This presentation is the basic of engineering materials. More presenetation will be added soon. If you like the work, please click on like button and do share. Thanks
A cupola furnace is a melting device used in foundries that can be used to melt cast iron, Ni resist iron and some bronzes
Cupola furnace is employed for melting scrap metal or pig iron for production of various cast irons.
Heat treatment 1 By
P.SENTHAMARAI KANNAN,
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ,
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING,
KAMARAJ COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,
VIRUDHUNAGAR, TAMILNADU.
INDIA.
This presentation is the basic of engineering materials. More presenetation will be added soon. If you like the work, please click on like button and do share. Thanks
A cupola furnace is a melting device used in foundries that can be used to melt cast iron, Ni resist iron and some bronzes
Cupola furnace is employed for melting scrap metal or pig iron for production of various cast irons.
Heat treatment 1 By
P.SENTHAMARAI KANNAN,
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ,
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING,
KAMARAJ COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,
VIRUDHUNAGAR, TAMILNADU.
INDIA.
A professional Mechanical Engineer having extensive knowledge in the field of engineering, design, maintenance planning and management, especially equipped with experience of working in chemical, petrochemical, fertilizer and oil & gas plants.
Plain Carbon Steel is classified into:
1) Low Carbon (less than 0.25% carbon)
-Low strength, good formability
-If wear is a potential problem, can be carburized (diffusion hardening)
-Most stampings made from these steels
-AISI 1008, 1010, 1015, 1018, 1020, 1022, 1025
2). Med Carbon (0.25% to 0.6%)
-Have moderate to high strength with fairly good ductility
-Can be used in most machine elements
-AISI 1030, 1040, 1050, 1060*
3) High Carbon (0.6% to 1.4%)
-Have high strength, lower elongation
-Can be quench hardened
-Used in applications where surface subject to abrasion – tools, knives, chisels, ag implements.
-AISI 1080, 1095
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Successful women entreprenuer business communicationUttam Trasadiya
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Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptx
Alloy steel (msm)
1. G H Patel College of Engineering and
Technology
Subject :- Material Science and Metallurgy
Topic:- ALLOY STEEL
STUDENTS :-
140110119110- MIHIR TARAL
140110119111-TARUN YADAV
140110119112-TEJAS SHAH
140110119113-DARSH PATEL
140110119114-JAYRAJ THAKOR
140110119115-UTTAM TRASADIYA
GUIDE BY :-
Ms. ELA JHA.
10/19/2015 1
2. Alloy Steel - Introduction,
10/19/2015 2
Alloying
Changing chemical composition of steel by adding elements
with purpose to improve its properties as compared to the
plane Carbon steel.
Alloy Steels are irons where other elements (besides
carbon) can be added to iron to improve:
Mechanical property - Increase strength, hardness,
toughness (a given strength & hardness),
creep, and high temp resistance.
Increase wear resistance,
Environmental property [Eg: corrosion].
3. 10/19/2015 3
Classification of metal
alloys
Ferrous Non - ferrous
Cast Iron Steels
Low Alloy High Alloy
Low
Carbon Med.
Carbon
High
Carbon Stainless
Steel
Tool
Steel
White
Grey
5. Classification of alloy steel
Alloy steels grouped into low, medium and high alloy steels.
High-alloy steels would be the stainless steel groups.
Most alloy steels in use fall under the category of low alloy
Alloy steels are, in general, with elements as:
> 1.65%Mn, > 0.60% Si, or >0.60% Cu.
The most common alloy elements includes:
Chromium, nickel, molybdenum, vanadium,
tungsten, cobalt, boron, and copper
10/19/2015 5
6. Low Alloys: Low Carbon
10/19/2015 6
•Composition:
• less than ~ 0,25% C ( 0,30%)
•Microstructure:
•ferrite and pearlite
•Properties:
•relatively soft and weak, but possess high ductility and toughness
•Other features: machinable and weldable, not responsive to heat
treatment - Plain carbon steels
Applications: auto-body components, structural shapes, sheets etc.
• High-strength low alloy (HSLA) steels:
• up to 10 wt% of alloying elements, such as Mn, Cr, Cu, V, Ni, Mo –
can be strengthened by heat-treatment
7. Low Alloys: Medium Carbon Steels
Composition:
0.25< C <0.6 C wt.%
Microstructure:
typically tempered martensite
Processing: Increasing the carbon content to approximately
0.5% with an accompanying increase in manganese allows
medium carbon steels to be used in the quenched and tempered
condition.
Properties: stronger than low-carbon steels, but in expense of
ductility and toughness
Applications: couplings, forgings, gears, crankshafts other
high-strength structural components. Steels in the 0.40 to
0.60% C range are also used for rails, railway wheels and rail
axles.
10/19/2015 7
8. Low Alloys: High&Ultra High - Carbon Steels
• High-carbon steels
0.60 to 1.00 % C with manganese contents ranging
from 0.30 to 0.90%.
Application: High-carbon steels are used for spring
materials, high-strength wires, cutting tools and etc.
