Seed germination stage is one of the most basic growth stages in medicinal plants that may be adversely affected by the chemicals released from other plants in the soil environment. The present study was performed to investigate the allelopathic effects of weeds, including (Xanthium strumarium, Amaranthus retroflexus and Chenopodium album) as common weeds in medicinal plant's farms, on seed germination parameters, total dry weight and allometry coefficient of Trachyspermum copticum L., Foeniculum vulgare and Cuminum cyminum L. in laboratory conditions. Treatments included extracts of all organs of three weed species, applied on the seeds of the medicinal plants at three concentrations of zero (distilled water), 50 and 100% by volume. The results showed that the extracts of mentioned weed species had a significant inhibitory effect on germination characteristics of the studied medicinal plants. The greatest negative impact on seed germination was recorded for the extract of Amaranthus retroflexus, but Trachyspermum copticum L. showed a better resistance to the extract of Amaranthus retroflexus as compared to Foeniculum vulgare and Cuminum cyminum. Get the full articles at: http://bit.ly/1NaHI5u
Intoduction
Harms of weedicides
Existent problems
What is allelopathy?
How does it execute?
Examples of allelopathic plants
Rice weeds
Screening methods
Field studies
Results
Advantages
Conclusion
Allelopathy is the chemical inhibition of one plant (or other organism) by another, due to the release into the environment of substances acting as germination or growth inhibitors.
Intoduction
Harms of weedicides
Existent problems
What is allelopathy?
How does it execute?
Examples of allelopathic plants
Rice weeds
Screening methods
Field studies
Results
Advantages
Conclusion
Allelopathy is the chemical inhibition of one plant (or other organism) by another, due to the release into the environment of substances acting as germination or growth inhibitors.
All biochemical interactions (stimulatory and inhibitory) among plants, including microorganisms (Molisch ,1937) .
Derived from two Greek words i.e. Allelon (each other) and Pathos(to suffer) i.e. the injurious effects of one upon another.
Allelopathy refers to any process involving secondary metabolites produced by plants, microorganisms, viruses and fungi that influence the growth and development of Agricultural and Biological Systems (International Allelopathy Society )
The present study investigates the growth and developmental changes of Pearlmillet [(Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.)] and Ragi [Eleusine coracana (Gaertn )] under pot culture experiments with different concentrations of aqueous leaf extracts (5, 10, 20, 30 and 50g/l) of Teak. Teak leaf extracts showed an inhibitory and stimulatory effects on germination, seedling length, biomass, pigments and biochemical constituents of pearl millet and ragi. The 5g/l concentration of extract stimulated the seed germination, seedling growth and biochemical constituents of pearl millet and ragi.. The higher concentrations (10, 20, 30and 50g/l) showed an inhibitory effects in all the parameters studied in the two economically important cereals. The degree of retardation was dependent on the concentration of the Teak leaf extracts. Root length, Shoot length, Biomass and Biochemical constituents of ragi seedlings were highly reduced at 50g/l concentrations of aqueous leaf
extracts of Teak. Between pearl millet and ragi seedlings, more allelopathic influence was observed in ragi than pearl millet seedlings.
A Review: Using Marigolds (Tagetes spp.) as an Alternative to Chemical Nemati...IJAEMSJORNAL
Most plant parasitic nematode management methods are pre-plant treatments. One such treatment is the planting of cover crops that can reduce nematode populations. A cover crop is a crop that is grown before the main cash crop is planted. This method is used to either avoid soil erosion caused by fallowing land, or to reduce a pest that cannot reproduce on the cover crop for various reasons. Some cover crops release substances that are able to suppress other organisms. This is called allelopathy. Marigold (Tagetes spp.) which is a popular bedding plant, can be used as such a cover crop. The root exudates of marigold known to contain toxic bioactive chemicals having nematicidal, insecticidal, fungicidal, antiviral and cytotoxic activities. Thus as a method of biocontrol of plant parasitic nematodes, growing of marigolds is not only a comely but also highly economical and helps in environmental amelioration.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Pesticidal efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii L., Alli...researchagriculture
Cabbage aphid (
Brevicoryne brassicae
L.) is one of the most problematic
pests in smallholder vegetable production, causing significant yield losses in heavy
infestations. Current control strategy focuses on use of synthetic pesticides that
consequently lead to decimation of natural enemies, development of insect
resistance and resurgence and upset biodiversity. Botanical pesticides have been used
widely in smallholder farmers but not much documented literature exists on efficacy
of these products. A field trial was done to assess the efficacy of crude aqueous
extracts of
Tephrosia vogelii
,
Allium sativum
and
Solanum incanum
in controlling
Brevicoryne brassicae
in
Brassica napus
production. The trial was laid in a randomized
complete block design (RCBD) with five treatments replicated four times. The five
treatments used in the experiment were
T
.
vogelii
,
A
.
sativum
,
S
.
incanum
,
dimethoate and control. Wingless adult female aphids were inoculated three weeks
after transplanting of seedlings. Spraying and data collection were done weekly for
four weeks. Data was collected on aphid nymph and adult counts on the third leaf
from the aerial plant part of randomly selected plants from each treatment for
24 hours after the application of treatments and total plant fresh weight per each
treatment. There were significant differences (p<0.05)><0.05) on the yield of rape. It was concluded that
T. vogelii
,
S
.
incanum
and
A
.
sativum
aqueous crude extracts have some pesticidal
effects on aphid in rape
production.
Pesticidal efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii L., Allium...researchagriculture
Cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) is one of the most problematic pests in smallholder vegetable production, causing significant yield losses in heavy infestations. Current control strategy focuses on use of synthetic pesticides that consequently lead to decimation of natural enemies, development of insect resistance and resurgence and upset biodiversity. Botanical pesticides have been used widely in smallholder farmers but not much documented literature exists on efficacy of these products. A field trial was done to assess the efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii, Allium sativum and Solanum incanum in controlling Brevicoryne brassicae in Brassica napus production. The trial was laid in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with five treatments replicated four times. The five treatments used in the experiment were T. vogelii, A. sativum, S. incanum, dimethoate and control. Wingless adult female aphids were inoculated three weeks after transplanting of seedlings. Spraying and data collection were done weekly for four weeks. Data was collected on aphid nymph and adult counts on the third leaf from the aerial plant part of randomly selected plants from each treatment for 24 hours after the application of treatments and total plant fresh weight per each treatment. There were significant differences (p<0.05)><0.05) on the yield of rape. It was concluded that T. vogelii, S. incanum and A. sativum aqueous crude extracts have some pesticidal effects on aphid in rape production.
Article Citation:
Shepherd Mudzingwa, Simbarashe Muzemu and James Chitamba.
Pesticidal efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii L., Allium sativum L. and Solanum incanum L. in controlling aphids (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) in rape (Brassica napus L.)
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2013) 2(1): 157-163.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0040.pdf
Growth, Yield and Quality of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) Cultivars throu...AI Publications
Two weeks old rooted cuttings of three commercial hybrid varieties; Triple plus, Temptation and Campairo were grown on cocopit substrate media with five replications on randomized complete block desigh (RCBD) in greenhouse condition at Mendel School Research Farm,Hwacheon. Transplanting was done on June 9, 2013 with spacing of 30 cm between plant and 45 cm between rows. Plants were trained as single stem and harvesting of the fruits were done upto 2.5 meter height. The major objective of this experiment was to evaluate their performance on stem cuttings. On the basis of overall characteristics, Triple plus showed superior performance; early flowering, higher plant uniformity, vigorous plant, higher leaf density, less powdery mildew infection, distinct stem pubescence, earlier fruit set, bigger size of fruits with thicker flesh, higher yield of fruits in tons per hectare and per plant, as compared to other cultivars has been selected and recommended for commercial cultivation through stem cuttings. It was followed by Temptation. Beside this, stem cuttings is an alternative planting materials in all the tested cultivars where apical branches during pruning could be used as alternative planting materials for tomato cultivation.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Effect of environmental pollution on the quality of an edible plant Alternant...Premier Publishers
The present study is the comparative analysis of phytochemical constituents and microbial load of an edible plant Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb collected from unpolluted and polluted site. Preliminary phytochemical analysis was performed with acetone, aqueous, chloroform, ethanol and petroleum ether extracts (unpolluted and polluted site) of A philoxeroides that showed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, phenols, flavonoids, aminoacids, diterpenes, tannin, terpenoids, protein, steroid, oxalate, coumarin and quinones. The ethanol extract showed higher number of phytochemical constituents when compared to the other extract of unpolluted site. The microbial load is also enumerated in the unpolluted and polluted site. In conclusion, phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of many phytoconstituents in ethanol extract and the microbial load is less in the unpolluted site when compared to the polluted site.
The effects of explant rotation, medium types, JA and GA3 additions on in vit...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— This study investigates the effects on the in vitro microtuber formations of Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Marfona species, effected by the direction of planting the explants (horizontal or vertical), the type of medium (solid or two-phase), adding Jasmonic acid (JA) (0.0, 10 ng/L, 1 µg/L and 0.2 mg/L) and Gibberellic acid (GA 3) (0.0 and 0.2 mg/L). The cultures were incubated in a climate chamber at 22-25 o C, and were subjected to a light intensity of 145 µmol m-2 s-1 for 8 hours in light and 16 hours in dark photoperiods (short day) for 4-6 weeks. Microtuber production was inhibited when GA 3 was added. The maximum number of microtubers was observed when the explants were planted vertically and were grown in two-phase medium which did not contain GA 3 and had 10 ng/L JA present. It was determined that two-phase medium with 0.2 mg/L JA but without GA 3 was the most favourable medium for tuber growth (for both height and width). The best microtuber formation on single node explants were observed to occur in the short day photoperiod (8 hours light/16 hours dark) in a two-phase medium that contained 0.2 mg/L JA without the addition of GA 3. The results shows that the effect caused by JA works antagonistically with that of GA 3 thus causing the resulting microtuber formation observed.
