBERALES
CON LAS NACIONALISTAS
SALVO EN EL CASO DE FRANCIA,
LA OLEADA SE SALDÓ CON UN
ROTUNDO FRACASO EN EL RESTO
DE LOS PAÍSES
NAPOLEÓN III. EL SEGUNDO IMPERIO FRANCÉS (1851-1870)
 Sobrino de Napoleón Bonaparte, se proclamará emperador
de Francia en 1852, poco después del autogolpe de 1851, y con
el clamor de las masas
 Durante su reinado iniciará una campaña de expansión
territorial (África, Sudeste asiático, México) que pondrá las
bases del futuro imperio colonial francés
 Favoreció los movimientos nacionalistas frente a los viejos
imperios.
 Se convirtió en el principal defensor del Papa y los Estados
Pontificios
 Convencido de ser el auténtico árbitro de Europa, midió mal el
desafío alemán que le llevó a enfrentarse con la pujante Prusia
y que se tradujo en la derrota de Francia y el fin del segundo y
último imperio francés en 1870
Napoleón III conversa con Bismarck, canciller prusiano,
después de la derrota de Sedán en 1870
CURIOSIDAD,
NO PARA EL
EXAMEN
DESPUÉS DE LA OLEADA REVOLUCIONARIA DE 1848
EL ANTIGUO RÉGIMEN HABÍA DESAPARECIDO DE LA
MAYOR PARTE DE EUROPA. EL PROBLEMA NACIONALISTA NO
PERVIVIRÁ EL PROBLEMA
NACIONALISTA, NO
RESUELTO HASTA 1919
PREVIOUS SITUATION. A DIVIDED ITALY
 REINO DEL PIAMONTE Y CERDEÑA (bajo la
autoridad de la dinastía de los Saboya)
 TERRITORIOS BAJO CONTROL DE AUSTRIA
* Reino Lombardo-Véneto
* Ducados de Parma, Módena y
Toscana
 ESTADOS PONTIFICIOS (bajo autoridad del
Papa de Roma)
 REINO DE LAS DOS SICILIAS (Nápoles y
Sicilia), bajo la autoridad de los Borbones
LOS MOTORES DE LA UNIFICACIÓN
CULTURALES: UNA HISTORIA, UNA LENGUA, UNAS TRADICIONES Y UNA RELIGIÓN COMUNES
ECONÓMICOS: LA NECESIDAD DE CONSTRUIR UN MERCADO NACIONAL, LA GRAN DEMANDA DE LA
BURGUESÍA INDUSTRIAL DEL NORTE
POLÍTICOS: DOS PROYECTOS SIMULTÁNEOS, PERO DISTINTOS DE UNIFICACIÓN:
 EL ENCABEZADO POR EL PIAMONTE Y SU REY VÍCTOR MANUEL: una Italia unida, monárquica
y liberal
 EL LIDERADO POR GARIBALDI (con ideas de MAZZINI) Y SUS CAMISAS ROJAS: una Italia unida,
republicana y democrática
LOS PROTAGONISTAS. EL PROYECTO DE VÍCTOR MANUEL Y SU MINISTRO CAVOUR
Víctor Manuel, futuro
primer rey de Italia
Conde de Cavour, primer ministro
del Piamonte y auténtico cerebro de la
unificación italiana
THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY
• Prior to 1860 Italy was made up of 8 small states,
some of which were controlled by Austria or
France.
• Piedmont (el Piamonte) will lead the unification
of Italian states, with its king was Víctor Manuel
de Saboya and his minister Cavour. They
convinced several states in the north to join
together peacefully.
THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY
• After that they declared the war to Austria and
the region of Lombardia was annexed to the
Piedmont.
• In the south, Garibaldi (he was a republican and a
charismatic leader) with an army of 1000 soldiers
(los 1000 camisas rojas) conquered the Kingdom
of the Two Sicilies (Naples and Sicily).
