Alternative methods to animal toxicity testing are needed because animal testing can cause suffering. Some alternative methods include computer modeling, cell and tissue cultures, and organ chips. Computer modeling uses computer programs to simulate biological effects and predict toxicity without animal testing. Cell and tissue cultures grow isolated cells and tissues in vitro to study toxicity. Organ chips are microfluidic devices that contain living cells arranged to simulate organ-level functions, allowing tests on human-relevant systems without whole animals. These alternative methods can help reduce and replace animal use in toxicity testing.
This presentation enlists all the studies which are required before submission of IND. It include IND introduction , time period of study ,flowchart showing preclinical studies...
Alternative methods to animals testing are the development and implementation of test method that avoid use of live animals or use of less animals in method.
The council directive on protection of animals used for experiments and scientific purpose in article 23
“The commission and member states should encourage
research into development and validation of alternative methods which could provide the same level of information as that obtained in experiment using animals but which involves less animal”.
Alternative methods able to do:
Reduce Refine Replace
collectively called as “The 3Rs Principle”.
Needs for alternative methods
Because in laboratory animals may be:
Poisoned.
Deprived of food water and sleep.
Applied with skin and eye irritants.
Subjected to psychological stress.
Deliberately infected with the infected disease.
Toxicity is the science dealing with properties, action, toxicity, fatal dose detection or interpretation of result of toxicological analysis & treatment of poison.
Toxicity studies helps to avoid adverse effect and enhance the safety of drug.
This slide provides the information about toxicity screening on experimental animals.
Safety pharmacology is a branch of pharmacology with its aim to predict the potential clinical risk profile of new chemical entities (NCEs).
It has the ability to predict the potential off-target drug effects on major organ systems which are associated with exposure in the therapeutic range and above.
As an essential part of the spectrum of drug discovery and development, safety pharmacology studies are generally conducted to determine the relative drug effect on main organs, including respiratory system, central nervous system, and cardiovascular system.Safety pharmacology is an essential part of the drug development process that aims to identify and predict adverse effects prior to clinical trials.
SP studies are described in the international conference on harmonization (ICH) S7A and S7B Guidelines.
Alternative to animal toxicit testing.pptxANANYAPANDEY71
Alternative to animal toxicity studies
pharmacological and toxicological studies
hetcam test
pyrogen test
3R
Refinment,Reduction &Replacement
In-Silico methods
CADD, QSAR
This presentation enlists all the studies which are required before submission of IND. It include IND introduction , time period of study ,flowchart showing preclinical studies...
Alternative methods to animals testing are the development and implementation of test method that avoid use of live animals or use of less animals in method.
The council directive on protection of animals used for experiments and scientific purpose in article 23
“The commission and member states should encourage
research into development and validation of alternative methods which could provide the same level of information as that obtained in experiment using animals but which involves less animal”.
Alternative methods able to do:
Reduce Refine Replace
collectively called as “The 3Rs Principle”.
Needs for alternative methods
Because in laboratory animals may be:
Poisoned.
Deprived of food water and sleep.
Applied with skin and eye irritants.
Subjected to psychological stress.
Deliberately infected with the infected disease.
Toxicity is the science dealing with properties, action, toxicity, fatal dose detection or interpretation of result of toxicological analysis & treatment of poison.
Toxicity studies helps to avoid adverse effect and enhance the safety of drug.
This slide provides the information about toxicity screening on experimental animals.
Safety pharmacology is a branch of pharmacology with its aim to predict the potential clinical risk profile of new chemical entities (NCEs).
It has the ability to predict the potential off-target drug effects on major organ systems which are associated with exposure in the therapeutic range and above.
As an essential part of the spectrum of drug discovery and development, safety pharmacology studies are generally conducted to determine the relative drug effect on main organs, including respiratory system, central nervous system, and cardiovascular system.Safety pharmacology is an essential part of the drug development process that aims to identify and predict adverse effects prior to clinical trials.
SP studies are described in the international conference on harmonization (ICH) S7A and S7B Guidelines.
Alternative to animal toxicit testing.pptxANANYAPANDEY71
Alternative to animal toxicity studies
pharmacological and toxicological studies
hetcam test
pyrogen test
3R
Refinment,Reduction &Replacement
In-Silico methods
CADD, QSAR
These presentation includes the information about the replacement of animal experiments (invivo tests) with all the alternative methods like invitro tests and in-silico methods which are used in present century and made the research work easy for pre-clinical and clinical trials.
In vivo is the Latin word which means with in the living body.
