Considering the effects of chemical herbicide application, biomarkers have
now become more widely considered for controlling weeds. Allelopathy demonstrates
the potential for this through the release of trace elements from decomposable plant
leaves, seeds, stems and strains. In order to investigate the effects of aqueous extract
of sunflower on the germination and morphological characteristics of Rumex acetosa,
Lepidium draba and Convolvulus arvensis seedlings as three common weeds in sugar
beet fields, a research experiment was carried out in the laboratory of Islamic Azad
University, Neishabour, in 2016 as a factorial in the form of completely randomized
design with four replications. The experimental treatments were aqueous extract of
sunflower (zero, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%), the type of weed in three levels (Rumex
acetosa, Lepidium draba and Convolvulus arvensis), respectively. The results showed
that the highest percentage and rate of germination were observed in non-use of
sunflower extract (irrigation with distilled water), which in Rumex acetosa 97 and 33
percent were higher respectively, in comparison to Lepidium draba and Convolvulus
arvensis. In the study of stem fresh weight, fresh and dry weight of roots, it showed
that the field bindweed plant was more resistant compared to Rumex acetosa,
Lepidium draba. The lowest germination and seedling traits were obtained in 100% of
sunflower aqueous extract, which affected the weeds of the Ivy and Blacks, and the
sorrel was more resistant. According to the results, sunflower extract as a strong
combination for weed control can have promising results for sustainable agriculture.
1. COURSE TITLE :- FIELD CROPS - II ( KHARIEF ) COURSE NO. :- AGR 302 CREDIT LOAD :- 2+1 PRESENTED BY :- ( NITHYA)
2. TOPIC :- MUSTARD & RAPESEED Botanical Name : Brassica spp. Family : Brassicaceae ( Cruciferae )
3. INTRODUCTION Rapeseed & mustard are the 3rd most important edible oilseed crops of the world after soybean and oil palm. Mustard is Brassica juncea, whereas Rapeseed is Brassica campestris. This crop accounts for nearly one-third of the oil produced in India, making it the country’s key edible oilseed crop. Seeds are known by different names in different places ; Sarson , Toria or Lahi are generally termed as Rapeseeds while Rai or Raya or Laha is termed as Mustard. Oil content varies from 37 to 49%.
4. USES 1. Its oil & seeds are used in: ~ the preparation of pickles and for flavoring curries and vegetables. ~ human consumption ,. ~ preparation of hair oil and ,medicines ,soaps. ~ in mixture with mineral oils for lubrication. ~ Rapeseed oil is used in the manufacture of greases. 2. The oil cake is used as a cattle feed, its green stems and leaves are good source of green fodder for cattle. 3. The leaves of young plants are used as green vegetables. 4. In tanning industry, mustard oil is used for softening leather.
5. RAPESEED OIL MUSTARD OIL CANOLA OIL
6. ORIGIN& HISTORY The place of origin is not definitely known. It’s cultivation has been traced to 2000-1500 B.C in India, China and Japan. According to Prain (1898), Bailey (1922) and others: Rai (B.juncea) originated in China and from there it was introduced in India. According to Vavilov (1926)the place of origin of Rapeseed (B. campestris) is eastern Afghanistan and adjoining parts of India & Pakistan. Singh(1958) considered the B. campestris var. yellow sarson to the oldest of the various rapes & Mustard grown in India.
7. AREA AND DISTRIBUTION Rapeseed and mustard are grown in 53 countries of the world. WORLD :- Area - 35.44 Million ha ( 2017-18 ) Production - 40.60 Million metric tons ( 2017-18 ) Productivity - 2.09 Metric tons per ha ( 2017-18 ) Major growing countries :- : India, Canada, China, Pakistan, Poland, Bangladesh & . Sweden , etc. INDIA :- Area - 5.70 Million ha ( 2017-18 ) Production - 6.50 Million metric tons ( 2017-18 ) Productivity - 1 metric tons per ha ( 2017- 18 ) Major growing states of India :- U.P, Rajasthan, M.P, Haryana, Punjab, Assam, Bihar, . . Gujarat & West Bengal. U.P alone produces about 20 % of total rapeseed & mustard production in India. Total oilseed in J&K ( 2014-15 ) Area (000) Ha – 65.95 Production (000 Qtls ) – 583.8 yield ( Qt /ha ) – 8.85
8. Classification ( SINGH ,1958 ) B. campestris var. yellow sarson. B. campestris var. brown sarson B. campestris var. yellow toria B. campestris var. black toria. B. Juncea B. juncea var. rugose B. nigra SPECIES
9. BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION • Family : Cruciferae • Genus : Brassica • Plant is self-pollinated but cross pollination also takes place to some extent.
28. Breeding for resistance to abiotic stresses – drought resistance – mechanisms of drought resistance (drought escape, avoidance, tolerance, and resistance) – features associated with drought resistance – sources of drought resistance – breeding methods for drought resistance – limitations – achievements; breeding for resistance to water logging – effects of water logging mechanism of tolerance – ideotype for flooded areas – breeding methods.
Presented at the Pulses for Sustainable Agriculture and Human Health” on 31 May-1 June 2016 at NASC, New Delhi, India. The conference was jointly organised by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS), TCi of Cornell University (TCi-CU) and Agriculture Today.
1. COURSE TITLE :- FIELD CROPS - II ( KHARIEF ) COURSE NO. :- AGR 302 CREDIT LOAD :- 2+1 PRESENTED BY :- ( NITHYA)
2. TOPIC :- MUSTARD & RAPESEED Botanical Name : Brassica spp. Family : Brassicaceae ( Cruciferae )
3. INTRODUCTION Rapeseed & mustard are the 3rd most important edible oilseed crops of the world after soybean and oil palm. Mustard is Brassica juncea, whereas Rapeseed is Brassica campestris. This crop accounts for nearly one-third of the oil produced in India, making it the country’s key edible oilseed crop. Seeds are known by different names in different places ; Sarson , Toria or Lahi are generally termed as Rapeseeds while Rai or Raya or Laha is termed as Mustard. Oil content varies from 37 to 49%.