• Víctor Manuel became king of Italy.
• In 1870, Austria left the Veneto and the Papal
States joined Italy.
• By 1871, Rome will be the new capital of the
modern Italy.
GARIBALDI REPRESENTA AL HÉROE
ROMÁNTICO, RADICAL Y REPUBLICANO
POR EXCELENCIA DEL SIGLO XIX.
AUNQUE LOGRÓ EXPULSAR A LOS BORBONES
DEL REINO DE LAS DOS SICILIAS EN 1860 CON
SUS CAMISAS ROJAS, TERMINARÍA CEDIÉNDOLO
A VÍCTOR MANUEL, A QUIEN RECONOCERÍA
COMO NUEVO REY DE ITALIA EN 1861
GARIBALDI, EL OTRO PROTAGONISTA DE LA
UNIFICACIÓN ITALIANA
LA CESIÓN DE GARIBALDI A VÍCTOR MANUEL (1861)
1861 Garibaldi cede el Reino de las Dos Sicilias a V. Manuel
LA NUEVA ITALIA UNIFICADA. LAS SOMBRAS
 Tremendo desequilibrio entre un norte rico e industrializado y un sur pobre y rural
 El enfrentamiento con la Iglesia católica, que se negaba a reconocer el nuevo estado italiano
 Las reivindicaciones territoriales pendientes (Tirol e Istria) que quedaban fuera de la nueva Italia
unificada y se convertirán en el eje principal de la política exterior italiana
LA SITUACIÓN PREVIA. LA CONFEDERACIÓN GERMÁNICA
CREADA EN 1815, LA CONFEDERACIÓN GERMÁNICA ES EL ANTECEDENTE MÁS DIRECTO DE LA
ALEMANIA UNIFICADA. COMPUESTA POR 39 ESTADOS SOBERANOS DE LENGUA ALEMANA,
DESTACABAN DOS POR ENCIMA DE TODOS LOS DEMÁS: AUSTRIA Y PRUSIA, LOS PAÍSES LLAMADOS
A LIDERAR LA UNIFICACIÓN ALEMANA
LOS MOTORES DE LA UNIFICACIÓN
Culturales: un pasado, unas tradiciones y una lengua comunes
GoetheWagner
Económicos: la construcción de un gran mercado nacional
El Zollverein, la unión aduanera
impulsada por Prusia en 1834 y a la
que se sumaron muchos de los
estados germánicos (nunca Austria)
constituye el precedente más directo
de lo que sería el futuro mercado
nacional alemán
El mismo papel jugaron la construcción
del ferrocarril y la adopción de una
misma moneda, ambas medidas
impulsadas por Prusia
LOS MOTORES POLÍTICOS DE LA UNIFICACIÓN: EL PROYECTO DE BISMARCK
Nombrado canciller de Prusia en 1862, de inmediato
comenzó a dar los primeros pasos hacia una Alemania
unificada en torno a la rica e industrializada Prusia
Otto von Bismarck
Su objetivo final: la construcción de una gran Alemania
bajo la corona del rey Guillermo y alejada de cualquier
carácter democrático o radical
Su estrategia: la formación de un gran ejército y una
habilidosa diplomacia exterior
Sus principales obstáculos: Austria y Francia, temerosas
del expansionismo prusiano
• Germany was divided in 39 states.
• Austria and Prussia were the strongest of all them.
• In 1834, Prussia created a customs union (Zollverein)
that united the majority of German states (not Austria).
• In 1861, Guillermo I, king of Prussia, and his cancellor
Otto von Bismarck, gave the first steps to get an united
Germany.
• War was declared to Denmark, Austria and finally
France. Prussia triumphed in all these conflicts.
• In 1871, Guillermo I was proclaimed kaiser
(emperador) of the Second German Empire (Reich).
• The unification of Germany was complete.