Ultrahigh-carbon steels are experimental alloys
containing 1.25 to 2.0% C. These steels are thermo-
mechanically processed to produce microstructures
that consist of ultra-fine, equiaxed grains of spherical,
discontinuous proeutectoid carbide particles.
10/19/2015 8
9. High-Alloy Steels: Stainless Steels
(SS)
The primarily-alloying element is Cr (≥11 wt.%)
Highly resistance to corrosion;
Nickel and molybdenum additions INCREASE
corrosion resistance
A property of great importance is the ability of alloying
elements to promote the formation of a certain phase or
to stabilize it.
These elements are grouped as four major classes:
1. austenite-forming,
2. ferrite-forming,
3. carbide-forming and
10/19/2015 9
10. Distribution of alloying elements in steels.
Alloying elements can influence the equilibrium
diagram in two ways in ternary systems Fe-C-X.
1. Expanding the γ -field, and encouraging the
formation of austenite over wider compositional
limits. These elements are called γ -stabilizers.
2. Contracting the γ-field, and encouraging the
formation of ferrite over wider compositional limits.
These elements are called α-stabilizers.
10/19/2015 10
14. 10/19/2015 14
Nickel and manganese
depress the phase
transformation from γ to α to
lower temperatures
both Ac1 and Ac3 are lowered.
It is also easier to obtain
metastable austenite by
quenching from the γ-region to
room temperature
A. Open - field: austenitic steels.
15. B. Expanded -field : austenitic
steels
Carbon and nitrogen (Copper,
zinc and gold)
The γ-phase field is expanded
Heat treatment of steels,
allowing formation of a
homogeneous solid solution
(austenite) containing up to
2.0 wt % of carbon or 2.8 wt %
of nitrogen
10/19/2015 15
16. C. Closed -field : ferritic
steels
Silicon, aluminium, beryllium and
phosphorus (strong carbide forming
elements - titanium, vanadium,
molybdenum and chromium )
γ-area contract to a small area referred to
as the gamma loop
encouraging the formation of BCC
iron (ferrite),
Not amenable to the normal heat
treatments involving cooling through the
γ/α-phase transformation
16
17. D. Contracted -field : ferritic steels
Boron is the most significant element of this
group (carbide forming elements - tantalum,
niobium and zirconium.
The γ-loop is strongly contracted
Normally elements with opposing tendencies
will cancel each other out at the appropriate
combinations, but in some cases irregularity
occur. For example, chromium added to
nickel in a steel in concentrations around 18%
helps to stabilize the γ-phase, as shown by
18Cr8Ni austenitic steels.
10/19/2015 17
19. High-Alloy Steels: Stainless Steels
(SS)
(a) The austenitic SS:
• -Fe FCC microstructure at room temperature. Typical
alloy Fe-18Cr-8Ni-1Mn-0.1C
• Stabilizing austenite – increasing the temperature range,
in which austenite exists.
• Raise the A4 point (the temperature of formation of
austenite from liquid phase) and decrease the A3
temperature.
10/19/2015 19
21. High-Alloy Steels: Stainless Steels
(SS)
• Austenite-forming elements
The elements Cu, Ni, Co and Mn
Disadvantage: work harden rapidly so more difficult to
shape and machine
Advantages of ALL fcc metals and alloys
toughness;
ductility;
creep resistance
10/19/2015 21
22. High-Alloy Steels: Stainless Steels
(SS)
(b) The ferritic SS:
α−Fe BCC structure.
Not so corrosion resistant as austenitic SS, but less
expensive magnetic steel;
An alloy Fe-15Cr-0.6C, used in quench and tempered
condition
Used for: rust-free ball bearings, scalpels, knives
10/19/2015 22
24. High-Alloy Steels: Stainless Steels
(SS)lower the A4 point and increase the A3 temperature.
Ferrite-forming elements
The most important elements in this group are Cr, Si, Mo,
W, V and Al.
10/19/2015 24
25. High-Alloy Steels: Stainless Steels
(SS)
(c) The martensitic SS this fine magnetic bcc structure is produced by rapid quenching
and possesses high yield strength and low ductility.
Applications: springs.
(d) The precipitation hardening SS – producing multiple microstructure form a single-
phase one, leads to the increasing resistance for the dislocation motion.
(a) and (b) are hardening and strengthening by cold work
Microstructure - martensitic, ferritic or austenitic based on microstructure, and
precipitation hardening based on strengthening mechanism
10/19/2015 25
26. High-Alloy Steels: Tools steels
• Wear Resistant, High Strength and Tough BUT low ductility
High Carbon steels modified by alloy additions
AISI-SAE Classification
Letter & Number Identification
Classification
Letters pertain to significant characteristic
W,O,A,D,S,T,M,H,P,L,F
– E.g. A is Air-Hardening medium alloy
Numbers pertain to material type
1 thru 7 (E.g. 2 is Cold-work )
10/19/2015 26
27. High-Alloy Steels: Tools steels
Provide the necessary hardness with simpler heat-
treatment and retain this hardness at high
temperature.
The primary alloying elements are:
Mo, W and Cr
Examples:
I. HSS – Turning machine tools
II. High carbon tool steels – Drill
bits/Milling tools/punches/saw
blade
10/19/2015 27