The Congress of Vienna was organized in 1814-1815 after the defeat of Napoleon. It was organized by Metternich of Austria and aimed to restore absolutism in Europe and remodel the map. The key goals were maintaining the balance of power in Europe to prevent any one nation from becoming too powerful, restoring deposed monarchs to power, and weakening France while keeping it intact. The new map of Europe redrew borders and divided or consolidated territories among the great powers. However, the liberal and nationalist movements inspired by the French Revolution could not be suppressed and would eventually challenge this system.
POWERPOINT REALIZADO POR EL PROFESOR ALBERTO ARANDA SHAW PARA LA PRESENTACIÓN DE CONTENIDOS DEL SIGLO XIX EN ESPAÑA PARAEL NIVEL 4º ESO EN EL IES NICOLÁS SALMERÓN DE ALMERÍA.
POWERPOINT REALIZADO POR EL PROFESOR ALBERTO ARANDA SHAW PARA LA PRESENTACIÓN DE CONTENIDOS DEL SIGLO XIX EN ESPAÑA PARAEL NIVEL 4º ESO EN EL IES NICOLÁS SALMERÓN DE ALMERÍA.
A high school World History presentation of Napoleon Bonaparte.
Napoleon Bonaparte, emperor, Grand Army, France, Austerlitz, Waterloo, Elba, St. Helena, Congress of Vienna
A high school World History presentation of Napoleon Bonaparte.
Napoleon Bonaparte, emperor, Grand Army, France, Austerlitz, Waterloo, Elba, St. Helena, Congress of Vienna
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
2. • Between 1814 and 1815, the European
countries that had defeated Napoleon met in
the Congress of Vienna.
• Metternich, Austrian Chancellor, was the
organiser.
• His goals:
– To restore absolutism to Europe.
– Remodel the map of Europe.
CONGRESS OF VIENNA
3.
4. Congress of Vienna
At the Congress of Vienna, the chief goal is the
balance of power and the return to the Ancien
Régime.
Leaders feel no one country should have too
much power in Europe.
Leaders that were deposed by Napoleon are
restored to power.
France is weakened, but remains intact.
5. • Main leaders at the
Congress of Viena:
Metternich (Austria),
Castlereagh (Gran
Bretaña), Alejandro I
(Rusia), Prusia
(Humbolt) and France
(Talleyrand).
• Spain participated as a
second order country.
Metternich
6.
7. LOS PILARES
DEL
CONGRESO
DE VIENA
EL LEGITIMISMO: SÓLO LAS VIEJAS DINASTÍAS POSEÍAN
LA SUFICIENTE LEGITIMIDAD HISTÓRICA PARA REINAR
EL ABSOLUTISMO MONÁRQUICO COMO FORMA NATURAL
DE GOBIERNO (GRAN BRETAÑA SERÍA LA EXCEPCIÓN)
DEFENSA DE LA IGLESIA Y LOS VALORES TRADICIONALES
EL EQUILIBRIO DE PODER ENTRE LAS GRANDES POTENCIAS
COMO MEJOR GARANTÍA DE ASEGURAR LA PAZ
CONGRESOS PERIÓDICOS COMO MEJOR INSTRUMENTO
PARA RESOLVER LOS CONFLICTOS ENTRE LAS NACIONES
EL DERECHO A INTERVENIR EN TERCERAS NACIONES
CUANDO SE ATENTE CONTRA LOS PRINCIPIOS DE VIENA.
CREACIÓN DE LA SANTA ALIANZA (AUSTRIA-PRUSIA-RUSIA)
UN NUEVO MAPA DE EUROPA BASADO EN EL EQUILIBRIO
ENTRE LAS GRANDES POTENCIAS Y EL PRINCIPIO DE
NACIONES DOMINADORAS Y NACIONES DOMINADAS
8.
9.
10. NEW MAP OF EUROPE
Reduce France to its old boundaries - her frontiers were
pushed back to 1790 level. France was deprived of all
territory conquered by Napoléon.
Russia was given most of Poland and Finland.