When effects of various biological entities are tested on whole, living organism or cells, usually animals including humans and plants.
Animal testing and clinical trials are major elements of in-vivo research.
In vivo testing is often employed over in vitro because it is better suited for observing the overall effects of an experiment on a living subject in drug discovery.
example, verification of efficacy in vivo is crucial, because in vitro assays can sometimes yield misleading results with drug.
Harry Smith found that sterile filtrates of serum from animals infected with Bacillus anthracis were lethal for other animals, whereas extracts of culture fluid from the same organism grown in vitro were not.
In microbiology Once cells are disrupted and individual parts are tested or analyzed, this is known as in vitro.
In vitro studies within the glass, i.e., in a laboratory environment using test tubes, petri dishes, etc. Examples of investigations in vivo include: the pathogenesis of disease.
In vitro toxicology:-
The bridge exists between new drug discovery and drug development.-
Provide information on mechanism of action of a drug
Provides an early indication of the potential for some kinds of toxic effects, allowing a decision to terminate or to proceed further.
In vitro methods are widely used for:-
Screening and ranking chemicals
Get a platform for animal studies for physiological actions
Studying cell, tissue, or target specific effects
Improve subsequent study design
Advantages and Disadvantages:-
Faster than in vivo studies
Less expensive to run
Less predictive of toxicity in intact organisms
In vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) refers to the qualitative or quantitative transposition of experimental results or observations made in vitro to predict phenomena in vivo, biological organisms.
The problem of transposing in vitro results is particularly acute in areas such as toxicology where animal experiments are being phased out and are increasingly being replaced by alternative tests.
Results obtained from in vitro experiments cannot often be directly applied to predict biological responses of organisms to chemical exposure in vivo.
Therefore, it is extremely important to build a consistent and reliable in vitro to in vivo extrapolation method.
Two solutions are now commonly accepted:
Increasing the complexity of in vitro systems where multiple cells can interact with each other in order recapitulate cell-cell interactions present in tissues (as in "human on chip" systems).
Using mathematical modeling to numerically simulate the behavior of a complex system, whereby in vitro data provides the parameter values for developing a model.
The two approaches can be applied simultaneously allowing in vitro systems to provide adequate data for the development of mathematical models. To comply with push for the development of alternative testing methods.
Extrapolation of in vitro data to preclinical and.pptxARSHIKHANAM4
Extrapolation of in vitro data to preclinical.
the topic is included in m.pharmacy 1st sem syllabus. which is essential for the study and that include the details about how you deal with the preclinical data that will help to decide the NOEAL and LOEAL, the humane dose of the drug can be calculated and further formation is also done.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
2. PRESENTATION OUTLINES
1. Introduction…………………………………………….. 01- 02
2. The Rs Principles……………………………………… 03
3. Need For Alternatives To Animals…………………. 04
4. Alternative Methods…………………………...……… 05
5. Different alternative methods……………………….. 06- 22
6. References……………………………………………… 23
3. Introduction
● Animal models have been used to develop human biochemistry, physiology, pharmacology,
endocrinology, and toxicity. Every year, 10-100 million animals are used for testing.
● Animals used experimentation distributed among zebra- fish to primates. Vast majority of
animals are sacrificed at end of research programme.
● The use of animals can be further subdivided according to the degree of suffering
a. Minor animal suffering:- observing animals in behavioral studies, single blood sampling ,
immunization without adjuvants, etc.
b. Moderate animal suffering:- repeated blood sampling , recovery from general anesthesia ,
etc.
c. Severe animal suffering:- LD50% test , starvation vaccine potency tests, etc.
1
4. ● Alternative methods to animals testing are the development and implementation of
test method that avoid use of live animals or use of less animals in method.
● The council directive on protection of animals used for experiments and scientific
purpose in Article 23
“The commission and member states should encourage research into
development and validation of alternative methods which could provide the
same level of information as that obtained in experiment using animals but
which involves less animal”.
2
5. The 5 R’s Principle
● Alternative methods able to do: Reduce Refine Replace ;
collectively called as “The 3Rs Principle”.
● The 3Rs principles were defined in 1959 by W.M.S Russel
and R.L Bruch. They provide a strategy for rational and
stepwise approach to minimizing animals use and
suffering in experiments without compromising the quality
and quantity of scientific work being undertaken.
● Reuse & Rehabilitate- The 4th & 5th R of Research implies
addition of ‘responsibility’ to the original three R’s, reflects
integrity, honesty, and scientific correctness in appropriate
and reasonable use of laboratory animals.