LOS PASOS/GUERRA HACIA LA UNIFICACIÓN
LOS PASOS/GUERRAS HACIA LA UNIFICACIÓN
LA ALEMANIA UNIFICADA: EL II REICH
La nueva Alemania se convertía en el segundo imperio alemán, un gigante europeo en extensión,
población y poderío económico y militar
Al frente, Guillermo I, el káiser, apoyado en el canciller Bismarck, el hombre que se convertirá en el
auténtico árbitro de las relaciones internacionales europeas durante los siguientes veinte años
El II Reich adoptaba una forma de gobierno liberal conservadora, donde el emperador mantenía
importantes atribuciones y una organización territorial de carácter federal
Guillermo I Bismarck

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Restoration and liberal revolutions

  • 1.
  • 2. • Between 1814 and 1815, the European countries that had defeated Napoleon met in the Congress of Vienna. • Metternich, Austrian Chancellor, was the organiser. • His goals: – To restore absolutism to Europe. – Remodel the map of Europe. CONGRESS OF VIENNA
  • 3.
  • 4. Congress of Vienna  At the Congress of Vienna, the chief goal is the balance of power and the return to the Ancien Régime.  Leaders feel no one country should have too much power in Europe.  Leaders that were deposed by Napoleon are restored to power.  France is weakened, but remains intact.
  • 5. • Main leaders at the Congress of Viena: Metternich (Austria), Castlereagh (Gran Bretaña), Alejandro I (Rusia), Prusia (Humbolt) and France (Talleyrand). • Spain participated as a second order country. Metternich
  • 6.
  • 7. LOS PILARES DEL CONGRESO DE VIENA EL LEGITIMISMO: SÓLO LAS VIEJAS DINASTÍAS POSEÍAN LA SUFICIENTE LEGITIMIDAD HISTÓRICA PARA REINAR EL ABSOLUTISMO MONÁRQUICO COMO FORMA NATURAL DE GOBIERNO (GRAN BRETAÑA SERÍA LA EXCEPCIÓN) DEFENSA DE LA IGLESIA Y LOS VALORES TRADICIONALES EL EQUILIBRIO DE PODER ENTRE LAS GRANDES POTENCIAS COMO MEJOR GARANTÍA DE ASEGURAR LA PAZ CONGRESOS PERIÓDICOS COMO MEJOR INSTRUMENTO PARA RESOLVER LOS CONFLICTOS ENTRE LAS NACIONES EL DERECHO A INTERVENIR EN TERCERAS NACIONES CUANDO SE ATENTE CONTRA LOS PRINCIPIOS DE VIENA. CREACIÓN DE LA SANTA ALIANZA (AUSTRIA-PRUSIA-RUSIA) UN NUEVO MAPA DE EUROPA BASADO EN EL EQUILIBRIO ENTRE LAS GRANDES POTENCIAS Y EL PRINCIPIO DE NACIONES DOMINADORAS Y NACIONES DOMINADAS
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10. NEW MAP OF EUROPE  Reduce France to its old boundaries - her frontiers were pushed back to 1790 level. France was deprived of all territory conquered by Napoléon.  Russia was given most of Poland and Finland.  Prussia was given half of Saxony, Renania and the Sarre.  A Germanic Confederation of 39 states (including Prussia) was created from the previous 300, under Austrian rule.  Austria was given back territory it had lost recently, plus more in Germany and Italy (Venice and Lombardía).  The Austrian Netherlands (Belgium) and the Netherlands got united.  Sweden and Norway were joined.
  • 11.