Prussia was given half of Saxony, Renania and the Sarre.
A Germanic Confederation of 39 states (including Prussia)
was created from the previous 300, under Austrian rule.
Austria was given back territory it had lost recently, plus
more in Germany and Italy (Venice and Lombardía).
The Austrian Netherlands (Belgium) and the Netherlands
got united.
Sweden and Norway were joined.
14. THE HOLY ALLIANCE
• It was a treaty between Austria, Prussia and
Russia, later also France. They all had to help
each other in case of a liberal revolution in any
of the European countries.
FRANCISCO DE AUSTRIAALEJANDRO
DE RUSIA
FEDERICO DE PRUSIA
Poco después
se sumaría
Francia
15. REPERCUSIONES TERRITORIALES Y POLÍTICAS DEL CONGRESO DE VIENA
LOS GRANDES VENCEDORES
AUSTRIA: GANA TERRITORIOS POR EL NORTE DE ITALIA Y PARTE DE POLONIA
RUSIA: SE NEXIONA FINLANDIA Y LA MAYOR PARTE DE POLONIA
PRUSIA: SE EXTIENDE POR LA ORILLA IZQUIERDA DEL RIN Y PARTE DE POLONIA
SUECIA: SE ANEXIONA NORUEGA
HOLANDA, ENGRANDECIDA A COSTA DE BÉLGICA
GRAN BRETAÑA: DOMINA LAS RUTAS MARÍTIMAS Y LA ISLA DE MALTA
LOS GRANDES PERDEDORES
FRANCIA: VUELVE A LAS FRONTERAS DE 1789
TODOS AQUELLOS PUEBLOS Y NACIONES SIN ESTADO Y SOMETIDOS A LA
AUTORIDAD DE OTRAS POTENCIAS: POLACOS, ITALIANOS, NORUEGOS, FINESES
BELGAS, RUMANOS, HÚNGAROS, ESLOVENOS, CROATAS..ETC.
A LOS QUE HABÍA QUE SUMAR LOS PUEBLOS CRISTIANOS SOMETIDOS POR LOS
TURCOS DESDE HACÍA MUCHO TIEMPO: GRIEGOS, BOSNIOS, BÚLGAROS, SERBIOS
RUMANOS, ALBANESES..ETC.
16. • HOWEVER, the French Revolution had left its
mark and the new system was unable to
prevent the growth of liberal and nationalists
movements.
• Soon this system will begin to collapse.
17.
18. LIBERALISM
• It is an ideology and a
political and ideological
doctrine, based on the
concept that society is
made of free citizens who
have fundamental rights.
19. • Principles of liberalism:
National sovereignty. Representatives chosen by
voting.
Three separate branches of power.
A constitution establishes the rights and duties of
citizens.
Economically, right to property and a free
market economy.
20. LIBERAL REVOLUTIONS
• Uprisings, usually lead by the bourgeoisie, that
tried to get the collapse of absolutism.
• Liberalism didn’t give rise to a new democracy.
Census suffrage meant that only rich people
could vote.
21. NATIONALISM
• Nationalism is a political ideology that defends
the right of nations to create their own state.
STATE vs. NATION
• The nation can be defined as a group of
individuals who have a set of their own
cultural ties (language, race, religion, common
history…) and choose to live together.
• The state is the political and administrative
organisation that exercises power over a
specific territory.
22. • Under the Ancien Régime, different European
nations were subject to the same laws, imposed
by the empire they were part of (Russian,
Austrian and Ottoman).
• Other countries were divided between several
states (Germany and Italy).
There will be nationalist movements or uprisings
to form new nations (separation from an empire).
For example, Greece from the Ottoman Empire.
And there will be nationalist movements of union
of different states to form new nations. For
example, Italy or Germany.
23.
24. THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1820
THEY BEGAN IN SPAIN, WITH LIBERAL NATURE.
IT WILL SPREAD TO PORTUGAL, NAPLES, RUSSIA AND THE PIAMONTE (LIBERAL REVOLUTIONS)
IN GREECE AND THE AMERICAN SPANISH COLONIES WILL HAVE A NATIONALIST NATURE.