4. USES 1. Its oil & seeds are used in: ~ the preparation of pickles and for flavoring curries and vegetables. ~ human consumption ,. ~ preparation of hair oil and ,medicines ,soaps. ~ in mixture with mineral oils for lubrication. ~ Rapeseed oil is used in the manufacture of greases. 2. The oil cake is used as a cattle feed, its green stems and leaves are good source of green fodder for cattle. 3. The leaves of young plants are used as green vegetables. 4. In tanning industry, mustard oil is used for softening leather.
5. RAPESEED OIL MUSTARD OIL CANOLA OIL
6. ORIGIN& HISTORY The place of origin is not definitely known. It’s cultivation has been traced to 2000-1500 B.C in India, China and Japan. According to Prain (1898), Bailey (1922) and others: Rai (B.juncea) originated in China and from there it was introduced in India. According to Vavilov (1926)the place of origin of Rapeseed (B. campestris) is eastern Afghanistan and adjoining parts of India & Pakistan. Singh(1958) considered the B. campestris var. yellow sarson to the oldest of the various rapes & Mustard grown in India.
7. AREA AND DISTRIBUTION Rapeseed and mustard are grown in 53 countries of the world. WORLD :- Area - 35.44 Million ha ( 2017-18 ) Production - 40.60 Million metric tons ( 2017-18 ) Productivity - 2.09 Metric tons per ha ( 2017-18 ) Major growing countries :- : India, Canada, China, Pakistan, Poland, Bangladesh & . Sweden , etc. INDIA :- Area - 5.70 Million ha ( 2017-18 ) Production - 6.50 Million metric tons ( 2017-18 ) Productivity - 1 metric tons per ha ( 2017- 18 ) Major growing states of India :- U.P, Rajasthan, M.P, Haryana, Punjab, Assam, Bihar, . . Gujarat & West Bengal. U.P alone produces about 20 % of total rapeseed & mustard production in India. Total oilseed in J&K ( 2014-15 ) Area (000) Ha – 65.95 Production (000 Qtls ) – 583.8 yield ( Qt /ha ) – 8.85
8. Classification ( SINGH ,1958 ) B. campestris var. yellow sarson. B. campestris var. brown sarson B. campestris var. yellow toria B. campestris var. black toria. B. Juncea B. juncea var. rugose B. nigra SPECIES
9. BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION • Family : Cruciferae • Genus : Brassica • Plant is self-pollinated but cross pollination also takes place to some extent.
28. Breeding for resistance to abiotic stresses – drought resistance – mechanisms of drought resistance (drought escape, avoidance, tolerance, and resistance) – features associated with drought resistance – sources of drought resistance – breeding methods for drought resistance – limitations – achievements; breeding for resistance to water logging – effects of water logging mechanism of tolerance – ideotype for flooded areas – breeding methods.
Presented at the Pulses for Sustainable Agriculture and Human Health” on 31 May-1 June 2016 at NASC, New Delhi, India. The conference was jointly organised by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS), TCi of Cornell University (TCi-CU) and Agriculture Today.
The Presentation is prepared by the N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to Seed Act and main features of seed act
Crop modeling for stress situations, cropping system , assessing stress through remote sensing, understanding the adaptive features of crops for survival under stress .
It focuses on the breeding objectives in blackgram (Vigna mungo) to enhance its genetic potential for improved yield and quality. The presentation covers key objectives such as increasing yield through traits like pod number and length, developing resistance against diseases and abiotic stresses, enhancing nutritional quality, and improving agronomic traits. By incorporating advanced breeding techniques and genetic markers, breeders aim to develop high-yielding blackgram varieties that are resilient, disease-resistant, and nutritionally rich, thereby contributing to sustainable agriculture and improved food security.
SEED STORAGE
What is seed storage - preservation of seed with initial quality until it is needed for planting.
Stages of Seed Storage
The seeds are considered to be in storage from the moment they reach physiological maturity until they germinate or until they are thrown away because they are dead or otherwise worthless.
The entire storage period can be conveniently divided into following stages.
Storage on plants ( physiological maturity until harvest).
Harvest, until processed and stored in a warehouse.
In - storage ( warehouses)
In transit ( Railway wagons, trucks, carts, railway sheds etc.).
In retail stores.
On the user's farm.
Introduction
The ability of seed to tolerate moisture loss allows the seed to maintain the viability in dry state. Storage starts in the mother plant itself when it attains physiological maturity. After harvesting the seeds are either stored in ware houses or in transit or in retail shops. During the old age days , the farmers were used farm saved seeds, in little quantity, but introduction of high yielding varieties and hybrids and modernization of agriculture necessitated the development of storage techniques to preserve the seeds.
The practice of storing the seeds starts from the ancient days itself, following simple and cheap techniques e.g. Placing the seeds in salt, red earth treatment to red gram etc. But the same practices are not hold good for the present day agriculture, because
large quantity to be stored
exchange of varieties and species
exchange of genes
The type of material to be stored decides the techniques to be followed for safe storage. Now a day’s storage technique changed from ordinary go-down storage to cryogenic tank storage and even gene storage.
Objective of seed storage
To maintain initial seed quality viz., germination, physical purity, vigour etc., all along the storage period by providing suitable or even better conditions.
Since the main objective of seed storage is maintenance of an acceptable capacity for germination and emergence, it can only be accomplished by reducing the rate of deterioration to the degree required to maintain an acceptable level of quality for the desired period.
Purpose of seed storage
Seed storage is the maintenance of high seed germination and vigour form harvest until planting. Is important to get adequate plant stands in addition to healthy and vigourous plants. Every seed operation has or should have a purpose. The purpose of seed storage is to maintain the seed in good physical and physiological condition from the time they are harvested until the time they are planted. Seeds have to be stored, of course, because there is usually a period of time between harvest and planting. During this period, the seed have to be kept somewhere. While the time interval between harvest and planting is the basic reason for storing seed, there are other considerations, especially in the case of extended storage of seed.