  • 12. EL NUEVO MAPA NACIDO DE VIENA
  • 13. Louis XVIII (r. 1814-1824)
  • 14. THE HOLY ALLIANCE • It was a treaty between Austria, Prussia and Russia, later also France. They all had to help each other in case of a liberal revolution in any of the European countries. FRANCISCO DE AUSTRIAALEJANDRO DE RUSIA FEDERICO DE PRUSIA Poco después se sumaría Francia
  • 15. REPERCUSIONES TERRITORIALES Y POLÍTICAS DEL CONGRESO DE VIENA LOS GRANDES VENCEDORES  AUSTRIA: GANA TERRITORIOS POR EL NORTE DE ITALIA Y PARTE DE POLONIA  RUSIA: SE NEXIONA FINLANDIA Y LA MAYOR PARTE DE POLONIA  PRUSIA: SE EXTIENDE POR LA ORILLA IZQUIERDA DEL RIN Y PARTE DE POLONIA  SUECIA: SE ANEXIONA NORUEGA  HOLANDA, ENGRANDECIDA A COSTA DE BÉLGICA  GRAN BRETAÑA: DOMINA LAS RUTAS MARÍTIMAS Y LA ISLA DE MALTA LOS GRANDES PERDEDORES  FRANCIA: VUELVE A LAS FRONTERAS DE 1789  TODOS AQUELLOS PUEBLOS Y NACIONES SIN ESTADO Y SOMETIDOS A LA AUTORIDAD DE OTRAS POTENCIAS: POLACOS, ITALIANOS, NORUEGOS, FINESES BELGAS, RUMANOS, HÚNGAROS, ESLOVENOS, CROATAS..ETC.  A LOS QUE HABÍA QUE SUMAR LOS PUEBLOS CRISTIANOS SOMETIDOS POR LOS TURCOS DESDE HACÍA MUCHO TIEMPO: GRIEGOS, BOSNIOS, BÚLGAROS, SERBIOS RUMANOS, ALBANESES..ETC.
  • 16. • HOWEVER, the French Revolution had left its mark and the new system was unable to prevent the growth of liberal and nationalists movements. • Soon this system will begin to collapse.
  • 17.
  • 18. LIBERALISM • It is an ideology and a political and ideological doctrine, based on the concept that society is made of free citizens who have fundamental rights.
  • 19. • Principles of liberalism: National sovereignty. Representatives chosen by voting. Three separate branches of power. A constitution establishes the rights and duties of citizens.  Economically, right to property and a free market economy.
  • 20. LIBERAL REVOLUTIONS • Uprisings, usually lead by the bourgeoisie, that tried to get the collapse of absolutism. • Liberalism didn’t give rise to a new democracy. Census suffrage meant that only rich people could vote.
  • 21. NATIONALISM • Nationalism is a political ideology that defends the right of nations to create their own state. STATE vs. NATION • The nation can be defined as a group of individuals who have a set of their own cultural ties (language, race, religion, common history…) and choose to live together. • The state is the political and administrative organisation that exercises power over a specific territory.
  • 22. • Under the Ancien Régime, different European nations were subject to the same laws, imposed by the empire they were part of (Russian, Austrian and Ottoman). • Other countries were divided between several states (Germany and Italy). There will be nationalist movements or uprisings to form new nations (separation from an empire). For example, Greece from the Ottoman Empire. And there will be nationalist movements of union of different states to form new nations. For example, Italy or Germany.
  • 23.
  • 24. THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1820  THEY BEGAN IN SPAIN, WITH LIBERAL NATURE.  IT WILL SPREAD TO PORTUGAL, NAPLES, RUSSIA AND THE PIAMONTE (LIBERAL REVOLUTIONS)  IN GREECE AND THE AMERICAN SPANISH COLONIES WILL HAVE A NATIONALIST NATURE. •THE LIBERAL MOVEMENTS WILL FAIL DUE TO THE HOLY ALLIANCE INTERVENTION. IN SPAIN, THE 100.000 SONS OF SAINT LOUIS WILL GIVE BACK THE ABSOLUTE THRONE TO FERDINAND VII. • THE NATIONALIST MOVEMENTS IN GREEECE AND THE AMERICAN COLONIES WILL SUCCEED. GREECE WILL GAIN INDEPENDENCE FROM THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE (1821-29). AND ALMOST ALL THE AMERICAN SPANISH COLONIES WILL GAIN INDEPENCE FROM SPAIN.