5 R’s
REDUCE
REHABILIT
ATE
REUSE
REPLACE
REFINE
3
6. Needs for Alternative Methods
Because in laboratory animals may be :
Poisoned
Deprived of food water and sleep
Applied with skin and eye irritants
Subjected to psychological stress
Deliberately infected with infected disease
Economic and efficiency
• Invitro testing human cell lines have been useful in securing relevant information for human risk
assessment thereby opening up opportunities to explore responses to existing and emerging
therapies human cell lines can be used for the tumor and some other chronic disease. 4
7. Alternative Techniques
● The term “alternative” is used to refer to those techniques or methods that replace the use of
laboratory animals altogether reduce the number of animals required or techniques to
minimize the level of stress endured by the animal.
● It is not possible to replace whole animal models with in vitro systems to evaluate drug effects
on major organ systems. However, techniques can greatly reduce the number of animals
needed, and refined protocols can improve the design efficiency and quality of studies,
and lessen stress and discomfort experienced by lab animals
● The field of alternative study particularly in vitro toxicology has evolved into a respected
discipline and is attracting competent and motivated scientist around the world.
5
8. Alternative to Animal Experiments
Continued but
modified use of
animals 5Rs
In vitro [test tube]
method
Tissue culture
technique
In silico
[computer
modelling
technique]
Computer aided molecular drug design [CADD]
Computer assisted learning [CAL]
Microfluidic chips
Quantitative structure activity relationship
Organ on chips
Computer or mathematic analysis
In silico
[computer
modelling
technique] 6
9. 1. Continued But Modified Use Of Animals
Russel and Burch developed 3R’s strategy which include:
Refinement
• Refine
experimental
methods to
decrease
unnecessary
pain and
trauma to
animals.
Reduction
• Reduce the
no. of
animals used
in these
experiments
Replacement
• replace the
animal
experiments
e.g.
computer
stimulation
methods, In
vitro
methods,
Cell culture
techniques
7
10. Methods Of Refinement
Providing relief [pain and distress] by giving drugs like analgesics,
anesthetics, tranquillizers and sedatives.
By changing procedure
Modified to
reduce pain and
distress in
animal
Use non
invasive
technique like
MRI
Use less
sensitive animal
species
Use smaller
dose
Improving
housing
conditions
8
11. Methods Of Reduction
•Good planning of
studies Change in
experimental design
Improve methods of
data analysis
•Sharing research
animals
•Redesigning
studies to collect as
much information as
possible
•Share information.
9
12. Methods Of Replacement
Replace higher animals with lower animals
Replace live animals with dummies for teaching and
dissection purpose
ABSOLUTE REPLACEMENT: no need to use
animals e.g. cell lines, tissue of human or invertebrate
cell and tissue
RELATIVE REPLACEMENT: humane killing of
animals to provide cells or tissues for in vitro studies
Substitution of insentient material in place of
conscious higher animals
10
13. 2. Invitro Models
11
• In vitro testing is the scientific analysis of the
effects of chemical substances on cultured
bacteria or mammalian cells, organ, tissues,
enzymes receptors enzymes.
• In vitro (literally 'in glass') testing methods are employed primarily : ̵ ̵ toidentify potentially
hazardous chemicals to confirm the lack of certain toxic properties in the early stages of the
development of potentially useful new substances such as therapeutic drugs, agricultural
chemicals and food additives.
• In vitro testing methods can be more useful and cost-effective than toxicology studies in
living animals (which are termed in vivo or "in life" methods).
14. Various Test In Vitro Methods
● In vitro pyrogen test
● Embryonic stem cell test
● Carcinogenicity test
● Neurotoxicity test
Avian chick embryo
Rodents[rat and mice, wild
type, transgenic , embryonic,
post natal , adult
Human cells [neural
progenitor cells from
aborted fetus and stem
cell lines]
Source Of Tissue For In Vitro Methods
12
15. 3. Tissue Culture Techniques
● Tissue culture is in vitro maintenance and propagation of isolated cells, tissues or organs in
an appropriate artificial environment.
● APPLICATION OF ANIMAL CELL CULTURE
Toxicity
testing
Cancer
research
Virology Genetic
engineering
Gene
therapy
Drug
screening and
development
13
16. 4. In silico [Computer Modelling] Techniques
● Without animal dissection computer generated stimulation are used to predict the
various possible biological and toxic effects of a chemical or potential drug candidate.