•THE LIBERAL MOVEMENTS WILL
FAIL DUE TO THE HOLY ALLIANCE
INTERVENTION. IN SPAIN, THE
100.000 SONS OF SAINT LOUIS WILL
GIVE BACK THE ABSOLUTE THRONE
TO FERDINAND VII.
• THE NATIONALIST MOVEMENTS IN
GREEECE AND THE AMERICAN
COLONIES WILL SUCCEED. GREECE
WILL GAIN INDEPENDENCE FROM
THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE (1821-29).
AND ALMOST ALL THE AMERICAN
SPANISH COLONIES WILL GAIN
INDEPENCE FROM SPAIN.
25. LA DERROTA ESPAÑOLA EN LA BATALLA DE
AYACUCHO (PERÚ. 1824) SUPUSO LA PRÁCTICA
DESAPARICIÓN DEL IMPERIO ESPAÑOL EN
AMÉRICA. NINGUNA GRAN POTENCIA PRESTÓ
SU APOYO A ESPAÑA. NACÍAN LAS NUEVAS
NACIONES LATINOAMERICANAS
EN 1829 NACÍA LA PEQUEÑA GRECIA,
DESPUÉS DE UNA LARGA GUERRA EN LA
QUE LA INTERVENCIÓN DE INGLESES,
RUSOS Y FRANCESES FUE DECISIVA PARA
PODER DERROTAR AL IMPERIO TURCO
LOS ÉXITOS DE 1820
26. After-Effects: 1820s-1830s
• Revolutions broke out
in Latin America
because Spain was no
longer strong enough to
control its territory.
• The most famous
revolutionary was
Simón Bolivar
27. THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1830
• A series of revolutionary uprisings led by the
bourgeoisie, with the support of the masses.
They happened in various parts of Europe.
Their aim was to implement a moderate
liberalism, with a consittition with census
suffrage.
• There were liberal uprisings (France, Spain) as
well as nationalist uprisings (Belgium, Poland,
Italy and Germany).
28. • In France, Charles X,
Luis XVIII’s successor,
had restablished the
absolutism.
• After the revolution
in 1830, he was
forced to abdicate
and the new king
would be Luis Felipe
de Orleans, who
established a
moderate liberalism
with census suffrage.
Luis Felipe de OrleansCarlos X
30. • Belgium gained independence from the
Netherlands. Its new king would be Leopoldo I
(as a constitutional king).
• Spain changed from absolutism to liberalism,
after the Guerras Carlistas.
• In Poland, Germany and Italy, the revolutions
didn’t succeed, the absolutist governments in
Russia, Prussia and Austria will defeat them.
31. LA OLEADA REVOLUCIONARIA DE 1830:
EN FRANCIA Y ALEMANIA DE CARÁCTER
FUNDAMENTALMENTE LIBERAL
EN BÉLGICA, POLONIA E ITALIA DE CARÁCTER
FUNDAMENTALMENTE NACIONALISTA
Arranca en Francia
32. THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848
• In 1848, a series of revolutions took place called for the
introduction of democratic principles (universal
suffrage, sovereignty of the people and social equality).
• It began in France. And It finished when Luis Felipe de
Orleans abdicated, the Second Republic was
proclaimed.
• There were also nationalist revolutions: Italians, Czechs
and Hungarians all rebelled against Austria. But these
movements failed.
• Germans attempted to create a parliament for the first
time. They also failed.
33. LA OLEADA REVOLUCIONARIA DE 1848: “LA PRIMAVERA DE LOS PUEBLOS”
LA OLEADA DEL 48 ARRANCA EN
FRANCIA, DE CLARO CARÁCTER
LIBERAL, PARA EXTENDERSE A
ITALIA, ALEMANIA Y AUSTRIA,
DONDE SE COMBINARÁN LAS
REIVINDICACIONES LIBERALES
CON LAS NACIONALISTAS
SALVO EN EL CASO DE FRANCIA,
LA OLEADA SE SALDÓ CON UN
ROTUNDO FRACASO EN EL RESTO
DE LOS PAÍSES
34.