All biochemical interactions (stimulatory and inhibitory) among plants, including microorganisms (Molisch ,1937) .
Derived from two Greek words i.e. Allelon (each other) and Pathos(to suffer) i.e. the injurious effects of one upon another.
Allelopathy refers to any process involving secondary metabolites produced by plants, microorganisms, viruses and fungi that influence the growth and development of Agricultural and Biological Systems (International Allelopathy Society )
The present study investigates the growth and developmental changes of Pearlmillet [(Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.)] and Ragi [Eleusine coracana (Gaertn )] under pot culture experiments with different concentrations of aqueous leaf extracts (5, 10, 20, 30 and 50g/l) of Teak. Teak leaf extracts showed an inhibitory and stimulatory effects on germination, seedling length, biomass, pigments and biochemical constituents of pearl millet and ragi. The 5g/l concentration of extract stimulated the seed germination, seedling growth and biochemical constituents of pearl millet and ragi.. The higher concentrations (10, 20, 30and 50g/l) showed an inhibitory effects in all the parameters studied in the two economically important cereals. The degree of retardation was dependent on the concentration of the Teak leaf extracts. Root length, Shoot length, Biomass and Biochemical constituents of ragi seedlings were highly reduced at 50g/l concentrations of aqueous leaf
extracts of Teak. Between pearl millet and ragi seedlings, more allelopathic influence was observed in ragi than pearl millet seedlings.
A Review: Using Marigolds (Tagetes spp.) as an Alternative to Chemical Nemati...IJAEMSJORNAL
Most plant parasitic nematode management methods are pre-plant treatments. One such treatment is the planting of cover crops that can reduce nematode populations. A cover crop is a crop that is grown before the main cash crop is planted. This method is used to either avoid soil erosion caused by fallowing land, or to reduce a pest that cannot reproduce on the cover crop for various reasons. Some cover crops release substances that are able to suppress other organisms. This is called allelopathy. Marigold (Tagetes spp.) which is a popular bedding plant, can be used as such a cover crop. The root exudates of marigold known to contain toxic bioactive chemicals having nematicidal, insecticidal, fungicidal, antiviral and cytotoxic activities. Thus as a method of biocontrol of plant parasitic nematodes, growing of marigolds is not only a comely but also highly economical and helps in environmental amelioration.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Pesticidal efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii L., Alli...researchagriculture
Cabbage aphid (
Brevicoryne brassicae
L.) is one of the most problematic
pests in smallholder vegetable production, causing significant yield losses in heavy
infestations. Current control strategy focuses on use of synthetic pesticides that
consequently lead to decimation of natural enemies, development of insect
resistance and resurgence and upset biodiversity. Botanical pesticides have been used
widely in smallholder farmers but not much documented literature exists on efficacy
of these products. A field trial was done to assess the efficacy of crude aqueous
extracts of
Tephrosia vogelii
,
Allium sativum
and
Solanum incanum
in controlling
Brevicoryne brassicae
in
Brassica napus
production. The trial was laid in a randomized
complete block design (RCBD) with five treatments replicated four times. The five
treatments used in the experiment were
T
.
vogelii
,
A
.
sativum
,
S
.
incanum
,
dimethoate and control. Wingless adult female aphids were inoculated three weeks
after transplanting of seedlings. Spraying and data collection were done weekly for
four weeks. Data was collected on aphid nymph and adult counts on the third leaf
from the aerial plant part of randomly selected plants from each treatment for
24 hours after the application of treatments and total plant fresh weight per each
treatment. There were significant differences (p<0.05)><0.05) on the yield of rape. It was concluded that
T. vogelii
,
S
.
incanum
and
A
.
sativum
aqueous crude extracts have some pesticidal
effects on aphid in rape
production.
Pesticidal efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii L., Allium...researchagriculture
Cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) is one of the most problematic pests in smallholder vegetable production, causing significant yield losses in heavy infestations. Current control strategy focuses on use of synthetic pesticides that consequently lead to decimation of natural enemies, development of insect resistance and resurgence and upset biodiversity. Botanical pesticides have been used widely in smallholder farmers but not much documented literature exists on efficacy of these products. A field trial was done to assess the efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii, Allium sativum and Solanum incanum in controlling Brevicoryne brassicae in Brassica napus production. The trial was laid in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with five treatments replicated four times. The five treatments used in the experiment were T. vogelii, A. sativum, S. incanum, dimethoate and control. Wingless adult female aphids were inoculated three weeks after transplanting of seedlings. Spraying and data collection were done weekly for four weeks. Data was collected on aphid nymph and adult counts on the third leaf from the aerial plant part of randomly selected plants from each treatment for 24 hours after the application of treatments and total plant fresh weight per each treatment. There were significant differences (p<0.05)><0.05) on the yield of rape. It was concluded that T. vogelii, S. incanum and A. sativum aqueous crude extracts have some pesticidal effects on aphid in rape production.
Article Citation:
Shepherd Mudzingwa, Simbarashe Muzemu and James Chitamba.
Pesticidal efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii L., Allium sativum L. and Solanum incanum L. in controlling aphids (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) in rape (Brassica napus L.)
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2013) 2(1): 157-163.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0040.pdf
Growth, Yield and Quality of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) Cultivars throu...AI Publications
Two weeks old rooted cuttings of three commercial hybrid varieties; Triple plus, Temptation and Campairo were grown on cocopit substrate media with five replications on randomized complete block desigh (RCBD) in greenhouse condition at Mendel School Research Farm,Hwacheon. Transplanting was done on June 9, 2013 with spacing of 30 cm between plant and 45 cm between rows. Plants were trained as single stem and harvesting of the fruits were done upto 2.5 meter height. The major objective of this experiment was to evaluate their performance on stem cuttings. On the basis of overall characteristics, Triple plus showed superior performance; early flowering, higher plant uniformity, vigorous plant, higher leaf density, less powdery mildew infection, distinct stem pubescence, earlier fruit set, bigger size of fruits with thicker flesh, higher yield of fruits in tons per hectare and per plant, as compared to other cultivars has been selected and recommended for commercial cultivation through stem cuttings. It was followed by Temptation. Beside this, stem cuttings is an alternative planting materials in all the tested cultivars where apical branches during pruning could be used as alternative planting materials for tomato cultivation.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Effect of environmental pollution on the quality of an edible plant Alternant...Premier Publishers
The present study is the comparative analysis of phytochemical constituents and microbial load of an edible plant Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb collected from unpolluted and polluted site. Preliminary phytochemical analysis was performed with acetone, aqueous, chloroform, ethanol and petroleum ether extracts (unpolluted and polluted site) of A philoxeroides that showed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, phenols, flavonoids, aminoacids, diterpenes, tannin, terpenoids, protein, steroid, oxalate, coumarin and quinones. The ethanol extract showed higher number of phytochemical constituents when compared to the other extract of unpolluted site. The microbial load is also enumerated in the unpolluted and polluted site. In conclusion, phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of many phytoconstituents in ethanol extract and the microbial load is less in the unpolluted site when compared to the polluted site.
The effects of explant rotation, medium types, JA and GA3 additions on in vit...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— This study investigates the effects on the in vitro microtuber formations of Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Marfona species, effected by the direction of planting the explants (horizontal or vertical), the type of medium (solid or two-phase), adding Jasmonic acid (JA) (0.0, 10 ng/L, 1 µg/L and 0.2 mg/L) and Gibberellic acid (GA 3) (0.0 and 0.2 mg/L). The cultures were incubated in a climate chamber at 22-25 o C, and were subjected to a light intensity of 145 µmol m-2 s-1 for 8 hours in light and 16 hours in dark photoperiods (short day) for 4-6 weeks. Microtuber production was inhibited when GA 3 was added. The maximum number of microtubers was observed when the explants were planted vertically and were grown in two-phase medium which did not contain GA 3 and had 10 ng/L JA present. It was determined that two-phase medium with 0.2 mg/L JA but without GA 3 was the most favourable medium for tuber growth (for both height and width). The best microtuber formation on single node explants were observed to occur in the short day photoperiod (8 hours light/16 hours dark) in a two-phase medium that contained 0.2 mg/L JA without the addition of GA 3. The results shows that the effect caused by JA works antagonistically with that of GA 3 thus causing the resulting microtuber formation observed.
Coffee Banana Intercropping: An Intimate Relationship with Triple WinsDennis Ochola
Coffee-Banana Intercropping is a climate-smart agricultural practice based on indigenous knowledge. It increases farmer incomes, improves resilience to climatic impacts, and sequesters higher amounts of carbon as opposed to monocropping systems. The practice also has positive effects for rural women and household nutrition.
by P. Cecchi, R. Soleri, S. Sanogo, D. Bamba, K. Diakité, J.C. Poussin, S. Spinelli, A. Kabré and C. Gonzalez
Presented at the Final Volta Basin Development Challenge Science Workshop, September 2013
The ethanol extracts of Ficus asperifolia, Mormordica charantia, Anacardium
occidentals and Psidium guajava were evaluated sole and in treatment combinations at 25, 50 and
75mg ml-1 concentration levels against the mycelial growth of Macrophomina phaseolina of
Cowpea. The pathogen was cultured on plates containing botanicals amended Potato Dextrose
Agar (PDA) in three replicates while only ethanol treated PDA tested plates served the control
experiment. The radial growths were recorded at 4th, 6th and 8th day after inoculation. Data
obtained were analysed using the SAS software program version 9.2. The extract of Mormordica
charantia was the most effective in the botanical treatments alone. The most significant inhibition
of Macrophomina phaseolina were observed from the combined treatments of Ficus asperifolia,
Mormordica charantia and Anacardium occidentals (3.11 cm), followed by Mormordica
charantia and Psidium guajava (3.29 cm), then combination of four extracts; Ficus asperifolia,
Mormordica charantia, Anacardium occidentals and Psidium guajava (3.53 cm), then
Mormordica charantia and Anacardium occidentals (3.84 cm). Other treatments, either alone or in
combination produced significant result compared to the control experiment (6.94 cm). However,
the efficacy of botanicals increased with concentration and also significantly correlated with time
and reduction in mycelia extension of the pathogen. More so, variability in the antifungicidal
potentials of the botanicals on Macrophomina phaseolina ranges from 15.93% to 34.06%
according to Eigen proportions. The treatment combinations of; Ficus asperifolia, Mormordica
charantia and Anacardium occidentals at 75mg ml-1 concentration level produced the most
inhibitory effect against Macrophomina phaseolina in vitro. However, the untreated plates did not
show inhibitory effect on the mycelial growth of the pathogen. Therefore, combined treatments of
botanicals could be a potential source in the practice of plant disease control.