● VARIOUS TYPES IN SILICO MODELS
Computer aided molecular drug design [CADD]
Quantitative structure activity relationship
Computer assisted learning[CAL]
Computer or mathematical analysis
Organ on chips 14
17. A. Computer Aided Drug Design [CADD]
● It is the inventive process of finding new medications based
on the knowledge of a biological target.
● It involves the design of molecules that are complementary in
shape and charge to the biomolecular target with which they
interact and therefore will bind to it.
● It is used to predict the receptor binding site for a potential drug
molecule.
● CADD works to identify the probable binding site and hence
avoid testing of unwanted chemicals having no biological
activity. Computational approach to discover, develop and
analyze drugs.
15
18. ● Drug design with the help of
computers may be used at any of the
following stages of drug discovery:
I. hit identification using virtual screening
(structure- or ligand-based design)
II. hit-to-lead optimization of affinity and
selectivity (structure-based design,
QSAR, etc.)
III. lead optimization: optimization of other
pharmaceutical properties while
maintaining affinity.
● Advantages of CADD
I. Time
II. Cost
III. Accuracy
IV. information about the disease
V. screening is reduced
VI. Database screening
VII. less manpower is required
16
19. Categories of software
Databases & Draw Tools
Molecular Modeling & Homology Modeling
Binding site prediction & Docking
Ligand design Screening -QSAR
Binding free energy estimation
ADME Toxicity 17
20. B. Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship
● A quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) is a mathematical relationship which
correlates measurable or calculable molecular properties to some specific biological activity
in terms of an equation
● Computer programs which can predict the toxicity of new chemicals or drugs based on their
similarity to more established compounds. Principle that similar chemicals should have similar
biological properties.
● QSAR has been widely used in medicinal chemistry as support in drug’s discovery and
development process as well as in study of harmful and poisonous substances in
toxicological chemistry. QSAR attempts to find consistent relationship between biological
activity and molecular properties, so that these “rules” can be used to evaluate the activity of
new compounds
18
21. ADVANTAGES OF QSAR
● It gives quantifying the relationship between structure and activity with their physiochemical
property basis.
● Possible to make predictions of designed compounds before the chemical synthesis of novel
analogues.
● It may help to understand the interactions between functional group of designed molecules
and their activity of target enzyme or protein.
DISADVANTAGES OF QSAR
● Due to biological data experimental error it may give false correlations.
● If training set of molecule is less, the data may not reflect the complete property and it cannot
be used to predict the most active compounds.
● In some 3D QSAR study ligands binding receptor or protein may not be available
19
22. C. Organ On Chips
● It is a multichannel 3-D micro fluidic cell culture chip which simulates the activities,
mechanisms, physiological response of entire organs.
● These micro devices are translucent , they provide a window to watch inner workings of
human organs.
● Organ-on-chips that contain human cells grown in a state- of the-art system to mimic the
structure and function of human organ and organ system.
● The chips can be used instead of animals in disease research, drug testing and toxicity testing
and have been shown to replicate human physiology , diseases and drug responses more
accurately than crude animal experiments.
20
23. How will these organs on chips help the pharmaceutical
industries??
● Replace animal models.
● Help the laboratories reach the stage of clinical trials.
● Comparison studies of drugs on human and animals.
● To study the effect of drug on its main action of site and also other organs.
● Study of toxicity of drugs and cosmetics.
● To study about cancer cells and produce new drugs in cancer treatment.
● Ensure better regulatory decision-making.
● Develop vaccines and drugs to counter bioterrorism threats.
21
24. D. HET-CAM (Hen's egg-chorioallantoic membrane) TEST
● The fresh fertile white leghorn eggs are used.
● The eggs are held in optimized incubation condition.
● On day 10 inner egg membrane is removed , after careful removal the living vascular Chorio
Allantoic-Membrane is exposed.
● The test substance is dropped over CAM in a volume of 0.2- 0.3 ml and irrigated after 20 sec.
with 5ml warm water.
● The CAM, the blood vessels, including capillary system, and albumin are examined and
scored for irritant effects 0.5, 2, 5min after test compound application.
22
25. References
● Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology. M.N.Ghosh. 7th edition, 2020.
● Practical Manual of Pharmacology. Dinesh Badyal. 1st edition, 2021.
● Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments in Toxicity Testing. Nuhoğlu Öztürk, Zeyno
& Aksoy, Abdurrahman. 7th International Congress on Veterinary and Animal
Sciences (2022).
● Animal Use In Pharmacology Education And Research: The Changing Scenario.
Dinesh K. Badyal and Chetna Desai. Indian Journal of Pharmacology, May-June,
2014.
23