35.
36. NAPOLEÓN III. EL SEGUNDO IMPERIO FRANCÉS (1851-1870)
Sobrino de Napoleón Bonaparte, se proclamará emperador
de Francia en 1852, poco después del autogolpe de 1851, y con
el clamor de las masas
Durante su reinado iniciará una campaña de expansión
territorial (África, Sudeste asiático, México) que pondrá las
bases del futuro imperio colonial francés
Favoreció los movimientos nacionalistas frente a los viejos
imperios.
Se convirtió en el principal defensor del Papa y los Estados
Pontificios
Convencido de ser el auténtico árbitro de Europa, midió mal el
desafío alemán que le llevó a enfrentarse con la pujante Prusia
y que se tradujo en la derrota de Francia y el fin del segundo y
último imperio francés en 1870
Napoleón III conversa con Bismarck, canciller prusiano,
después de la derrota de Sedán en 1870
CURIOSIDAD,
NO PARA EL
EXAMEN
37. DESPUÉS DE LA OLEADA REVOLUCIONARIA DE 1848
EL ANTIGUO RÉGIMEN HABÍA DESAPARECIDO DE LA
MAYOR PARTE DE EUROPA. EL PROBLEMA NACIONALISTA NO
PERVIVIRÁ EL PROBLEMA
NACIONALISTA, NO
RESUELTO HASTA 1919
38.
39. PREVIOUS SITUATION. A DIVIDED ITALY
REINO DEL PIAMONTE Y CERDEÑA (bajo la
autoridad de la dinastía de los Saboya)
TERRITORIOS BAJO CONTROL DE AUSTRIA
* Reino Lombardo-Véneto
* Ducados de Parma, Módena y
Toscana
ESTADOS PONTIFICIOS (bajo autoridad del
Papa de Roma)
REINO DE LAS DOS SICILIAS (Nápoles y
Sicilia), bajo la autoridad de los Borbones
40. LOS MOTORES DE LA UNIFICACIÓN
CULTURALES: UNA HISTORIA, UNA LENGUA, UNAS TRADICIONES Y UNA RELIGIÓN COMUNES
ECONÓMICOS: LA NECESIDAD DE CONSTRUIR UN MERCADO NACIONAL, LA GRAN DEMANDA DE LA
BURGUESÍA INDUSTRIAL DEL NORTE
POLÍTICOS: DOS PROYECTOS SIMULTÁNEOS, PERO DISTINTOS DE UNIFICACIÓN:
EL ENCABEZADO POR EL PIAMONTE Y SU REY VÍCTOR MANUEL: una Italia unida, monárquica
y liberal
EL LIDERADO POR GARIBALDI (con ideas de MAZZINI) Y SUS CAMISAS ROJAS: una Italia unida,
republicana y democrática
41. LOS PROTAGONISTAS. EL PROYECTO DE VÍCTOR MANUEL Y SU MINISTRO CAVOUR
Víctor Manuel, futuro
primer rey de Italia
Conde de Cavour, primer ministro
del Piamonte y auténtico cerebro de la
unificación italiana
42. THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY
• Prior to 1860 Italy was made up of 8 small states,
some of which were controlled by Austria or
France.
• Piedmont (el Piamonte) will lead the unification
of Italian states, with its king was Víctor Manuel
de Saboya and his minister Cavour. They
convinced several states in the north to join
together peacefully.
43. THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY
• After that they declared the war to Austria and
the region of Lombardia was annexed to the
Piedmont.
• In the south, Garibaldi (he was a republican and a
charismatic leader) with an army of 1000 soldiers
(los 1000 camisas rojas) conquered the Kingdom
of the Two Sicilies (Naples and Sicily).
• Víctor Manuel became king of Italy.
• In 1870, Austria left the Veneto and the Papal
States joined Italy.
• By 1871, Rome will be the new capital of the
modern Italy.