Antifungal activity of psoralea corylifolia hairy root extract against sugarc...researchagriculture
Red rot disease is the major constraint for sugarcane production in India and the pathogen has gained virulence in recent years. About 33 % reduction in yield was observed and loss in sucrose and commercial cane sugar was estimated upto 32 to 50 % in average infections. The present investigation was carried out in sugarcane breeding institute, Coimbatore to study the effect of Psoralea corylifolia hairy root extract against high intensity Colletotrichum falcatum spore suspension (106 spores ml-1) causing red rot disease reaction in canes under Controlled Condition Treatment (CCT) Chamber. Nodal infection, green top, internodal discoloration and internal discoloration of the canes in CCT chamber were taken as the parameters for fixing the disease evaluation after 10 days of incubation. The results of CCT method authenticated the results obtained under laboratory conditions. The study revealed 100 per cent effectiveness of two per cent P. corylifolia hairy root extract over red rot pathogen infection when compared to canes treated only with spore suspension of C. falcatum.
Article Citation:
Rajkumar D and Murugesan R.
Antifungal Activity of Psoralea corylifolia Hairy Root Extract against Sugarcane Red Rot Pathogen under Controlled Condition Treatment Chamber.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2013) 2(2): 173-179.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0047.pdf
Considering the effects of chemical herbicide application, biomarkers have
now become more widely considered for controlling weeds. Allelopathy demonstrates
the potential for this through the release of trace elements from decomposable plant
leaves, seeds, stems and strains. In order to investigate the effects of aqueous extract
of sunflower on the germination and morphological characteristics of Rumex acetosa,
Lepidium draba and Convolvulus arvensis seedlings as three common weeds in sugar
beet fields, a research experiment was carried out in the laboratory of Islamic Azad
University, Neishabour, in 2016 as a factorial in the form of completely randomized
design with four replications. The experimental treatments were aqueous extract of
sunflower (zero, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%), the type of weed in three levels (Rumex
acetosa, Lepidium draba and Convolvulus arvensis), respectively. The results showed
that the highest percentage and rate of germination were observed in non-use of
sunflower extract (irrigation with distilled water), which in Rumex acetosa 97 and 33
percent were higher respectively, in comparison to Lepidium draba and Convolvulus
arvensis. In the study of stem fresh weight, fresh and dry weight of roots, it showed
that the field bindweed plant was more resistant compared to Rumex acetosa,
Lepidium draba. The lowest germination and seedling traits were obtained in 100% of
sunflower aqueous extract, which affected the weeds of the Ivy and Blacks, and the
sorrel was more resistant. According to the results, sunflower extract as a strong
combination for weed control can have promising results for sustainable agriculture.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Effect of Extract of Ailanthus Excelsa on Red Cotton Bug (Dysdercus Cingulatus)IOSR Journals
Botanical pesticides have pesticidal or ovicidal or repellent activities. The development of resistance to existing conventional synthetic pesticides and the increasing public concern over environmental pollution and health hazards created by synthetic pesticides, generate a great need for new types of pest management agent’s advantage with higher activity against the target pests, and lower impact on humans and environmental quality. Repellents are the chemicals which cause an insect to make an oriented movement away from its source. Due to their odoriferous nature, oils of plants have been used for this purpose. Repellency in the present study has been noted visually in the treated insects and the observations recorded have been depicted. The results showed 95% repellency in the treated arms of petridish in fraction of Ailanthus ecxcelsa.
Identification and evaluation of antifungal compounds from botanicals for the...researchagriculture
Red rot is a devastating disease in sugarcane caused by fungus, Colletotrichum falcatum. In this study, eighteen different botanicals were screened for identifying effective antifungal compound against C. falcatum. Among the plants screened, 15 per cent aqueous leaf extract of Psoralea corylifolia alone inhibited 100 per cent growth of both mycelium as well as spore germination under in vitro conditions. The extract did not exhibit any inhibitory effect to the beneficial microbes viz., Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus megaterium and Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus which are normally used in sugarcane. The effective plant extracts exhibiting 100 per cent antifungal activity was subjected to TLC, HPLC and GC-MS analysis to identify the bioactive antifungal compound. It revealed the presence of 7H-furo [3,2-G] (1) benzopyran-7-one as main bioactive compound which is thought to be the intermediate of antifungal compound, 8 – methoxypsoralen formed during biosynthesis.
Article Citation:
Rajkumar D and Murugesan R.
Identification and Evaluation of Antifungal Compounds from Botanicals for the Control of Sugarcane Red Rot Pathogen, Colletotrichum falcatum.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2013) 2(1): 164-172.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0044.pdf
Identification and Evaluation of Antifungal Compounds from Botanicals for th...researchagriculture
Red rot is a devastating disease in sugarcane caused by fungus,
Colletotrichum
falcatum
. In this study, eighteen different botanicals were screened for
identifying effective antifungal compound against
C.
falcatum.
Among the plants
screened, 15 per cent aqueous leaf extract of
Psoralea corylifolia
alone inhibited 100
per cent growth of both mycelium as well as spore germination under
in vitro
conditions. The extract did not exhibit any inhibitory effect to the beneficial microbes
viz.
,
Pseudomonas fluorescens
,
Bacillus megaterium
and
Gluconacetobacter
diazotrophicus
which are normally used in sugarcane. The effective plant extracts
exhibiting 100 per cent antifungal activity was subjected to TLC, HPLC and GC
-
MS
analysis to identify the bioactive antifungal compound. It revealed the
presence of
7H
-
furo [3,2
-
G] (1) benzopyran
-
7
-
one as main bioactive compound which is thought to be
the intermediate of antifungal compound, 8
–
methoxypsoralen formed during
biosynthesis.
Phytochemical Potential and Antimicrobial Activity of Andrographispaniculataiosrjce
The Herbal medicine today ensures safety in contrast to the synthetic preparations. Herbs the Nature’s
Physician, have been reported as an important source of medicine for years and years. Using of herbs for
curing diseases dated back to prehistory and people of all continents have this old tradition.Recently, wide
research proposals highlight the property of medico potential from phytalsources. My herb of interest is also the
above said, ofcourseAndrographispaniculata (Acanthaceae) is a medicinal plant used for the treatment of
various ailments, which has been documented in history of all civilizations. The present study is to learn the
phytochemical properties and the antimicrobial activity of the above using disc diffusion method
Natural pesticides derived from plants are one of the best alternative approaches for the management of nematodes, as excessive use of chemicals eradicate beneficial organisms in the soil and disturb ecological equilibrium and ultimately cause environmental degradation. Six different weed plants viz., Achyranthes aspera L., Solanum xanthocarpum Schard. & JC wendl. Amaranthus spinosus L., Ranunculus pensylvanicus L.f., Cassia tora L., Oxalis stricta L. were collected from in and around the campus of the Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. The nematode eggs and juveniles were exposed at 24, 48 and 72 h in different concentrations (S, S /2, S /10, S /100, S is the standard concentration and S/2, S/10, S/100 is the dilution of Standard solution) of weeds extracts. The plant extract of weeds S. xanthocarpum and A. aspera exhibited highly promising mortality (86-100%) after 72 h exposure period respectively, while the plant extract of O. stricta and C. tora exhibited minimum promising mortality (48-52%) after 24 h of exposure period respectively. There was a gradual decrease in egg hatching with an increase in the concentration of aqueous extracts of weeds. A. aspera, S. xanthocarpum and A. spinosus were found to be most effective in reducing egghatching and increase in mortality of second stage juveniles of M. incognita. Efficacy of treatments improved with increase in their concentration and exposure period. Hatching of larvae and juvenile mortality were strongly influenced by concentration of plants extract.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Bioaccumulation of Lead (Pb) content in three species bivalves in Jakarta Ba...Innspub Net
Environmental pollution by heavy metals has become a serious problem in Jakarta Bay. Mobilization of heavy metals as a result of anthropogenic activities has caused the release of heavy metals into the environment, one of which is Pb. Several methods already used to clean up the environment from these kinds of contaminants, but most of them are costly and difficult to get optimum results. In addition heavy metal pollutans in the waters are very stable and tend to be persistent. Recently, bioaccumators is an effective and affordable technological solution used to extract or remove inactive metals and metal pollutants from contaminated soil and water. This technology is environmental friendly and potentially cost effective using bivalves. These study objectives to analyzed the Pb content of three species of Jakarta Bay bivalves. The results showed that Pb content in the Eastern and Western Season bivalve tissue was significantly lowest in P. viridis (0,166 ± 0,016μg/g dan 0,161 ± 0,155μg/g) compared the Pb concentration in A. antiquata (0,264 ± 0,015μg/g dan 0,247±0,044μg/g), and M. meretrix (0,270 ± 0,016μg/g dan 0,240 ± 0,053μg/g). In this study also showed that the concentration of heavy metal Pb in the bivalve shell of P. viridis was significantly lower than that of two species (A. antiquata and M. meretrix). Pb content in the Eastern Season bivalves did not significantly different from that in the Westerrn Season. This is caused by a weather anomaly where the rainy season occurs almos throughout year of 2020. The Pb content in the bivalves shell was significantly higher than in the body tissues. It is because Pb can replace calcium ions in the formation of animal bones or bivalve shells.