Er. Uttam Raj Timilsina(MSc.Engineering,IIT Roorkee)
Professor of Agricultural Engineering,Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal
uttamrajtimilsina@gmail.com
*All Right Reserved**
Uploaded and Shared by AgriYouthNepal
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Rice & Field Crop Production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
ABSTRACT- In the present study, sandwich method was used to study the allelopathic interactions of Ipomoea carnea
on two test weed seeds i.e. Amaranthus spinosus and Cassia fistula. Pot experiments were also conducted where
Ipomoea extracts were applied on germinated seedlings in bags and the effect was observed after regular application of
Ipomoea extract as a weedicide. Both methods showed inhibition of the weeds with respect to growth of seedlings.
However, the results were more significant in Sandwich method as compared to Spray Bioassay, indicating the
allelopathic properties of Ipomoea carnea are more significant on un-germinated seeds compared to grown plantlets.
HPTLC analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, phenols, tannins and terpenoids in Ipomoea carnea. Since all the
four phytochemicals were present in Ipomoea carnea, these could be responsible for allelopathic properties of Ipomoea
carnea on Amaranthus spinosus and Cassia fistula.
Key-words- Ipomoea carnea, Allelopathy, Weedicide, HPTLC
The Presentation is prepared by the N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to Seed Act and main features of seed act
Crop modeling for stress situations, cropping system , assessing stress through remote sensing, understanding the adaptive features of crops for survival under stress .
It focuses on the breeding objectives in blackgram (Vigna mungo) to enhance its genetic potential for improved yield and quality. The presentation covers key objectives such as increasing yield through traits like pod number and length, developing resistance against diseases and abiotic stresses, enhancing nutritional quality, and improving agronomic traits. By incorporating advanced breeding techniques and genetic markers, breeders aim to develop high-yielding blackgram varieties that are resilient, disease-resistant, and nutritionally rich, thereby contributing to sustainable agriculture and improved food security.
SEED STORAGE
What is seed storage - preservation of seed with initial quality until it is needed for planting.
Stages of Seed Storage
The seeds are considered to be in storage from the moment they reach physiological maturity until they germinate or until they are thrown away because they are dead or otherwise worthless.
The entire storage period can be conveniently divided into following stages.
Storage on plants ( physiological maturity until harvest).
Harvest, until processed and stored in a warehouse.
In - storage ( warehouses)
In transit ( Railway wagons, trucks, carts, railway sheds etc.).
In retail stores.
On the user's farm.
Introduction
The ability of seed to tolerate moisture loss allows the seed to maintain the viability in dry state. Storage starts in the mother plant itself when it attains physiological maturity. After harvesting the seeds are either stored in ware houses or in transit or in retail shops. During the old age days , the farmers were used farm saved seeds, in little quantity, but introduction of high yielding varieties and hybrids and modernization of agriculture necessitated the development of storage techniques to preserve the seeds.
The practice of storing the seeds starts from the ancient days itself, following simple and cheap techniques e.g. Placing the seeds in salt, red earth treatment to red gram etc. But the same practices are not hold good for the present day agriculture, because
large quantity to be stored
exchange of varieties and species
exchange of genes
The type of material to be stored decides the techniques to be followed for safe storage. Now a day’s storage technique changed from ordinary go-down storage to cryogenic tank storage and even gene storage.
Objective of seed storage
To maintain initial seed quality viz., germination, physical purity, vigour etc., all along the storage period by providing suitable or even better conditions.
Since the main objective of seed storage is maintenance of an acceptable capacity for germination and emergence, it can only be accomplished by reducing the rate of deterioration to the degree required to maintain an acceptable level of quality for the desired period.
Purpose of seed storage
Seed storage is the maintenance of high seed germination and vigour form harvest until planting. Is important to get adequate plant stands in addition to healthy and vigourous plants. Every seed operation has or should have a purpose. The purpose of seed storage is to maintain the seed in good physical and physiological condition from the time they are harvested until the time they are planted. Seeds have to be stored, of course, because there is usually a period of time between harvest and planting. During this period, the seed have to be kept somewhere. While the time interval between harvest and planting is the basic reason for storing seed, there are other considerations, especially in the case of extended storage of seed.
Er. Uttam Raj Timilsina(MSc.Engineering,IIT Roorkee)
Professor of Agricultural Engineering,Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal
uttamrajtimilsina@gmail.com
*All Right Reserved**
Uploaded and Shared by AgriYouthNepal
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Rice & Field Crop Production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
ABSTRACT- In the present study, sandwich method was used to study the allelopathic interactions of Ipomoea carnea
on two test weed seeds i.e. Amaranthus spinosus and Cassia fistula. Pot experiments were also conducted where
Ipomoea extracts were applied on germinated seedlings in bags and the effect was observed after regular application of
Ipomoea extract as a weedicide. Both methods showed inhibition of the weeds with respect to growth of seedlings.
However, the results were more significant in Sandwich method as compared to Spray Bioassay, indicating the
allelopathic properties of Ipomoea carnea are more significant on un-germinated seeds compared to grown plantlets.
HPTLC analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, phenols, tannins and terpenoids in Ipomoea carnea. Since all the
four phytochemicals were present in Ipomoea carnea, these could be responsible for allelopathic properties of Ipomoea
carnea on Amaranthus spinosus and Cassia fistula.
Key-words- Ipomoea carnea, Allelopathy, Weedicide, HPTLC
Reduction in Growth and Biological Pigments Present In Partheniumpaperpublications3
Abstract: Parthenium hysterophorus is a well-known weed with numerous harmful impacts. During the present work, aqueous leaf extract of Alstonia scholaris was found allelopathic to the seeds and seedlings of the target weed in laboratory conditions. The allelopathic leaf extract was also found effective against the biological pigments like Chlorophyll a and b followed by protein. Various biochemical tests were performed by which the presence of alcohols, aldehydes and ketones was confirmed in the aqueous allelopathic leaf extract.