44. GARIBALDI REPRESENTA AL HÉROE
ROMÁNTICO, RADICAL Y REPUBLICANO
POR EXCELENCIA DEL SIGLO XIX.
AUNQUE LOGRÓ EXPULSAR A LOS BORBONES
DEL REINO DE LAS DOS SICILIAS EN 1860 CON
SUS CAMISAS ROJAS, TERMINARÍA CEDIÉNDOLO
A VÍCTOR MANUEL, A QUIEN RECONOCERÍA
COMO NUEVO REY DE ITALIA EN 1861
GARIBALDI, EL OTRO PROTAGONISTA DE LA
UNIFICACIÓN ITALIANA
48. LA NUEVA ITALIA UNIFICADA. LAS SOMBRAS
Tremendo desequilibrio entre un norte rico e industrializado y un sur pobre y rural
El enfrentamiento con la Iglesia católica, que se negaba a reconocer el nuevo estado italiano
Las reivindicaciones territoriales pendientes (Tirol e Istria) que quedaban fuera de la nueva Italia
unificada y se convertirán en el eje principal de la política exterior italiana
49.
50. LA SITUACIÓN PREVIA. LA CONFEDERACIÓN GERMÁNICA
CREADA EN 1815, LA CONFEDERACIÓN GERMÁNICA ES EL ANTECEDENTE MÁS DIRECTO DE LA
ALEMANIA UNIFICADA. COMPUESTA POR 39 ESTADOS SOBERANOS DE LENGUA ALEMANA,
DESTACABAN DOS POR ENCIMA DE TODOS LOS DEMÁS: AUSTRIA Y PRUSIA, LOS PAÍSES LLAMADOS
A LIDERAR LA UNIFICACIÓN ALEMANA
51. LOS MOTORES DE LA UNIFICACIÓN
Culturales: un pasado, unas tradiciones y una lengua comunes
GoetheWagner
Económicos: la construcción de un gran mercado nacional
El Zollverein, la unión aduanera
impulsada por Prusia en 1834 y a la
que se sumaron muchos de los
estados germánicos (nunca Austria)
constituye el precedente más directo
de lo que sería el futuro mercado
nacional alemán
El mismo papel jugaron la construcción
del ferrocarril y la adopción de una
misma moneda, ambas medidas
impulsadas por Prusia
52. LOS MOTORES POLÍTICOS DE LA UNIFICACIÓN: EL PROYECTO DE BISMARCK
Nombrado canciller de Prusia en 1862, de inmediato
comenzó a dar los primeros pasos hacia una Alemania
unificada en torno a la rica e industrializada Prusia
Otto von Bismarck
Su objetivo final: la construcción de una gran Alemania
bajo la corona del rey Guillermo y alejada de cualquier
carácter democrático o radical
Su estrategia: la formación de un gran ejército y una
habilidosa diplomacia exterior
Sus principales obstáculos: Austria y Francia, temerosas
del expansionismo prusiano
53. • Germany was divided in 39 states.
• Austria and Prussia were the strongest of all them.
• In 1834, Prussia created a customs union (Zollverein)
that united the majority of German states (not Austria).
• In 1861, Guillermo I, king of Prussia, and his cancellor
Otto von Bismarck, gave the first steps to get an united
Germany.
• War was declared to Denmark, Austria and finally
France. Prussia triumphed in all these conflicts.
• In 1871, Guillermo I was proclaimed kaiser
(emperador) of the Second German Empire (Reich).
• The unification of Germany was complete.
56. LA ALEMANIA UNIFICADA: EL II REICH
La nueva Alemania se convertía en el segundo imperio alemán, un gigante europeo en extensión,
población y poderío económico y militar
Al frente, Guillermo I, el káiser, apoyado en el canciller Bismarck, el hombre que se convertirá en el
auténtico árbitro de las relaciones internacionales europeas durante los siguientes veinte años
El II Reich adoptaba una forma de gobierno liberal conservadora, donde el emperador mantenía
importantes atribuciones y una organización territorial de carácter federal
Guillermo I Bismarck