Interaction on the diet and substrate on the growth of Archachatina marginata...Innspub Net
Nine hundred juveniles of Archachatina marginata aged about two weeks, with an average live weight of 2.25 g with an average shell length of 20.12mm were monitored in culture for six (6) months on five types of substrates [S1 (soil collected in a cassava plantation: Manihot sp.), S2 (S1 with 10% oyster shell meal), S3 (S1 with 10% sawdust), S4 (S1 with 5% oyster shell meal and 5% sawdust) and S5 (uncultivated forest soil). Four diets including two industrial (D1 and D 2 of 12% and 16% calcium respectively) and two based on fodder (D3 and D4 based on leaves and fruit of the papaya (Carica papaya) on the one hand and a mixture of papaya leaves and taro (Xanthosoma maffafa) on the other hand, were used. In order to determine the best combinations inducing the best growth performance, 20 combinations were formed at the rate of 45 spat for each combination; three replicas of 15 spat each. This study showed that the combination of diet and livestock substrate influences the growth of Archachatina marginata. Although the best feed is D1 (74.68 g and 7.94cm) and the best substrate is S2 (77.12 g and 7.79cm), the best combinations are D2S3 (69.37 g and 7.47cm), D1S4 (74.68 g and 7.94cm and D4S2 (77.12 g and 7.79cm). The combined effect of the high level of dietary calcium and that of the culture substrate does not promote good growth of snails. This work will help improve the production of African giant snails and provide important data for anyone wishing to engage in the breeding of these animals.
Nutritional assessment status of adult patients with multiple sclerosis: A na...Innspub Net
No previous research has assessed the nongenetic factors, especially the nutrition status of MS patients in Arab countries. Hence, this study aims to assess the nutritional status of MS patients among Arab adults. This study is a nationally representative cross-sectional study using a structured, online self-administered, validated quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) from 13 Arab countries. All data analyses were performed using STATA 16.0 and R for statistical computing version 4.0.4. A total of 813 participants were surveyed, most of the MS participants were female (68.4%), married (58.5%), non-smoker (72.6%) and 53.3% were diagnosed with MS for up to five years. MS participants did not consume the DRI of both the macro and the micronutrients including the energy requirements, except the dietary intake of the sodium which was insignificantly different from the DRI. Results also showed that most participants rarely consumed the main food items including bread, cereals, and most types of meat. While, more than 50% of the participants consumed fruit, vegetables, all types of chicken, fish, fresh soup, rice, and egg up to 3 times per month. On the other hand, milk and milkshake were consumed rarely; while, tea and herbal teas were the most common beverages. Nutrient deficiencies are very common among MS Arab patients. The finding of this study can establish a base for the development of a nutritional program for MS patients in accordance with the recommended DRI.
Evaluation of Talisay (Terminalia catappa) nuts by-productsInnspub Net
Sensory evaluation or analysis is an invaluable tool in determining the consumers’ acceptability of a product developed and eventually its market success. This is a sequel test after the chemical analysis and microbiological procedures have been conducted. The study determined the level of acceptability of the by-product of Talisay (Terminalia catappa) nuts specifically; Talisay Nuts Polvoron, Glazed Talisay Nuts, and Sugar-coated Talisay Nuts using sensory evaluation as to appearance, taste, aroma, sweetness, and texture. The responses of the food inclined participants are described yielding from the Hedonic Tests conducted and statistically treated. Results concluded that the developed products are remarkably acceptable and marketable.
Germination and seedling growth of Moringa oleifera, Moringa stenopetala and ...Innspub Net
A germination test was carried out to identify plants that can germinate and survive in polluted soil (with and without ash) collected 2.5km east and 2.5km west, 20km west and 55km west (control) of the BCL Cu/Ni mine smelter in Selebi-Phikwe, Botswana. The experiment was carried out using Phaseolus vulgaris, Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala. Soil acidity and heavy metal stress reduced germination percentage, coefficient rate of germination, root and shoot growth and dry weight, root: shoot, vigour index and tolerance index of all species. Percentage reduction followed the order 2.5km west < 20km west < 2.5km east < 55km west. Phaseolus vulgaris, Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala germinated in all soils. Their ability to germinate in polluted soil indicates tolerance to heavy metal and soil acidity stress and so they have potential for use in phytoremediation of polluted soils around the mine. Phaseolus vulgaris had the highest overall germination performance but there was no significant difference between the Moringas. Application of coal fly ash increased all the germination parameters and so coal fly ash has potential for use in amending polluted soil around the mine for phytoremediation purposes.
Identification and marketing of Marantaceae in the Ndjolé area, in central Ga...Innspub Net
The forests of the Congo Basin cover an area of 200 million hectares, of which just over 10% is in Gabon. In this country, crop products and non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are abundant because of its favourable climate. There is significant biodiversity and great potential for non-timber forest products. This study is interested in the identification and the supply chain of the Marantaceae, one of these NTFPs of plant origin in central Gabon, whose exploitation is national. Through a survey of the main actors in the sector and field visits in the locality of Bifoun, it emerges the existence of three large groups of exploited marantaceae, whose harvest and transport are mainly done by women, in various containers. The storage of this NTFPs does not exceed four days, with the risk of losing its commercial value due to drying out. The uses of this resource are multiple: processing cassava, cooking food, making handicrafts, etc. The income it provides to producers is mainly use towards small family expenses but helps to monetize the rural world. The difficulties inherent in the distance from harvesting points, the low price of the product and the impossibility of long-term storage of the marantaceae leaves constitute a brake on the development of this activity. It would therefore be wise to envisage the domestication of the species listed for a sustainable use of this plant genetic resource.
Ethnobotany of Oyster nut (Telfairia pedata) in Northern Tanzania | JBES 2022Innspub Net
Telfairia pedata (Sims) Hook is an important native climber plant commonly grown in East Africa. It bears nuts which are eaten either raw or cooked and is consumed mostly by expectant mothers, and as cooking oil. The survey was conducted between September 2019 to February 2020 in Sambaa, Meru, and Pare communities of Lushoto, Bumbuli, Arumeru and Same Districts, Northern Tanzania to assess the ethnobotany of T. pedata from a sample of 346 respondents using semi-structured questionnaires. Results indicate that, 21% of respondents used T. pedata for cooking with other staple foods while 18% claimed that the nuts are used by pregnant and lactating mothers for medicinal and breast milk stimulation and nine (9) percent indicated that the nuts are used for cultural and ritual purposes. Despite its importance, the cultivation of T. pedata in the study area is declining and the gap why such decline is experienced needs to be answered in further studies. Secondly, respondents within the 36-50 age groups reported the greatest diversity of uses of T. pedata 51% compared with those aged below 36 years old 21% signifying that the traditional knowledge known by younger aged groups may be declining. Thus, this gap of traditional knowledge between the groups should be addressed in order to improve utilization and conservation of this seriously declining yet important nut in the study area and other places of Tanzania.
The amphibian’s fauna of a West African forest relict near a hydroelectric Da...Innspub Net
This study reports the amphibian’s fauna sampled from the Biodiversity Conservation Area of the hydroelectric dam of Soubré city (southwestern Côte d’Ivoire). This study aims to provide a better understanding of the diversity of amphibians in this relict forest of 200 ha, in order to assess the ecological health of this ecosystem for conservation and sustainable management perspectives. During dry season (from 26 February to 4 March 2018) and rainy season (from 17 to 23 June 2018), we recorded 14 species of anurans grouped into eight genera and six families. The study sites comprise an amphibian fauna consisting mainly of savannah specialists and degraded forest (64.28% of total species richness). Based on the IUCN Red List, all species recorded are of least concern. Also, these species are well distributed in the different regions of Côte d’Ivoire and Africa. Thus, it is necessary to monitor the ecology of the species and to protect subsequently the different habitats of this area.
Genetic parameter estimates and diversity studies of upland rice (Oryza sativ...Innspub Net
Dearth of well-articulated information on genetic parameter estimates and diversity of upland rice limits the genetic improvement of rice. This study assessed the genetic parameter estimates and genetic diversity among 40 rice accessions using 26 agro-morphological traits. The trial was conducted in 2020 at the Njala University experimental site using 5 × 8 triple lattice design. The agro-morphological traits were analyzed using various multivariate and genetic parameter estimate techniques. Classification based on qualitative and quantitative traits grouped the germplasm into ten and five distinct clusters, respectively. Genotypes Buttercup-ABC, Buttercup-RARC, Jewulay, NERICA L4, Ndomawai, Sewulie and Painipainie produced earliest days to heading (81.8–97.2 days) and maturity (111.2 – 120.7 days). Genotypes Jasmine (3.036 t.ha-1), Rok 34 (3.238 t.ha-1) and Parmoi (2.663 t.ha-1) exhibited the highest grain yields. Principal component analysis (PCA) of qualitative traits exhibited four principal components (PCs) with eigenvalues > 1.0 and cumulative variation of 68.04%, whilst the PCA of quantitative traits had five PCs accounting for 81.73% of the total genetic variation. The findings indicate the presence of enough variability that could be exploited for the genetic improvement of rice varieties and the studied traits can be used for selection. Leaf blade length and width, culm diameter at basal internode, culm length, days to 50% heading, flag leaf girth, panicle number per plant, grain yield, and 100 grain weight had high heritability and genetic advance indicating the presence of additive gene action. Findings are relevant for conservation, management, short term recommendation for release and genetic improvement of rice.