Effect of interaction between different plant growth regulators on in vitro s...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— In this paper a shoot multiplication is described for Citrus latifolia Tan. (persian lime) using nodal segment explants of young one – old – year trees by two different pathways contain with and without callusing phase. The best result for multiple shoot formation and regenerated shoot formation was 3.2 and 2.6 shoots per explants with 4.44 µM BA plus 0.053 µM NAA and 4.44 µM BA plus 0.049 µM IBA respectively. Alike shoot regeneration, shoot elongation was occurred in medium with 4.44 µM BA and 0.049 µM IBA. Micropropagated and regenerated plants are under other experiments. Abbreviation: BA – 6 benzylaminopurine; IBA – Indole acetic acid; NAA – Naphtalene acetic acid; PGRs – Plant Growth Regulators.
Pesticidal efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii L., Allium...researchagriculture
Cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) is one of the most problematic pests in smallholder vegetable production, causing significant yield losses in heavy infestations. Current control strategy focuses on use of synthetic pesticides that consequently lead to decimation of natural enemies, development of insect resistance and resurgence and upset biodiversity. Botanical pesticides have been used widely in smallholder farmers but not much documented literature exists on efficacy of these products. A field trial was done to assess the efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii, Allium sativum and Solanum incanum in controlling Brevicoryne brassicae in Brassica napus production. The trial was laid in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with five treatments replicated four times. The five treatments used in the experiment were T. vogelii, A. sativum, S. incanum, dimethoate and control. Wingless adult female aphids were inoculated three weeks after transplanting of seedlings. Spraying and data collection were done weekly for four weeks. Data was collected on aphid nymph and adult counts on the third leaf from the aerial plant part of randomly selected plants from each treatment for 24 hours after the application of treatments and total plant fresh weight per each treatment. There were significant differences (p<0.05)><0.05) on the yield of rape. It was concluded that T. vogelii, S. incanum and A. sativum aqueous crude extracts have some pesticidal effects on aphid in rape production.
Article Citation:
Shepherd Mudzingwa, Simbarashe Muzemu and James Chitamba.
Pesticidal efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii L., Allium sativum L. and Solanum incanum L. in controlling aphids (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) in rape (Brassica napus L.)
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2013) 2(1): 157-163.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0040.pdf
Pesticidal efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii L., Alli...researchagriculture
Cabbage aphid (
Brevicoryne brassicae
L.) is one of the most problematic
pests in smallholder vegetable production, causing significant yield losses in heavy
infestations. Current control strategy focuses on use of synthetic pesticides that
consequently lead to decimation of natural enemies, development of insect
resistance and resurgence and upset biodiversity. Botanical pesticides have been used
widely in smallholder farmers but not much documented literature exists on efficacy
of these products. A field trial was done to assess the efficacy of crude aqueous
extracts of
Tephrosia vogelii
,
Allium sativum
and
Solanum incanum
in controlling
Brevicoryne brassicae
in
Brassica napus
production. The trial was laid in a randomized
complete block design (RCBD) with five treatments replicated four times. The five
treatments used in the experiment were
T
.
vogelii
,
A
.
sativum
,
S
.
incanum
,
dimethoate and control. Wingless adult female aphids were inoculated three weeks
after transplanting of seedlings. Spraying and data collection were done weekly for
four weeks. Data was collected on aphid nymph and adult counts on the third leaf
from the aerial plant part of randomly selected plants from each treatment for
24 hours after the application of treatments and total plant fresh weight per each
treatment. There were significant differences (p<0.05)><0.05) on the yield of rape. It was concluded that
T. vogelii
,
S
.
incanum
and
A
.
sativum
aqueous crude extracts have some pesticidal
effects on aphid in rape
production.
Allelopathic effects of weeds extract on seed germination of Trachyspermum co...Innspub Net
Seed germination stage is one of the most basic growth stages in medicinal plants that may be adversely affected by the chemicals released from other plants in the soil environment. The present study was performed to investigate the allelopathic effects of weeds, including (Xanthium strumarium, Amaranthus retroflexus and Chenopodium album) as common weeds in medicinal plant's farms, on seed germination parameters, total dry weight and allometry coefficient of Trachyspermum copticum L., Foeniculum vulgare and Cuminum cyminum L. in laboratory conditions. Treatments included extracts of all organs of three weed species, applied on the seeds of the medicinal plants at three concentrations of zero (distilled water), 50 and 100% by volume. The results showed that the extracts of mentioned weed species had a significant inhibitory effect on germination characteristics of the studied medicinal plants. The greatest negative impact on seed germination was recorded for the extract of Amaranthus retroflexus, but Trachyspermum copticum L. showed a better resistance to the extract of Amaranthus retroflexus as compared to Foeniculum vulgare and Cuminum cyminum. Get the full articles at: http://bit.ly/1NaHI5u
The experiment was conducted at the experimental farm and laboratory of Institute of
Sustainable Agrotechnology, University Malaysia Perlis, Padang Besar, Perlis, Malaysia, with the objective
toinvestigate the inhibitory and stimulatory effects of aqueous extract of mungbean on seed germination and
seedling growth of three crop species, mungbean, sweet corn and okra. Different treatments of mungbean
aqueousextracts (vegetative fresh, vegetative after 2 weeks drying, vegetative after 4 weeks drying, flowering
fresh, flowering after 2 weeks drying, flowering after 4 weeks drying, flowering fresh, flowering after 2 weeks
drying, flowering after 4 weeks drying, maturity fresh, maturity after 2 weeks drying, maturity after 4 weeks
drying and water as control) were used to test their effect on the test species. The experiment was randomly
distributed and according to Completely Randomized Design(CRD) with five replicates. The results showed the
fresh vegetative aqueous extract of mungbean had a significant effect (stimulatory) on germination percent and
growth parameters such as number of root, root length and shoot height, of the three crop species. The study
revealed that the aqueous extract of mungbean have different effects (inhibitory and stimulatory) on the
seedlings and the mode of action depends on the associated plant species.Our results suggest that the aqueous
extract of mungbean from the different growth stages and drying periods have an allelopathic effect.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Synergistic antibacterial effects of three edible plants extract against anti...Open Access Research Paper
In vitro synergistic antibacterial effects among Alocasia macrorrhizos rhizome, Amorphophallus paeoniifolius corm and Colocasia esculenta corm extracts were tested against six resistant bacteria viz., Yersinia enterocolitica, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Clostridium difficile and Staphylococcus aureus. The inhibition zone was compared with the commercially available antibiotic (tetracycline). High inhibitory activity was observed against E. coli (12.67±0.33 mm) and S. aureus (12.50±0.29 mm) for methanol extract at 800 mgml-1 of concentration. MIC and MBC of the extracts ranged from 200-580 mgml-1 and 250-650 mgml-1 respectively. The lowest MIC and MBC of the extracts were measured against E. coli.