  • 25. LA DERROTA ESPAÑOLA EN LA BATALLA DE AYACUCHO (PERÚ. 1824) SUPUSO LA PRÁCTICA DESAPARICIÓN DEL IMPERIO ESPAÑOL EN AMÉRICA. NINGUNA GRAN POTENCIA PRESTÓ SU APOYO A ESPAÑA. NACÍAN LAS NUEVAS NACIONES LATINOAMERICANAS EN 1829 NACÍA LA PEQUEÑA GRECIA, DESPUÉS DE UNA LARGA GUERRA EN LA QUE LA INTERVENCIÓN DE INGLESES, RUSOS Y FRANCESES FUE DECISIVA PARA PODER DERROTAR AL IMPERIO TURCO LOS ÉXITOS DE 1820
  • 26. After-Effects: 1820s-1830s • Revolutions broke out in Latin America because Spain was no longer strong enough to control its territory. • The most famous revolutionary was Simón Bolivar
  • 27. THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1830 • A series of revolutionary uprisings led by the bourgeoisie, with the support of the masses. They happened in various parts of Europe. Their aim was to implement a moderate liberalism, with a consittition with census suffrage. • There were liberal uprisings (France, Spain) as well as nationalist uprisings (Belgium, Poland, Italy and Germany).
  • 28. • In France, Charles X, Luis XVIII’s successor, had restablished the absolutism. • After the revolution in 1830, he was forced to abdicate and the new king would be Luis Felipe de Orleans, who established a moderate liberalism with census suffrage. Luis Felipe de OrleansCarlos X
  • 29. La libertad guiando al pueblo. Delacroix. Francia. 1830
  • 30. • Belgium gained independence from the Netherlands. Its new king would be Leopoldo I (as a constitutional king). • Spain changed from absolutism to liberalism, after the Guerras Carlistas. • In Poland, Germany and Italy, the revolutions didn’t succeed, the absolutist governments in Russia, Prussia and Austria will defeat them.
  • 31. LA OLEADA REVOLUCIONARIA DE 1830:  EN FRANCIA Y ALEMANIA DE CARÁCTER FUNDAMENTALMENTE LIBERAL  EN BÉLGICA, POLONIA E ITALIA DE CARÁCTER FUNDAMENTALMENTE NACIONALISTA Arranca en Francia
  • 32. THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848 • In 1848, a series of revolutions took place called for the introduction of democratic principles (universal suffrage, sovereignty of the people and social equality). • It began in France. And It finished when Luis Felipe de Orleans abdicated, the Second Republic was proclaimed. • There were also nationalist revolutions: Italians, Czechs and Hungarians all rebelled against Austria. But these movements failed. • Germans attempted to create a parliament for the first time. They also failed.
  • 33. LA OLEADA REVOLUCIONARIA DE 1848: “LA PRIMAVERA DE LOS PUEBLOS” LA OLEADA DEL 48 ARRANCA EN FRANCIA, DE CLARO CARÁCTER LIBERAL, PARA EXTENDERSE A ITALIA, ALEMANIA Y AUSTRIA, DONDE SE COMBINARÁN LAS REIVINDICACIONES LIBERALES CON LAS NACIONALISTAS SALVO EN EL CASO DE FRANCIA, LA OLEADA SE SALDÓ CON UN ROTUNDO FRACASO EN EL RESTO DE LOS PAÍSES
  • 34.
  • 35.