Valorization of the duckweed (Spirodela polyrhyza) in the feeding of mono sex...Innspub Net
In order to evaluate the effect of Spirodela polyrhiza using in diets of Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings, an experiment was conducted on the farm “Awara” in the village of Agongo in Sèmè – Kpodji during 70 days. The initial average weight of fry is about 1g. The stocking density was 13 fry / m². Three experimental diets made with local by-products were tested: T0 (0% S. polyrhiza Meal), T1 (5% S. polyrhiza Meal) and T2 (mixed feed composed of 70% T0 and 30% fresh S. polyrhiza). At the end of the experiment, the survival rate was 100% for all treatments. The best zootechnical parameters were obtained with T1 with a final average weight of 11.67 ± 2.52 g and a consumption index of 1.17 ± 0.30. The highest gross profit margin was also obtained with T1. The lowest economic profitability was obtained.
Anthropogenic noise reduces bird species richness and diversity along a Rur-u...Innspub Net
Urbanization is increasing rapidly in all parts of the world to accommodate the increasing human population but it is having a drastic effect on native flora and fauna. The present study was carried out across a three stage urbanization gradient in and around the city of Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh. Observations were made from September 2019 to February 2021 at the selected three sites during COVID 19 pandemic. Point count method was used for bird surveys and Sound pressure (Noise) measurements were made across the three selected sites. The Avian diversity was measured by total species richness, Fisher’s alpha diversity index and Shannon-Wiener diversity index. The Urban centre recorded the highest sound pressure and lowest Avian species richness but as we moved away from the urban centre the noise levels reduced and the avain species richness increased towards the rural areas. This is mainly due to many avian species avoiding urban areas because of increasing noise levels. We also found that the urban bird community is dominated by a few species whereas the rural bird community was much more diverse.
Construction health and safety model towards adoption | IJB 2022Innspub Net
This study aimed to assess the safety and health of contractors in Zamboanga Del Norte, Philip-pines, in terms of workforce, workplace, and work implements. It also aimed to evaluate compliance with occupational health and safety standards regarding occupational safety and health training, a health and safety plan, civil works activities, and heavy equipment operations. It combined quantitative research with a self-created questionnaire that explains and forecasts concepts that can be applied to other people and locations and objectively measures the variable(s) of interest, selected, constructed, and standardized with validity and reliability in mind. The findings revealed that respondents only partially adhered to construction safety and health in personnel, workplace, and work equipment. Occupational health and safety criteria were partially met in occupational safety and health training, health and safety plans, civil works activities, and heavy equipment operations. The Level of Compliance for construction safety and health was also partially met. As a result, it is advised that construction companies will adopt the revised construction safety model.
Chemical composition of essential oil compounds from the callus of fennel (Fo...Innspub Net
Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller.), a herbaceous, perennial and aromatic from Apiaceae family, which is used for pharmaceutical, food, health and cosmatic are cultivated in different parts of Iran and much of the world. In this study, the amount of trans-anethole in callus gained from tissue culture of fennel six belonging to different regions of Iran and Turkey have been compared. Tissue culture is a randomized trial. Factor of evaluating in the first node (hypocotyl) has been as explants and hormonal composition of 2,4-D+Kinetin and NAA+BAP was used for callus induction. Callus extracts were extracted by using organic solvent and finally the effective compound was determined, using GC/MS. The results show that the highest percentage of essential oil compounds in callus of E,E 2,4-Decadienal of 46.22% and cineole were 1,8 of the 35.17 percent, respectively. Our results indicate that the derived callus from fennel plants in the MS environment and with herbal hormone has been able to produce volatile compounds.
Evaluation of some maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes for resistance to stem borer...Innspub Net
The field experiments were conducted at Agricultural Research Corporation (ARC) , Kassala and Gash Research Station Farm, Takro of, Sudan. During the two winter seasons (2016/017 and 2017/018) respectively to evaluate some grain maize genotypes for resistance to stem borer and identify the most tolerance of these genotypes to Stem Borer infestation. Thirteen (STB.G1, STB.G2, STB.G3, STB.G4, STB.G5, STB.G6, STB.G7, STB.G8, STB.G9, STB.G10, STB.G11) maize genotypes were used in this study: with two check of maize variety (check. 1(Mugtama45) and ckeck. 2 (Var.113),). The experiments were arranged in Randomized Complete Block design (RCBD) with three replications. The data collected were used in this study were : Germination percentages, plant population, plant height, ear height, ear length, days to 50% Tasselling, days to 50% silking, ear length, ear diameter, cob diameter, number of rows/ear, number of kernels/row, 100 Kernel weight and Yieldkg/ha. Results showed that the most encouraging genotypes (STB.G 11, STB.G10, STB.G 4, STB.G 6 and STB.G8) of maize production at Kassala state were obtained a high value for potential of grain yield (4132, 3723, 3611, 3302 and 3264kg/ha) respectively, and for the most important of yield components. Among the traits considered, the yield (kg/ha) was the most promising as an indicator of tolerance to stem borer infestation.
Impact of climate change on wheat yield using remote sensing technique | JBES...Innspub Net
The present study demonstrates the ability of GIS and RS in capturing the spatial temporal data. The changing climatic conditions in the country effects the agriculture. The impacts of climate change are not only restricted to the agricultural productivity of the Pakistan but changing climate also impose destructive impacts on the Land use change practices. Three districts of Punjab i.e. Attock, Multan and Gujrat were selected for analysis of climatic effect on wheat production. The time span that is used for analyzing the change in these areas was from 1999-2014. Climatic changes are not always negative ones but sometimes climatic changes are favoring the increased agricultural production. As the change in temperature and rainfall pattern affects the crop conditions, which changes the net production. It is concluded that for real time prediction of crop yield satellite remote sensing could be used for timely management of food crisis in Pakistan as well as in the world.
Extreme weather events and their impact on urban crop production: A case of K...Innspub Net
Extreme weather events are anticipated to increase the existing challenges and generate new combination of vulnerabilities, especially in developing countries. The agricultural sector is the most vulnerable due to overreliance on unpredictable rainfall. This study examined the impact of extreme weather events on urban crop production and the adaptation strategies applied by the farmers. Secondary data were collected through a literature survey and primary data were collected using structured interviews, observations and focus group discussions. A total of 108 crop farmers were interviewed in two wards of Kinondoni District. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 was used to analyze the data and Pearson Chi-square was used to test the statistical significance between variables. The study observed that, farmers perceived extreme weather events including floods (39%), extreme temperatures (36%), and drought (25%). These extreme weather events affected negatively crop production leading damaging of crops and low yields (38%), outbreak of crop pests and disease (38%), drying of water sources (20%), and loss of soil fertility (4%). Crop farmers used various adaptation strategies such as crop diversification (28%), the use of pesticides (23%), changing of cropping patterns and planting calendar (16%), irrigation practices (18%) and replanting (10%). The study recommends for adoption of new farming systems such as vertical farming systems for better output with the use of limited water and land resources.
Effectiveness of community forest association and water resource users’ assoc...Innspub Net
Catchment degradation has continued to occur globally albeit the presence of Community Forest Associations (CFA) and Water Resource Users Associations (WRUA). Similarly, Kilungu catchment area in Kenya is under the management of the Kenze (CFA) and upper Kaiti (WRUA). This paper examined Kenze CFA and Upper Kaiti WRUA activities by exploring their effectiveness in discharging their statutory functions. This was achieved by carrying out, an exploratory descriptive survey. Data was collected through questionnaires, focus group discussions, 10 key informants’ interviews and direct observations. Descriptive analysis was used. Information was presented in fig.s, tables and percentages. Results showed that upper Kaiti WRUA as more effective in catchment management at moderately (31%) and highly at (37%) as compared to CFA moderately (29%) and highly (5%). In terms of discharging of their statutory functions, Upper Kaiti WRUA was better at a rating of 27% (good) and 23% (very good) as compared to Kenze CFA which was rated at 3% (good) and 6% (very good). This study results implied that Upper Kaiti WRUA was more effective in all aspects of ensuring catchment management as opposed to CFA. In conclusion, a strategy of seizing the opportunities presented by the CFA of being empowered to perform all its activities as required by law with emphasis on the timely preparation and implementation of management plans and WRUA’s continuous improvement should be prioritized. The study recommends new initiatives that improve on the CFA and WRUA activities in order to effectively discharge on their statutory functions.
Smallholders socio-economic characteristics of oil palm value chain: Constrai...Innspub Net
The study on the Smallholders Socio-Economic Characteristics Oil Palm Value Chain: Constraints and Prospects was conducted in the Littoral region of Cameroon with the used of multi-sampling technique. The study made used of secondary and primary data sources. Data that were collected through survey involved the distribution of structured questionnaires to a sample of 400 smallholders who were purposively selected from two sub-divisions. The data collected through these questionnaires were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Science and Micro Soft Excel, and the interpreted resulted were presented using descriptive method, pie charts and in tables. Results indicated actors in the value chain were faced the constraints of inadequate capital, inadequate storage facilities, and fluctuation in market prices, inadequate roads, among others. Results further indicated that the activity was important as it provided opportunities such as job creation, health enhancement, education enhancement, income amelioration among others to the actors in the value chain.
Liming leads to high bean and maize yield on a strongly acid tea soil | IJAAR...Innspub Net
Acid soils are very common in tea zones. These soils have a pH below 5.0. Below this pH, not only do the soils exhibit toxicity of aluminum and manganese but are deficient of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and molybdenum, hence becoming chemically infertile. Liming is one cheap way of reclaiming these soils. The staple food crops in these tea soils are maize and beans. However the effect of different liming levels on bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and maize (Zea maiys, L.) yield on acid tea-growing ando-humic Nitisol had not before been investigated. A study was therefore conducted to determine the crop response to liming and the appropriate liming level for maize and bean crops in a tea zone soils. The experiment was carried out in Embu County, Kavutiri and Kianjokoma areas, Agro-Ecological Zone (AEZ) UM1. A randomized complete block design with four replications of each lime treatment was used at each site. Lime at rates of 0 (L0), 2.4 (L1), 6 (L2), 8 (L3) t/ha was broadcasted on to 4m x 4m plots and mixed into 0-15cm of soil. There was a significant response to liming for both maize and beans. The maximum maize and beans yield was attained at around liming level L2 (pH 5.5). Above this pH, yields started to decline. The study clearly shows the benefits of soil liming on strongly acid tea soils and also the importance of accurate lime applications.