Efficacy of aqueous extracts of Aloe zebrina Baker, Capsicum annum L. and Mel...Innspub Net
Low cotton yields in Zimbabwe are mainly caused by infestation by high numbers of insect pests, diseases, poor agronomic practices and poor season quality. Aphids cause considerable yield loss in cotton. Control methods implemented for aphids include cultural approaches, chemical and biological control and use of biopesticides. Synthetic pesticides used by farmers have problems of environmental contamination, toxicity to non-target organisms, resistance by pests and toxicity to humans among others. Plant extracts (PEs) are suitable alternatives to synthetic pesticides. Three aqueous PEs at 10 and 20%v/v application rates, distilled water (no spray) and acetamiprid were evaluated against aphids. The 3×2 factorial + 2 experiments were laid out in an RCBD in the field and CRD for laboratory experiments. Leaves of Aloe zebrina and Melia azedarach and Capsicum annum fruits were dried and ground into powder. Water extracts were prepared and used at 10 and 20%v/v and compared with synthetic insecticide and distilled water in the laboratory. In field evaluations distilled water was replaced by unsprayed plots. All three PEs had insecticidal properties against aphids. During laboratory experiments C. annum 20%v/v killed 64.75% aphids and C. annum 10%v/v killed 63.85% aphids and they were significantly (p=0.007) different from other treatments after correcting for mortality. An average of 80.3% and 72.2% aphids were controlled by C. annum 20%v/v and A. zebrina 20%v/v during field trial, these were significant (p<0.001). A. zebrina extracts had both repellence and contact toxicity against aphids. All the PEs are suitable alternatives to aphicides for aphid management.
Natural pesticides derived from plants are one of the best alternative approaches for the management of nematodes, as excessive use of chemicals eradicate beneficial organisms in the soil and disturb ecological equilibrium and ultimately cause environmental degradation. Six different weed plants viz., Achyranthes aspera L., Solanum xanthocarpum Schard. & JC wendl. Amaranthus spinosus L., Ranunculus pensylvanicus L.f., Cassia tora L., Oxalis stricta L. were collected from in and around the campus of the Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. The nematode eggs and juveniles were exposed at 24, 48 and 72 h in different concentrations (S, S /2, S /10, S /100, S is the standard concentration and S/2, S/10, S/100 is the dilution of Standard solution) of weeds extracts. The plant extract of weeds S. xanthocarpum and A. aspera exhibited highly promising mortality (86-100%) after 72 h exposure period respectively, while the plant extract of O. stricta and C. tora exhibited minimum promising mortality (48-52%) after 24 h of exposure period respectively. There was a gradual decrease in egg hatching with an increase in the concentration of aqueous extracts of weeds. A. aspera, S. xanthocarpum and A. spinosus were found to be most effective in reducing egghatching and increase in mortality of second stage juveniles of M. incognita. Efficacy of treatments improved with increase in their concentration and exposure period. Hatching of larvae and juvenile mortality were strongly influenced by concentration of plants extract.
In vitro assessment of antibacterial activity of Salicornia herbacea L. seed ...Innspub Net
In this study, the antibacterial activities of Salicornia herbacea L. seed extract against two gram-negative and two gram- positive bacteria were evaluated with the agar disc diffusion and MIC methods. Result showed that inhibition zones of 9.5±0.01, 6.2±0.00, 4±0.00 and 3.5±0.10 mm for Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, respectively. Among four bacteria the maximum and minimum inhibition seed ethanolic extract were related to S. aureus with inhibition zones of 9.5mm and MIC 189.5 mg/ml and E. coli with inhibition zones of 3.5 mm and MIC 420 mg/ml, respectively. The antimicrobial activity of ethanol seed extract of S. herbacea is the result of phenolic compounds, fatty acids, osmotic compound (betaine)
or synergic and additive effect of several compounds present in it. Our results suggest the possibility of using S. herbacea seed, which possesses strong antibacterial activity, in the treatment of diseases caused by the microorganisms tested. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-4-number-6-march-2014/
In order to have data on the consumption of okra in Ivory Coast, a survey was
carried out in a school in the town of Adjamé among young people aged between 15
and 35 years. The survey showed that all respondents knew okra 57.80% of
respondents appreciate okra fresh, 39.20% dry and 03% do not appreciate at all the
okra. It also showed that 18.60% of respondents appreciate the sauce gombo, 20.80%
gouagouassou the sauce, the 13.80% Kopé sauce, 39.20% djoumblé the sauce, sauces
made 0.8% made from sheets of okra. 06.80% do not like these sauces. All people
surveyed know the varieties of "Gombo baoule" and "Gombo dioula." In conclusion,
the existing prejudices about fresh okra are the dried okra is more popular among
young people in Côte d'Ivoire.