  • 36. NAPOLEÓN III. EL SEGUNDO IMPERIO FRANCÉS (1851-1870)  Sobrino de Napoleón Bonaparte, se proclamará emperador de Francia en 1852, poco después del autogolpe de 1851, y con el clamor de las masas  Durante su reinado iniciará una campaña de expansión territorial (África, Sudeste asiático, México) que pondrá las bases del futuro imperio colonial francés  Favoreció los movimientos nacionalistas frente a los viejos imperios.  Se convirtió en el principal defensor del Papa y los Estados Pontificios  Convencido de ser el auténtico árbitro de Europa, midió mal el desafío alemán que le llevó a enfrentarse con la pujante Prusia y que se tradujo en la derrota de Francia y el fin del segundo y último imperio francés en 1870 Napoleón III conversa con Bismarck, canciller prusiano, después de la derrota de Sedán en 1870 CURIOSIDAD, NO PARA EL EXAMEN
  • 37. DESPUÉS DE LA OLEADA REVOLUCIONARIA DE 1848 EL ANTIGUO RÉGIMEN HABÍA DESAPARECIDO DE LA MAYOR PARTE DE EUROPA. EL PROBLEMA NACIONALISTA NO PERVIVIRÁ EL PROBLEMA NACIONALISTA, NO RESUELTO HASTA 1919
  • 38.
  • 39. PREVIOUS SITUATION. A DIVIDED ITALY  REINO DEL PIAMONTE Y CERDEÑA (bajo la autoridad de la dinastía de los Saboya)  TERRITORIOS BAJO CONTROL DE AUSTRIA * Reino Lombardo-Véneto * Ducados de Parma, Módena y Toscana  ESTADOS PONTIFICIOS (bajo autoridad del Papa de Roma)  REINO DE LAS DOS SICILIAS (Nápoles y Sicilia), bajo la autoridad de los Borbones
  • 40. LOS MOTORES DE LA UNIFICACIÓN CULTURALES: UNA HISTORIA, UNA LENGUA, UNAS TRADICIONES Y UNA RELIGIÓN COMUNES ECONÓMICOS: LA NECESIDAD DE CONSTRUIR UN MERCADO NACIONAL, LA GRAN DEMANDA DE LA BURGUESÍA INDUSTRIAL DEL NORTE POLÍTICOS: DOS PROYECTOS SIMULTÁNEOS, PERO DISTINTOS DE UNIFICACIÓN:  EL ENCABEZADO POR EL PIAMONTE Y SU REY VÍCTOR MANUEL: una Italia unida, monárquica y liberal  EL LIDERADO POR GARIBALDI (con ideas de MAZZINI) Y SUS CAMISAS ROJAS: una Italia unida, republicana y democrática
  • 41. LOS PROTAGONISTAS. EL PROYECTO DE VÍCTOR MANUEL Y SU MINISTRO CAVOUR Víctor Manuel, futuro primer rey de Italia Conde de Cavour, primer ministro del Piamonte y auténtico cerebro de la unificación italiana
  • 42. THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY • Prior to 1860 Italy was made up of 8 small states, some of which were controlled by Austria or France. • Piedmont (el Piamonte) will lead the unification of Italian states, with its king was Víctor Manuel de Saboya and his minister Cavour. They convinced several states in the north to join together peacefully.
  • 43. THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY • After that they declared the war to Austria and the region of Lombardia was annexed to the Piedmont. • In the south, Garibaldi (he was a republican and a charismatic leader) with an army of 1000 soldiers (los 1000 camisas rojas) conquered the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (Naples and Sicily). • Víctor Manuel became king of Italy. • In 1870, Austria left the Veneto and the Papal States joined Italy. • By 1871, Rome will be the new capital of the modern Italy.
  • 44. GARIBALDI REPRESENTA AL HÉROE ROMÁNTICO, RADICAL Y REPUBLICANO POR EXCELENCIA DEL SIGLO XIX. AUNQUE LOGRÓ EXPULSAR A LOS BORBONES DEL REINO DE LAS DOS SICILIAS EN 1860 CON SUS CAMISAS ROJAS, TERMINARÍA CEDIÉNDOLO A VÍCTOR MANUEL, A QUIEN RECONOCERÍA COMO NUEVO REY DE ITALIA EN 1861 GARIBALDI, EL OTRO PROTAGONISTA DE LA UNIFICACIÓN ITALIANA
  • 45. LA CESIÓN DE GARIBALDI A VÍCTOR MANUEL (1861)
  • 46.