Total phenolics and total flavonoids of extracts from freshwater Clam (Corbic...Innspub Net
The ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane extracts of the freshwater clam (Corbicula fluminea) were studied for the total phenolics and total flavonoids. Total phenolics and total flavonoids of the extracts were evaluated using Folin-Ciocalteau and Aluminum chloride colorimetric methods respectively. The findings showed that the total phenolics of the ethanol extract (1.67±0.28mg GAE/g of dried sample) were substantially higher than the total phenolics obtained from the ethyl acetate (0.70±0.00mg GAE/g) and hexane extracts (0.56±0.23mg GAE/g). While the total flavonoids in the ethyl acetate extract displayed a slightly higher total flavonoid (43.84±0.92mg QE/g of dried sample) relative to ethanol (30.41±1.34mg QE/g of dried sample) and hexane extracts (20.28±0.00mg QE/g of dried sample). Using ethanol, the highest yield for extraction was obtained. Ethanol is the best solvent among the three – ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane in terms of extraction yield and total phenolics. In addition, it can be inferred that the presence of significant amounts of phenolics and flavonoids suggests that freshwater clam is a promising source of antioxidants that provides nourishing proteins and oxidative stress remedies
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Allelopathic effects of weeds extract on seed germination of Trachyspermum copticum L., Foeniculum vulgare and Cuminum cyminum
1. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2014
82 | Shams et al
RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS
Allelopathic effects of weeds extract on seed germination of
Trachyspermum copticum L., Foeniculum vulgare and
Cuminum cyminum
Mostafakemal Shams1*
, Ehsan Zandi Esfahan2
, Mahdi Ramezani3
, Mahnaz
Ghandkanlou1
1
Department of agriculture, Payame Noor University, P.O. Box 19395- 3697, Tehran, Iran
2
Rangeland Research Division, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, P.O. Box 13185-116,
Tehran, Iran
3
Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, P.O. Box 14778. Tehran, Iran
Article published on July 08, 2014
Key words: Allelopathic effects, weed species, Trachyspermum copticum L., Foeniculum vulgare, Cuminum
cyminum
Abstract
Seed germination stage is one of the most basic growth stages in medicinal plants that may be adversely affected
by the chemicals released from other plants in the soil environment. The present study was performed to
investigate the allelopathic effects of weeds, including (Xanthium strumarium, Amaranthus retroflexus and
Chenopodium album) as common weeds in medicinal plant's farms, on seed germination parameters, total dry
weight and allometry coefficient of Trachyspermum copticum L., Foeniculum vulgare and Cuminum cyminum
L. in laboratory conditions. Treatments included extracts of all organs of three weed species, applied on the seeds
of the medicinal plants at three concentrations of zero (distilled water), 50 and 100% by volume. The results
showed that the extracts of mentioned weed species had a significant inhibitory effect on germination
characteristics of the studied medicinal plants. The greatest negative impact on seed germination was recorded
for the extract of Amaranthus retroflexus, but Trachyspermum copticum L. showed a better resistance to the
extract of Amaranthus retroflexus as compared to Foeniculum vulgare and Cuminum cyminum.
*Corresponding Author: Mostafakemal Shams shams100@inbox.com
Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES)
ISSN: 2220-6663 (Print) 2222-3045 (Online)
Vol. 5, No. 1, p. 82-90, 2014
http://www.innspub.net
2. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2014
83 | Shams et al
Introduction
The world's need for medicinal plants as medicines,
cosmetics and as a food supplement for improving
human welfare is rising day by day. Allelopathic is the
interaction of produced plant chemicals on each
other.
Allelopathy is one of the major problems in most
agricultural lands so that many weed species affect
the germination and growth of other plants by
producing secondary metabolites (Anowar Razvy et
al., 2011; Mizutani, 1999) and the Production of
secondary metabolites in plants depends on
environmental conditions (Shams et al., 2013).
The reduction of plant yield is not only due to weed
interference in field but allelopathic agents can play
an effective role in this regard (Iqbal and Wright,
1999).
In the farms, Xanthium strumarium (Rough
Cocklebur), Amaranthus retroflexus (Redroot
Amaranth) and Chenopodium album (Lamb's
Quarters) as weed species cause a sharp decline in the
yield of cultivated plants (Azizi and Fuji, 2006).
Allelopathic activity of Redroot Amaranth has been
fully proven. Saponins, phenolics, chlorogenicacid,
scopoline and benzoic acid are allelopathic
compounds of Redroot Amaranth (Inderjit and Duke,
2003).
According to the new researches, seven sesquiterpens
have been reported for Redroot Amaranth. The
inhibitory effects of these compounds on the
germination of Lettuce at minimum concentration
have been demonstrated by biochemical studies
(D'Abrosca et al., 2006).
Aldehydes, alkaloids, apo-carotenoids, flavonoids,
chlorogenic acid and saponins have been reported by
the studies conducted on Lamb's Quarters (Della
Greca et al., 2004).
The aqueous extract of the roots and shoots of Lamb's
Quarters reduced the growth of coleoptiles in Maize
(El-Khatib et al., 2004).
According to the results reported by (Mallik et al.,
1994), new compounds were identified in Lamb's
Quarters, including chlorogenic acid and seven
phenolic compounds, having a toxic effect on the
germination of Radish.
Rough Cocklebur is also one of the weeds, threatening
medicinal plants so that it severely competes in the
fields through changing the physiological
characteristics of medicinal plants (Wassom et al.,
2002).
(Cutler and Cole, 1983) reported that potassium
carboxyactractyloside and hypoglyaemic, extracted
from plant residues of Rough Cocklebur, strongly
inhibited the growth of hypocotyls of wheat. The
extracts of Rough Cocklebur also inhibited the
germination of pepper, pumpkin and white clover
(Kadioglu, 2004).
In general, Xanthium strumarium (Rough
Cocklebur), Amaranthus retroflexus (Redroot
Amaranth) and Chenopodium album (Lamb's
Quarters) are common weeds having high effect on
the growth and germination of crops (Azizi and Fuji,
2006). There is little information on the mechanism
between their allelopatic substance and medicinal
plants growth in farms. The fight against weeds
requires spending high costs but it can be done easily
through recognizing the allelopathic agents and its
mechanism.
Therefore, the current study was aimed to investigate
the harmful effects of secreted allelopathic substances
and the extracts of (Chenopodium album,
amaranthus retroflexus and Xanthium strumarium)
on seed germination and growth of Trachyspermum
copticum L., Foeniculum vulgare and Cuminum
cyminum.
3. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2014
84 | Shams et al
Materials and methods
The present research was conducted at the laboratory
of medicinal plants, Faculty of Agriculture of Arak
University in 2008. The experiment was performed
in a completely randomized design with four
replications.
Treatments were included extracts of Xanthium,
Amaranthus retroflexusand Chenopodium album at
three concentration levels of 0, 50, and 100%. The
medicinal species studied in this research were as
follows: Trachyspermum copticum L., Foeniculum
vulgare and Cuminum cyminum.
The aqueous extracts of weeds were prepared from all
plant parts (seeds, stems, leaves, and roots). The
plants were collected from the field and then were
dried in an electric oven at 60 °C and were powdered
by grinding. 100 ml distilled water was added to 100
grams of powder of each plant and then it was placed
on a shaker for 72 hours to prepare the main solution
(100%).
The treatments included the solutions of 100% (100%
main solution), 50% (50% main solution+50%
distilled water), and distilled water was considered as
control.
To prevent fungal infection, solution containers, the
petri dishes, and seeds were disinfected by soaking in
sodium hypochlorite 10% for 10 minutes and to
remove the effect of sodium hypochlorite they were
washed five times with distilled water. Then, 100
seeds of medicinal plants were placed on Whatman
filter paper No. 2, inside the Petri dishes and placed
into germinator with a temperature of 23+2 °C.
In this experiment, the traits presented in Table 2
were measured and germinated seeds were counted
daily. A 2-mm radicle was considered as seed
germination and evaluation ended when the number
of germinated seeds did not differ in two consecutive
counts. The length of radicle and plumule was
measured on the eleventh day.
Data analysis was performed by SPSS15 software and
mean comparisons were done by Duncan's Multiple
Range Test at a significance level of 5%.
Results and discussion
Germination percentage
According to the results of ANOVA, the effect of the
type of extract and different levels of extract was
significant on germination percentage.
Table 1. Definition and formula related to the variables related to seed germination used in this study. N (the
number of germinated seeds), D (the number of days after germination), SFW (seedling fresh weight), SDW
(seedling dry weight), RL (radicle length) and PL (plumule length).
Variable Formula References
UG Ultimate Germination The maximum number of seeding's that germinated
during the experiment.
GR Germination rate (Saxena et al., 1996)
MPUG Mean Period of
Ultimate Germination
(Saxena et al., 1996)
IP Inhibitory percent (Saxena et al., 1996)
SVI Seed vigour index SVI= UG × Mean (RL+PL) (Biradar et al., 2007)
TWC Total water capacity (Samad et al., 2008)
CA Coefficient of allometry Radicle length/Plumule length (Saxena et al., 1996)
4. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2014
85 | Shams et al
Mean comparison of the effects of Lamb's Quarters,
Redroot Amaranth and Rough Cocklebur extracts
showed that Lamb's Quarters at concentration level of
50 had the lowest effect on the reduction of seed
germination percentage compared to Redroot
Amaranth while at the same concentration Redroot
Amaranth and Rough Cockleburhad the highest
effect.