Five diets (diets incorporated with folic acid, vitamin B, vitamin C, vitamin/
mineral mix and control) were used to determine their effects on survival, digestive
enzyme activity, protein profiling and growth of striped snakehead Channa striatus
fingerlings. All vitamin diets showed significant difference in enzyme activity like
protease, amylase and lipase, when compared to that of control. The fingerlings fed
with vitamin C diet showed significantly (P<0.05) better performance in terms of
survival rate, weight gain and Specific Growth Rate (SGR) when compared to the rest
of the four diets. The electrophoretic studies revealed that high molecular weight
fractions were added up in muscle tissue of C. striatus fed with vitamin and mineral
supplemented diets.
Mining is considered as a difficult and harmful job as it is done in a very
difficult physical and environmental condition. In addition to that, miners are exposed
to the dangers, damages and even death because of the bad condition of mines. The
dangers of mines are different in accordance with the kind of mine which may be
underground or surfaces. The dangers may be a bit different in different cities and
mines. Main harmful factors in mining are the physical damages, hyperthermia,
hearing loss, lung diseases, musculoskeletal diseases and facing with dangerous gases
and beams. The purpose of this essay is to examine the effect of physical, chemical
and biological harmful factor on miners. This survey has adopted descriptive method
and data are collected by library method. The results showed that the exposure of
chemical factors such as dust, methane and silica, and physical factors such as noise,
radiation, and biological factors may have great danger for miners.
The intensive study was conuducted for the prevalence and distribution of
Armigeres obturbans for the first time in the rural area surrounding Rajkot City. Seven
villages were identified for the study species identification, larval density, adult
density and distribution of breeding sites of the species. Results showed that adult
density of Ar. obturbans during monsoon was highest and post monsoon period was
most favourable for the species. Also the breeding sites of the species were recorded
more during this period. While during winter season majority of temporary breeding
sites dries out because of temperature decrease. Therefore, the temperature and
rainfall are the two variables that showed major effect on the breeding activities of
this species.
In order to assess the Myxosporeans fauna of Cameroon fresh water fishes so
as to find the fight strategies, 655 specimens (350 Oreochromis niloticus and 305
Barbus callipterus) were sampled in Mapé river (Sanaga basin) and examined.
Standard methods were used for the sampling of fishes, conservation and microscopy.
Morphometric characteristics of the spores were used for species identification. Two
new species belonging to the genus Myxobolus Büstchli, 1882 were described namely
Myxobolus tchoumbouei n. sp in Barbus callipterus which formed cysts within various
organs (fins, skin and operculum); Myxobolus mapei n. sp parasite of kidneys and liver
in Oreochromis niloticus and Barbus callipterus. Myxobolus tchoumbouei exhibited
very long spores (19.19 x 8.89 μm), pear-shaped with rounded anterior end
sometimes flattened. Polar capsules were dissymmetrical. They measured 7.60 x 3.00
μm for the bigger and 7.06 x 2.62 μm for the smaller. Myxobolus mapei n. sp had
ellipsoidal spores (13.50 x 6.83 μm) with unequal polar capsules. The larger polar
capsule (6.44 X 2.88 μm) was about 1.5 times longer than the smaller one (4.13 X 1.61
μm) and filled half of the spiral cavity. The awareness about these parasites is useful
to find fighting strategies.
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is also known by the name hyaluronan. The necessity for
using this fabulous material lead to investigate non-pathogenic strains which produce
this material. The most non-pathogenic strain is S. thermophilus. The lack of literature
on microbial production of this substance by the strain prompted us to examine the
microbial production of HA from it and also to examine optimization of culture
conditions where HA is produced. The bacteria Streptococcus salivarius sub.
thermophilus was obtained from the Bank of Scientific and Industrial Research of Iran
(PTCC 1738). To separate S. thermophilus strains from yogurts, three types of yogurts
were used. They were cultured by pour-plate and surface methods on STA medium. To
identify the isolated strains, biochemical tests and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
were used. Bacterial strains isolated from yoghurts were identified as S. thermophilus
MN-BM-A02, S. thermophilus JIM8232 and S. thermophilus MN-ZLW-002. To separate
the capsule strains, each strain was cultured on STB medium and then they were
centrifuged. In order to purify the samples, ethanol and charcoal were used. To
optimize production, variety of sources of carbon, nitrogen, temperature and pH were
studied.
The qualitative and quantitative dynamics of the copepod community in
Hendijan harbor was studied through zooplankton samples collected seasonally in
summer 2010 (July- August), autumn 2010 (October), winter 2011 (December-
February) and spring 2011(April). The copepods community was represented by 27
species, belonging to calanoida (16 species), cyclopoida (5 species), Poecilostomatoida
(3 species) and harpacticoida (3 species). The highest abundance of copepods was in
summer (14402±3352 Ind/m3) while the lowest was in winter (852±155 ind/m3). Of
the adult forms, Acartiella faoensis was the most abundant species, forming 19% of
the total copepods, followed by Paracalanus parvus (17%), Corycaeus andrewsi (13%)
and Clausocalanus arcuicornis (8%). Most of copepod species displayed distinct
seasonal occurrence relative to environmental conditions. The spearman’s correlation
revealed that temperature and salinity were the most important factor controlling the
size of copepods density in Hendijan harbor. The cluster analysis demonstrated
different types of association between copepods species. The highest value of
Shannon’s diversity index, Margalef index and Pielou’s evenness was noticed in
summer. These results revealed that the summer is different from other seasons of
the year and in this season the ecological situation is better and more stable than
other seasons in Hendijan shores waters.
