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2. THE ALLOYING ELEMENTS
AND THEIR EFFECT ON THE
PROPERTIES OF STEEL
TOPIC

3. GROUP MEMBERS
• BSME01143062 Ali Rehman
• BSME01143060 Uzair Irfan

4. WHAT IS ALLOY?
 Alloy is the metal made by the combination of two or more
metals or elements combined to attain certain chemical or
mechanical properties

5. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
ALLOY AND COMPOSITE
A Brief Description
 Alloy is a mixture of two or more elements where at least one of
them is metal.
 Steel is an example for alloy. It is made up of iron and carbon.
 Composite is a material made out of two or more constituent
materials which are chemically or physically different.
 Concrete is the composite of gravel and cement.

6. A BRIEF HISTORY OF
ALLOYS
 Historically, the earliest alloys created by man was brass, a
simple alloy of copper and zinc known to be in use from as
early as 3000 BC
 King Croesus of Lydia during the years 560-546 BC desired
and developed the first official government coinage system
using a naturally occurring alloy of gold and silver, known as
Electrum

7. ALLOY STEEL
 Alloy steel is basically mixture of Iron and Carbon and other
trace elements (Silicon Manganese Sulphur etc)
 Carbon %age in steel is about 0.12 - 2%

8.  Carbon
 Chromium
 Silicon
 Manganese
 Nickel
 Vanadium
ALLOYING ELEMENTS IN
STEEL
 Molybdenum
 Tungsten
 Aluminum
 Titanium
 Boron

9. CARBON
Percentage range 0.12 - 2%
Increases hardness
Increases Strength
The basic metal, iron, is
alloyed with carbon to
make steel and has the
effect of increasing the
hardness and strength by
heat treatment but the
addition of carbon
enables a wide range of
hardness and strength.

10. CHROMIUM
 Percentage range 0.5 - 18%
 Increases hardenability of steel (0.5-2%)
 Provides Corrosion Resistance (4-18%)
Chromium is added to the
steel to increase resistance to
oxidation. This resistance
increases as more chromium
is added. 'Stainless Steel' has
approximately 18% chromium
and a very marked degree of
general corrosion
resistance when compared
with steels with a lower
percentage of chromium.
When added to low alloy
steels, chromium can increase
the response to heat
treatment, thus improving
harden ability and strength.

11. CHROMIUM PROTECTION

12.  Percentage Range 0.2 – 2%
 Increases Strength (0.2 – 0.7%)
 Spring Steels (0.7 – 2% )
 Improve Magnetic Properties (Higher
Percentages)
SILICON
This metalloid improves
strength, elasticity, acid
resistance and results in
larger grain sizes,
thereby, leading to
greater magnetic
permeability. Because
silicon is used in a
deoxidizing agent in the
production of steel, it is
almost always found in
some percentage in all
grades of steel.

13. The addition of 2% silicon changes the behavior of the steel drastically
for use in a katana. This spring steel is most commonly seen in
application on fencing foils where it needs to withstand a high degree
of bend and still be able to return to center.
SILICON USE

14.  Percentage Range 0.25 – 1%
 When combined with Sulfur Improves Brittleness (0.25-0.40%)
 Increases Hardenability (>1%)
MANGANESE
Increases strength at high
temperatures by
eliminating the formation
of iron sulfides.
Manganese also improves
hardenability, ductility and
wear resistance. Like
nickel, manganese is an
austenite forming element
and can be used in the AISI
200 Series of Austenitic
stainless steels as a
substitute for nickel.

15.  Percentage Range 2 - 20%
 Provide Toughness (2-5%)
 Provides Corrosion Resistance (12-20%)
NICKEL
Nickel is added in large
amounts, over about 8%, to
high chromium stainless
steel to form the most
important class of corrosion
and heat resistant steels.
These are the austenitic
stainless steels, typified by
18-8, where the tendency of
nickel to form austenite is
responsible for a great
toughness and high strength
at both high and low
temperatures. Nickel also
improves resistance to
oxidation and corrosion

16. NICKEL APPLICATIONS
Nickel stainless steel alloy Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
eliminates a stronger and thicker corrosion-
resistant.

17.  Percentage Range 0 - 0.15%
 Stable Carbides-Increase Strength While Retaining
Ductility
 Promotes fine grain structure (FGS)
VANADIUM
vanadium can
produce stable
carbides that increase
strength at high
temperatures. By
promoting a fine
grain structure,
ductility can be
retained.

18. high carbon high chromium die steel with
added carbon and vanadium for abrasion
resisting qualities.
VANADIUM USE
The first large-scale industrial use of vanadium
in steels was found in the chassis of the Ford
Model T, inspired by French race cars.(1927)

19.  Percentage Range 0.2-5%
 Stable Carbides
 Inhibits Grain Growth
MOLYBDENUM
Found in small
quantities in
stainless steels,
molybdenum
increases
hardenability and
strength, particular
at high
temperatures.
Often used in
chromium-nickel
austenitic steels,
molybdenum
protects against
pitting corrosion
caused by
chlorides and
sulfur chemicals.

20.  Percentage Range
 Hardness at high temperatures
TUNGSTEN
Produces stable carbides
and refines grain size so as
to increase hardness,
particularly at high
temperatures

21. Many high speed steels - those used in cutting and machining tools like saw blades - contain
around 18 percent tungsten
Tungsten-steel alloys are also used in the production of rocket engine nozzles, which must have
high heat resistant properties.
TUNGSTEN USES

22.  Percentage Range 0.95 – 1.30%
 Increase ductility in steel alloys
 commonly used in draw quality steels.
 Helps in removing the dissolved oxygen from the
liquid steel. This process is known as killing.
ALUMINUM

23. ALUMINUM USE
Aluminized steel in different parts of
a car

24.  Percentage Range
 Improves Strength
 Reduces martensitic hardness in
chromium steels
TITANIUM
Improves both
strength and
corrosion
resistance while
limiting austenite
grain size. At
0.25-0.60 percent
titanium content,
carbon combines
with the titanium,
allowing
chromium to
remain at grain
boundaries and
resist oxidization.

25. TITANIUM USE
EOS has expanded its metal materials portfolio with EOS titanium Ti64ELI and EOS
stainless steel 316L.
EOS titanium Ti64ELI is a light metal alloy that is corrosion resistant and bio-
compatible

26.  Percentage range 0.001-0.003%
 Powerful hardenability agent
BORON
A hardenability agent that
improves deformability and
machinability. Boron is added to
fully killed steel and only needs
to be added in very small
quantities to have a hardening
affect. Additions of boron are
most effective in low carbon
steels.

27. Hot-stamping boron-alloyed steels for
automotive parts
BORON USE

28. ThanK
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