Seed germination was reduced to 100% by the extract
of Redroot Amaranth and Rough Cockleburat
concentration level of 100 but a reduction of 95% was
recorded for Lamb's Quarters extract, indicating a
lower inhibitory effect.
Therefore, according to the obtained results, the
increased extract concentration caused decreased
germination percentage of the studied medicinal
plants. Our results are in agreement with the findings
of (D'Abrosca et al., 2006; Mallik et al., 1994).
Previous researches indicate that weed extracts with a
negative impact on the induction of germination
hormones such as gibberellin and the activity of
specific enzymes including amylase and proteinase
which are essential for the germination process cause
reduced germination percentage (Kruse et al., 2000).
Reduced germination percentage caused by Rough
Cocklebur extract is due to the chlorogenic acid and
phenolic in the extract (Mallik et al., 1994). In
addition, the inhibitory effects of Rough Cocklebur
extract on germination percentage may be due to the
toxic effects of folic acid in the extract (Einhelling,
2008). Therefore, the cultivation of medicinal plants
is not recommended on the farms with the mentioned
weeds.
Table 2. Effect of Chenopodium album, Amaranthus retroflexus and Xanthium strumarium extracts at
concentration levels of 0, 50 and 100 on Carum copticum, Foeniculum vulgare andPortulaca oleraceae seed
germination. Data followed by a different letter were significantly different (P≤ 0.05) according to the Duncan
Multiple Range Test.
Plant Weed Substance level UG GR MPUG IP SVI CA TWC
T.copticum
Ch. album 0 71 D 11.9 F 7.5 BCD 30 B 2.6 EF 4.6 B 0.70 B
50 20 BC 1.7 C 13.2 EF 72 C 1.4 BC 0.8A 0.90 C
100 16 B 1.1 BC 9.8 CDE 77 C 1.39 B 0.82A 0.93 C
A. retroflexus 0 70 D 11.9 F 7.5 BCD 0.0 A 3.0 F 4.8 B 0.92 C
50 20 BC 1.3 C 16.5 F 72 C 1.5 BC 1.3 A 0.95 C
100 0.0 A 0.0 A 0.0 A 100 D 0.0 A 0.0 A 0.00 A
X. strumarium 0 70 D 11.9 F 7.5 BCD 0.0 A 3 F 4.8 B 0.92 C
50 26 C 1.5 C 5.1 ABC 63 A 1.7 BCD 1.3 A 0.93 C
100 0 A 0.0 A 0.0 A 100 D 0.0 A 0.0 A 0.00 A
F.vulgare
Ch. album 0 70 D 8.5 E 10.1 CDE 0.0 A 3.0 F 4.8 B 0.92 C
50 18 B 1.5 B 13.4 EF 75 C 2.2 DE 4.6 B 0.89 C
100 0 A 0.0 A 0.0 A 100 D 0.0 A 0.0 A 0.00 A
A. retroflexus 0 70 D 8.5 E 10.1 CDE 0.0 A 3.0 F 4.8 B 0.92 C
50 0 A 0.0 A 0.0 A 100 D 0.0 A 0.0 A 0.00 A
100 0 A 0.0 A 0.0 A 100 D 0.0 A 0.0 A 0.00 A
X. strumarium 0 70 D 8.5 E 10.1 CDE 0.0 A 3.0 F 4.8 B 0.92 C
50 21 BC 2.2 B 3.4 AB 71 C 1.9 CD 7.4 C 0.88 A
100 0 A 0.0A 0.0 A 100 D 0.0 A 0.0 A 0.00 A
C.cyminum
Ch. album 0 70 D 5.5 D 12.6 DEF 0.0 A 3.0 F 4.8 B 0.92 C
50 0 A 0.0 A 0.0 A 100 D 0.0 A 0.0 A 0.00 A
100 0 A 0.00 A 0.0A 100 D 0.0 A 0.0 A 0.00 A
A. retroflexus 0 70 D 5.5 D 12.6 DEF 0.0 A 3.0 F 4.8 B 0.92 C
50 0 A 0.00 A 0.0 A 100 D 0.0 A 0.0 A 0.00 A
100 0 A 0.00 A 0.0 A 100 D 0.0 A 0.0 A 0.00 A
X. strumarium 0 70 D 5.56 D 12.6 DEF 0.0 A 3.0 F 4.8 B 0.92 C
50 0 A 0.00 A 0.0 A 100 D 0.0 A 0.0 A 0.00 A
100 0 A 0.00 A 0.0 A 100 D 0.0 A 0.0 A 0.00 A
5. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2014
86 | Shams et al
In this research, the highest and the lowest
germination percentage caused by different
concentrations of weed extracts were related to
Ajwain and Cumin, respectively (table 3). This
indicates that the seeds of Ajwain have a better
resistance against the germination inhibiting factors
in the weed extracts.
Germination rate
The results of mean comparisons with Duncan’s
Multiple Range Test showed that the extracts of
Redroot Amaranth and Rough Cockleburat
concentration level of 100 dramatically reduced the
germination rate (GR).
Lamb's Quarters extract at low concentration had less
impact on reducing the GR compared to the control
group, indicating the lower allelopathic effects of
Lamb's Quarters extract compared to Redroot
Amaranth and Rough Cocklebur (table 2).
According to the results, the highest (maximum) GR
in control group (distilled water) was related to
Ajwain while the lowest GR was recorded for Cumin.
The same was found for different concentrations of
weed extract. Ajwain showed a better resistance
against high concentrations of weed extracts in
comparison with Fennel and Cumin.
(ZH and SG, 2012) showed that small seeds were
more exposed to allelochemicals due to having a large
contact surface and are more vulnerable to the
allelopathic effects of weeds. Our results showed that
seed size had no effective role in this regard since the
seeds of Ajwain were smaller than that of Fennel and
Cumin (Table 3).
However, the highest resistance against
allelochemicals was related to Ajwain and it is
probably due to its specific physiological properties.
As seen in Table 2, allelopathic effects not only reduce
the germination but also cause a delay in
germination, affecting the species competition (T.
Nilsen and M. Orcutt, 1996).
Allelochemichals in the extract lead to the slowing of
plant vital processes due to the reduction of seed
respiration which ultimately reduce the GR.
Mean Period of Ultimate Germination
According to the results of Table 2, significant
differences were found among the germination onset
of the seeds affected by different concentrations of
weed extracts.
Among the treatments, Rough Cocklebur and Redroot
Amaranth extracts at concentration level of 100%
increased the mean period of ultimate germination
(MPUG) (table 2), Our results are in consistence with
the findings of (Rezaei et al., 2008), who studied the
effect of Redroot Amaranth extract on the
germination of Rapeseed.
In other words, Rough Cocklebur had the most
impact on MPUG compared to Lamb's Quarters (table
4).
Therefore, MPUG increased by increase of weed
extract concentration. This may be due to the reduced
respiration caused by allelochemicals in the extract,
ultimately leading to reduced energy for vital plant
processes such as germination.
Among the studied species, the lowest MPUG was
recorded for Ajwain (Table 3) because Ajwain showed
higher resistance against allelochemicals and for this
reason, its high germination rate reduced the MPUG.
Inhibitory percent
Triterpens are one of the allelopathic compounds in
Redroot Amaranth. Evidence has shown that terpens
inhibit cell elongation and cell division and also are
considered as germination inhibiting factors.
Sesquiterpenes, with nerolidol skeleton, are one of the
germination inhibiting factors in lettuce (D'Abrosca et
al., 2006).
The Inhibitory percent (IP) of Redroot Amaranth
extract increased by increasing the concentration of
6. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2014
87 | Shams et al
the extract as compared to control group, germination
was inhibited to 100% in the seeds of Ajwain, Fennel,
and Cumin (Table 2). This is due to the presence of
sesquiterpens in Redroot Amaranth extract and this
compound is considered as the most important
reason for allelopathic effects of Redroot Amarant
(D'Abrosca et al., 2006).
Seed germination of the studied medicinal species
decreased by increasing the concentration of Rough
Cocklebur extract as Rough Cocklebur extract at
concentration level of 100 increased the IP up to
100% in Ajwain, Fennel, and Cumin compared to
control group (Table 2).
Table 3. Mean values of seed germination characteristics of T. copticum, Foeniculum vulgare and Cuminum
cyminum caused by weed extracts. Data followed by a different letter were significantly different (P≤ 0.05)
according to the Duncan Multiple Range Test.
Plant UG GR MPUG IP SVI CA TWC
T. copticum 32.56 A 4.59 A 7.46 A 57.11 A 1.62 A 2.05 A 0.69 A
Foeniculum vulgare 27.67 B 3.24 B 5.23 B 60.67 A 1.46 B 2.93 A 0.50 B
Cuminum cyminum 23.33 C 1.84 C 4.20 C 66.67 A 1.00 C 1.60 B 0.31 C
Also, Lamb's Quarters extract at concentration level
of 100 reduced the seed germination of Fennel and
Cumin up to 100% as compared to control group but
Ajwain was less affected (70%). The allelopathic effect
of Lamb's Quarters extract may be due to flavonoids
in its extract, reducing seed germination by inhibition
of energy transmission.
The studied medicinal species showed different
resistance against IP of different weed extracts and
the highest resistance was obtained for Ajwain
compared to Fennel and Cumin.
Seed vigor index
Seedling length and germination percentage of the
studied medicinal species decreased by increasing the
concentration of weed extracts. As a result, seed vigor
index (SVI) decreased, indicating that seedling
resistance depends on the toxicity of weed extract.
According to the obtained results, different
concentrations of weed extracts significantly affected
SVI so that weed extracts at high concentration level
had the most impact on the reduction of SVI
compared to control group. The extract of Redroot
Amaranth had the most impact on reducing the seed
viability of the study medicinal species. This result is
in agreement with the findings of (D'Abrosca et al.,
2006) who studied the effect of Redroot Amaranth
extract on the seed viability of lettuce.