The main purpose of this research was to investigate the women pregnancy healthy status and behaviors in Eastern-Azerbaijan province referred to the treatment health centers in 2012. The present study was a cross-section study. So 30
married women between 15-49 years old have been taken up randomly for family adjustment and mother health and pregnancy care. A questionnaire including the demographic features and other questions about the status and behavior of the
pregnancy health affairs were used to collect the results. The obtained data of these questionnaires were analyzed by SPSS software. The results that showed 63.8% had itching or the vaginal stimuli and 34.9% (52 ones) had bad-smelling secretions and
36.9% (55 ones) had intense pain around the abdominal area. The investigation of these infectious diseases through sexual path showed that about 0.5% (3 ones) are challenging with these mentioned disorders. The results of the barrenness showed that about 8.7% (52 ones) tried to get pregnant but they did not get pregnant.
To evaluate the effect of humic acid fertilizer on potato tubers in 2010, trials were conducted in the Province of Iran. The experiment was conducted on a split plot with randomized complete block design having three replications. Main plots consisted of four levels of humic acid (0, 1, 2, 3 times) solution in water irrigation and sub-factor consisted of three varieties of potato (Marfona, Satina, and Born). During planting the application of humic acid at the rate of nine liters per hectare per load at the beginning and start of creating tuber formation respectively were done. Analysis of variance showed that the smallest and largest tuber weight, number of tubers per plant and yield per plant were not significant. Effect of humic acid on the smallest mean tumor weight at 1% and the number of tubers and yield per plant showed significant difference at 5% level. The largest tuber weight was also not significantly different. Interaction of humic acid fertilizer in any of the measured parameters showed no significant difference in potatoes. Comparison by Duncan test showed that the application of humic acid in all the three stages of growth had shown great impact on tuber weight. The highest number of tubers per plant has been associated with the use of humic acid (27 l/ha). The number of tubers per hectare with the application of 18 litres of humic acid showed no significant difference. The amount of humic acid applied were 18 and 27 litres per hectare, and increased performance is in the range of 13 and 29% respectively.
The purpose of this research was to investigate the students' attitude and consciousness degree regarding the pregnancy health in 2013 in Eastern-Azerbaijan Province. So, 300 students in different semesters have been taken up as accidentally from Tabriz, Marand, Bonab, Maragheh and Ahar have been taken up in this study. The WHO illustrative questionnaire for interview-questionnaire designed by John Cleland surveys with young people has been applied in this study. The statistical data has been completed by the help of SPSS software and descriptive and t-test statistical cases. The results showed the attitude score from the family adjustment is significantly higher than the determined degree positively. The results showed the sexual diseases are significantly higher than the fixed determined degree positively. Also it showed there is no observed any significant difference between the degree of the conscious and the students' attitude based on their marital status The results did not show any significant difference regarding the degree of the attitude among students.
The main purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of regular home visits on the developmental indices of low birth weight infants. The present study was an on-site clinical investigation. 90 infants ranging between 1500 to 2500g born in Razi Hospital of Marand town having the entrance criteria to the present study were taken into consideration through the available sampling method and then they were divided into two intervention and control groups. The intervention group has received the whole routine cares since the first to fourth week and then they were visited at home for 45 minutes a week. The control group received the routine cares. The evolutionary indices of both groups were also completed monthly for three months by referring homes. The related data gathering tool was also subjected to the demographic information through registration list and the Persian version of the Low Weight Infant Inventory (LWII) (2 months) that have been completed by the researcher on the birthday, first, second and third months of the birth through the interview. SPSS-15 software and the application of the inferential and descriptive statistical tests (K2 and T-tests) were also applied in order to analyze the related data in this study. The significance level was considered as p<0.05.
More than half of these related research units of both groups had experience (61.5%) and control (55.8%) regarding all women in this study; the mean score of the low weight infants on the first month had not shown any statistical significant difference; but on the second months (p=0.04) and the third months (p=0.001), they had shown statistical significant difference progressively. The healthcare based on home-visit had influence on the recovery indices of the low weight infants. Hence, nurses and other health monitors of the infants should apply for the healthcare programs based on home-visit particularly in caring infants.
Protein was extracted from muscles of Channa striatus and attempts were
made to evaluate in vitro antibacterial activity against clinical bacterial isolates. The
higher concentration of protein (100μg/ml) extracts exhibited a pronounced activity
against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (21 mm), Proteus vulgaris (19 mm), Citrobacter sp
(19 mm), Klebsiella pneumoniae (18 mm), Micrococcus sp (17 mm), Bacillus subtilis (16
mm), Staphylococcus aureus (15 mm), E. coli (14 mm) and Serratia marcescens (5
mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration
were found to be 20-40 μg/ml and 80-100 μg/ml respectively for the extracts of
Channa striatus protein against test organisms. This study confirms that C. striatus fish
protein extracts possess antibacterial activity against a wide range of microbes and
justified that it could be used in the traditional medicine as a remedy for the
treatment of bacterial diseases.
Food security in a growing population with limited natural resources is one of
the most important issues of the world. Accumulation of heavy metals in food and
their concentrations increase and reaching to a risk limit can threaten human health.
The purpose of this study, is to study the heavy metals lead and cadmium in
vegetables, cultured on spinach and watercress at 10 Gardens of Ardabil. This study is
cross-sectional and 81 samples in water, soil, and spinach and watercress were
prepared during the months of June, July and August in 2015 and after preparation
according to the standard methods and using atomic absorption spectrophotometer
(Perkin Elmer) for the determination of heavy metals. SPSS software was used for data
analysis. The results showed that the mean level of lead and cadmium in all samples
were less than the EPA standard. Between studied orchards in terms of the amount of
cadmium and lead no statistically significant different was seen. The independent ttest
showed that in terms of cadmium between two species of spinach and watercress
there found a significant difference at the 5% level so that the amount of cadmium in
spinach was more than the watercress. Since the concentration of heavy metals in all
samples at second and third stages in July and August were zero, but in the first step
in June, the amount of heavy metals have been found in some samples showed that
all three samples of first cut had more contamination than second and third cut. And
in this case, the concentration of heavy metal pollution in hibernation at vegetable
gardens Ardabil is possible. The results of spinach cadmium amount in the first cut in
the three garden of viz.,3, 6 and 10 showed that in the garden (3), the amount of
cadmium in water is higher than the standard and is concentrated in spinach and the
gardens of 6 and 10 Cadmium in the soil of the gardens, is slightly higher that is
condensed in spinach thus it can be considered that spinach in terms of cadmium has
bioaccumulation.