  • 47. 1861 Garibaldi cede el Reino de las Dos Sicilias a V. Manuel
  • 48. LA NUEVA ITALIA UNIFICADA. LAS SOMBRAS  Tremendo desequilibrio entre un norte rico e industrializado y un sur pobre y rural  El enfrentamiento con la Iglesia católica, que se negaba a reconocer el nuevo estado italiano  Las reivindicaciones territoriales pendientes (Tirol e Istria) que quedaban fuera de la nueva Italia unificada y se convertirán en el eje principal de la política exterior italiana
  • 49.
  • 50. LA SITUACIÓN PREVIA. LA CONFEDERACIÓN GERMÁNICA CREADA EN 1815, LA CONFEDERACIÓN GERMÁNICA ES EL ANTECEDENTE MÁS DIRECTO DE LA ALEMANIA UNIFICADA. COMPUESTA POR 39 ESTADOS SOBERANOS DE LENGUA ALEMANA, DESTACABAN DOS POR ENCIMA DE TODOS LOS DEMÁS: AUSTRIA Y PRUSIA, LOS PAÍSES LLAMADOS A LIDERAR LA UNIFICACIÓN ALEMANA
  • 51. LOS MOTORES DE LA UNIFICACIÓN Culturales: un pasado, unas tradiciones y una lengua comunes GoetheWagner Económicos: la construcción de un gran mercado nacional El Zollverein, la unión aduanera impulsada por Prusia en 1834 y a la que se sumaron muchos de los estados germánicos (nunca Austria) constituye el precedente más directo de lo que sería el futuro mercado nacional alemán El mismo papel jugaron la construcción del ferrocarril y la adopción de una misma moneda, ambas medidas impulsadas por Prusia
  • 52. LOS MOTORES POLÍTICOS DE LA UNIFICACIÓN: EL PROYECTO DE BISMARCK Nombrado canciller de Prusia en 1862, de inmediato comenzó a dar los primeros pasos hacia una Alemania unificada en torno a la rica e industrializada Prusia Otto von Bismarck Su objetivo final: la construcción de una gran Alemania bajo la corona del rey Guillermo y alejada de cualquier carácter democrático o radical Su estrategia: la formación de un gran ejército y una habilidosa diplomacia exterior Sus principales obstáculos: Austria y Francia, temerosas del expansionismo prusiano
  • 53. • Germany was divided in 39 states. • Austria and Prussia were the strongest of all them. • In 1834, Prussia created a customs union (Zollverein) that united the majority of German states (not Austria). • In 1861, Guillermo I, king of Prussia, and his cancellor Otto von Bismarck, gave the first steps to get an united Germany. • War was declared to Denmark, Austria and finally France. Prussia triumphed in all these conflicts. • In 1871, Guillermo I was proclaimed kaiser (emperador) of the Second German Empire (Reich). • The unification of Germany was complete.
  • 54. LOS PASOS/GUERRA HACIA LA UNIFICACIÓN
  • 55. LOS PASOS/GUERRAS HACIA LA UNIFICACIÓN
  • 56. LA ALEMANIA UNIFICADA: EL II REICH La nueva Alemania se convertía en el segundo imperio alemán, un gigante europeo en extensión, población y poderío económico y militar Al frente, Guillermo I, el káiser, apoyado en el canciller Bismarck, el hombre que se convertirá en el auténtico árbitro de las relaciones internacionales europeas durante los siguientes veinte años El II Reich adoptaba una forma de gobierno liberal conservadora, donde el emperador mantenía importantes atribuciones y una organización territorial de carácter federal Guillermo I Bismarck