Among the weed extracts at low concentration level,
the lowest impact on SVI of medicinal species was
recorded for Lamb's Quarters extract (Table 4).
The highest SVI was obtained for the seeds of Ajwain,
resulting from its genetic and physiological
characteristics (Table 3).
Seedling fresh weight
According to the results, different concentrations of
weed extract significantly affected seedling fresh
weight. The lowest seedling fresh weight was obtained
for Rough Cocklebur and Redroot Amaranth extracts,
caused by the concentration level of 100 (Table 2).
Reduced seedling fresh weight of Corn and Soya,
caused by Lamb's Quarters extract, also has been
reported (El-Khatib et al., 2004).
Reduced absorption of storage nutrients required for
growth is of the factors reducing seedling fresh
weight.
Allelopathic compounds are effective on cell division
and the synthesis of proteins and hormones, resulting
in the decrease of cell growth and ultimately the
7. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2014
88 | Shams et al
reduction of seedling fresh weight (Shahrokhi et al.,
2011).
Phenolic compounds in the weed extracts cause
reduced ATP production by decreasing mitochondrial
respiration. Also, phenolics have the ability to change
the mitochondrial membrane and prevent the
transmission of required energy for vital growth
processes. This irregularity followed by a series of
physiological effects leads to reduced growth and
ultimately seedling fresh weight (Yang et al., 2002).
Coefficient of allometry (Radicle length/Plumule
length)
Previous results indicate the negative effect of
Redroot Amaranth extract on Coefficient of allometry
(CA). In the current experiment, CA decreased by
increasing the concentration of Lamb's Quarters,
Rough Cocklebur, and Redroot Amaranth extracts
(table 2).
Table 4. Mean values effect of Chenopodium album, Amaranthus retroflexus and Xanthium strumarium
extracts on seed germination. Data followed by a different letter were significantly different (P≤ 0.05) according
to the Duncan Multiple Range Test.
Weed UG GR MPUG IP SVI CA TWC
Chenopodium album 29.44 B 3.36 B 7.40 C 61.56 C 1.51 B 2.27 B 0.58 C
Amaranthus retroflexus 25.56 A 3.02 A 5.19 B 63.56 B 1.17 A 1.74 A 0.41 A
Xanthium strumarium 28.56 B 3.30 B 4.30 A 59.33 A 1.40 B 2.57 C 0.51 B
Our results are in agreement with the findings of
(Shahrokhi et al., 2011), who reported the negative
effect of Redroot Amaranth essential oil on the
growth of wheat seedlings.
Redroot Amaranth extract at concentration level of
100 reduced CA of Fennel, Anjowan, and Cumin as
compared to control group (table 2) and Redroot
Amaranth had the most negative impact on CA (table
4).
Also, Lamb's Quarters extract at concentration level
of 100, reduced the CA to 100% in Fennel and Cumin
as compared to control group. In the Lamb's Quarters
extract, the main cause of allelopathic effects is
Chlorogenic acid in the extract in which phytotoxin
has been identified as the main compound (Mallik et
al., 1994).
Redroot Amaranth and Rough Cocklebur extracts also
contain high levels of phenolic compounds. Phenolic
compounds are the main inhibitor of cell division
which ultimately reduces radicle and seedling growth
(Mao et al., 2006). A higher CA ratio was obtained in
Ajwain as compared to Fennel and Cumin.
Total water capacity
Seedling water content was significantly affected by
different concentrations of weed extracts so that
Redroot Amaranth and Rough Cocklebur extracts at
concentration level of 100 reduced total water
capacity to 100%, as compared to control group (table
2). Redroot Amaranth had the most negative impact
on CA (table 4). Our results were confirmed by
(Smitht et al., 2001) who investigated the allelopathic
effects of Redroot Amaranth extract on seedling
growth of Carya illinoinensis.
The extracts at concentration level of 50 had no
significant effect on seedling water content (table 2).
Conclusion
The results of this experiment showed that under
laboratory conditions, Lamb's Quarters, Redroot
Amaranth and Rough Cocklebur extracts affected the
seed germination of Ajwain, Fennel and Cumin but
Redroot Amaranth extract had the most negative
8. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2014
89 | Shams et al
impact on germination characteristics of the studied
medicinal species.
According to the obtained results, the need for the
weed control of the aforementioned weeds before
cultivation and during seedling growth and
establishment becomes more and more clear. In
addition to the farm experiments in order to find the
allelopathic potential of the mentioned weeds, the
investigation of allelopathic effects of other weeds on
germination characteristics (properties) of the
studied medicinal species under both laboratory and
farm conditions seems necessary.
References
Anowar Razvy M, Humayan Kabir A, Aminul
Hoque M. 2011. Antifungal Activity of Fruit Extracts
of Different Water Chestnut Varieties. Notulae
Scientia Biologicae 3, 61-64.
Azizi M, Fuji Y. 2006. Allelopathic effect of some
medicinal plant substances on seed germination of
Amaranthus retroflexus and Portulaca oleraceae.
Acta Hort. 699, 61-68.
Biradar K, Salimath P, Ravikumar R. 2007.
Genetic Variability for Seedling Vigour, Yield and
Yield Components in Local Germplasm Collections of
Greengram (Vigna radiata (L.) wilczek). Karnataka
Journal Agriculture Science 20, 608-609.
Cutler HG, Cole RJ. 1983. Carboxyatractyloside: A
Compound from Xanthium strumarium and
Atractylis gummifera with Plant Growth Inhibiting
Properties. The Probable "Inhibitor A". Journal of
Natural Products 46, 609-613.
D'Abrosca B, De Maria P, DellaGreca M,
Fiorentino A, Golino A, Izzo A, Monaco P.
2006. Amarantholidols and amarantholidosides: new
nerolidol derivatives from the weed Amaranthus
retroflexus. Tetrahedron 62, 640-646.
Della Greca MAFAZ. 2004. Bioactive compound
from Chenopodium album : effects on seed
germination and plant growth. Second European
Allelopathy Symposium 102-103.
Einhelling FA. 2008. Mechanism of Action of
Allelochemical in Allelopathy. In: Allelopathy
Organism Processes and Application. Washington,
USA: American Chemical Society.
El-Khatib AA, Hegazy AK, Gala HK. 2004. Does
allelopathy have a role in the ecology of Chenopodium
murale. Annual Botany Fennici 41, 37-45.
Inderjit, Duke S. 2003. Ecophysiological aspects of
allelopathy. Planta 217, 529-539.
Iqbal J, Wright D. 1999. Effect of weed competition
on flag leaf photosynthesis and grain yield of spring
wheat. J. Agric. Sci. 20, 130-132.
Kadioglu I. 2004. Effects of hearleaf cocklebur
(Xanthium strumarium L.) extract on some crops
and weeds. Asian J. Plant Sci. 3, 696-700.
Kruse M, Strandberg M, Strandberg B. 2000.
Ecological Effects of Allelopathic Plants – a Review.
Sikleborg, Denmark. Report no.
Mallik MAB, Puchala R, Grosz FA. 1994. A
growth inhibitory factor from lambsquaters
(Chenopodium album). J. Chem. Ecol. 20, 957-967.
Mao J, Yang L, Shi Y, Hu J, Piao Z, Mei L, Yin
S. 2006. Crude extract of Astragalus mongholicus
root inhibits crop seed germination and soil nitrifying
activity. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 38, 201-208.
Mizutani J. 1999. Selected Allelochemicals. Critical
Reviews in Plant Sciences 18, 653-671.
Rezaei F, Yarnia M, Mirshekary B. 2008.
Allelopathic effects of weeds extracts from the
9. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2014
90 | Shams et al
Redroot Amaranth, Lambsquarters and Bird Claws on
germination and growth of Rapaseed. Journal of New
Agricultural Sciences 10, 41-55.
Samad MA, Rahmani MM, Hossaini AKM,
Rahman M, Rahmani SM. 2008. Allelopathic
effects of five selected weed species on seed
germination and seedling growth of corn. J. Soil.
Nature 2, 211-220.
Saxena A, Singh DV, Joshi NL. 1996. Autotoxic
effects of pearl millet aqueous extracts on seed
germination and seedling growth. Journal of Arid
Environments 33, 255-260.
Shahrokhi S, Darvishzadeh M, Mehrpouyan
M, Farboodi M, Akbarzadeh M. 2011.
Germination and growth of wheat, Triticuma
estivum(cv. azar2) in response to Pigweed,
Amaranthus retroflexus L. organs extracts.
I.P.C.B.E.E. 22, 124-128.
Shams M, Haghighi B, Abbassi Niasar M,
Zandi Esfahan E. 2013. Effect of copper and
nitrogen nutrients on diosgenin production in
fenugreek. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science: 1-
10.
Smitht MW, Wolf ME, Cheary BS, Carroll BL.
2001. Allelopathy of Bermudagrass, Tall Fescue,
Redroot Pigweed, and Cutleaf Evening Primrose on
Pecan. HortScience 36, 1047-1048.
Nilsen TE, Orcutt MD. 1996. The Physiology of
Plants Under Stress, Abiotic Factors: Wiley.
Wassom JJ, Tranel PJ, Wax LM. 2002. Erratum:
Variation among US accessions of common cocklebur
(Xanthium strumarium). Weed Technol 16, 700.
Yang C-M, Lee C-N, Chou C-H. 2002. Effect of
three allelopathic phenolics on chlorphyll
accumulation of rice (Oryza setiva) seedling: I.
Inhibition of supply orientation. Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin
43, 299-304.
ZH S, SG Z. 2012. Allelopathic testing of Pedicularis
kansuensis (Scrophulariaceae) on seed germination
and seedling growth of two native grasses in the
Tibetan plateau. International journal of exprimental
botany 81, 75-79.