Generally, the reconstitution of palaeo-geography and related environments
is based on the study of sediment markers such as grain size and clay mineralogy. In
this research, 90 surface and subsurface sediment samples from eight cores were
analyzed for grain size and clay mineralogy in southern part of Urmia lake coast and
adjacent areas. Abundant minerals are quartz, feldspars, calcite and dolomite. Heavy
minerals identified were epidote, hornblende and zircon. Clay minerals are Kaolinite
and Smectite mainly. Clay mineralogy and mean grain size of sediments in eight cores
of Urmia Lake; reflect climatic conditions in this region. Relatively coarse sediments
usually deposited during Urmia Lake low stands and relatively fine sediments
deposited during high stands. The mineralogy of the clay-size fraction was determined
by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Mineral assemblages display two climate conditions: Those
having large Kaolinite, quartz, and feldspar peaks but a small smectite peak
(interpreted to be cold times), and those with small Kaolinite, quartz and feldspar
peaks and a large smectite peak-(warm sediments). In addition, smectite content
correlate well with high mean grain size in Urmia Lake sediments, whereas sediments
rich in Kaolinite, quartz, and feldspar correlate well with finer mean grain size.
Chemical elements of the total sample are mainly of terrigenous origin, supplied by
“Discharge Rivers”, which discharges in Urmia Lake. Variations in clay mineralogy and
grain size didn’t indicate that the lake-level variations and nature of sediments
delivered to the lake vary in concert with global climate changes, recently. Human
activities such as Dams’ constructions and agriculture have probably induced
variations in the mobilization of chemical elements.
According to the Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982, constructing
artificial island is permitted and countries can construct artificial islands in their own
territory. Constructing artificial islands in the Persian Gulf area makes the countries in
the region, especially Iran, to pursue the issue with more sensitivity. According to data
dissemination principle of International Environmental Law, the countries that
construct artificial islands should notify other states regarding construction and
properties of their own artificial islands. Today, artificial island construction is being
increased and this has caused many environmental crises including increase of water
darkness and pollution and transport of coastal sediments. In this study, the
destructive results of constructing artificial islands in the Persian Gulf environment,
the effect of development of new land space from geopolitical view, and also
constructing artificial islands from the viewpoint of International Law of the seas have
been reviewed. Moreover, according to the fact that the notion of governance in
modern International Law have been modified regarding the use of environment and
sustainable development, the states will have limited right to construct artificial
islands.
The use of biotechnology in the propagation of plantain and
banana (Musa sp.) of great importance to induce, tolerant to plant genotypes for
diseases and high yield potentials. However, auxins and cytokinins should be used,
which are expensive and can sometimes cause changes in the regenerants obtained.
Both traditional growth regulators (auxins and cytokinins) and non-traditional growth
regulators (brassinosteroid analogues and mixtures oligogalacturonide) are used in
the in vitro propagation of crops, but mush progress has been hindering due to the
sufficient knowledge and impact of different phases prevailing in the
micropropagation of banana hybrid 'FHIA-18' (AAAB) is present hitherto. This work
was performed in order to evaluate the biological activity of an analogue of
brassinosteroids (Biobras-6) *ABr+ and a mixture of oligogalacturonide with the degree
of polymerization between 9 and 16 (Pectimorf) *mOLG+. The effect of ABr and mOLG
are determined as a substitute or complement of auxin (IBA or IAA) and cytokinin (6-
BAP) for the establishment of in vitro multiplication and rooting of plantlets and in the
acclimatization phase. Non-traditional regulators phenolization decrease the explant
growth in the establishment phase of in vitro propagation; but increased the number
of shoots per explants (above 3.5) and improved survival of vitro plant during the
acclimatization phase.
Kumaun Himalaya, in the Indian Himalayan region, has a rich diversity of
medicinal plants, which are widely used in traditional medicinal systems. The present
paper concludes the diversity, vernacular names, associated authorship, ethnomedicinal
uses and use pattern, life form; plant part used and accession number of the
medicinal flora together. The paper describes distribution and local/traditional uses of
the 256 medicinal plants representing 96 families, in which pteridophytes were 1%,
trees were 18%, shrubs were 25%, herbs were 52%). Various plant parts used in
formulations, such as: underground part- 33%, leaves- 24%, whole plant- 11%, bark-
7%, seeds- 7%, resin /latex/oil- 4%, stem/ shoot/ wood- 4%, flowers and
inflorescences- 5%, fruits and nuts- 5% were used in different ailments.
There is a great contamination of water, soil, air, soil erosion, pest resistance
and extensive use of chemical fertilizers cause a turn to induce agriculture for
producing safe and clean products. For this purpose, by using natural materials like
algae on the beach, organic and environmentally friendly fertilizer was prepared. In
this investigation effect of Seaweed Liquid Fertilizer (SLF) of Ulva fasciata at
concentrations of 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% on some parameters of wheat
(Triticum aestivum var. chamran) has been investigated. Based on the results, above
algae can be used as a food supplement solution in the form of foliar spray at 2.5%
concentration with a significant increase in morphological and biochemical indices.
Cardiovascular diseases are considered as one of the threats to human
health, especially, in individuals with overweight. The aim of this study was to
investigate the effect of eight-week aerobic exercises in 10 to 12 years old overweight
girls. In this study, 27 overweight female student whit 10-12 years old were selected
and were randomly divided into two groups; a) training group (n=17) and b) control
group (n=10). Training group participated into the aerobic training for 8 weeks, with
70-85 percent of heart rate reserve maximum, 3 times a week and 60 minutes in each
session. The variables such as BF, BMI, WHR and VO2max, were measured in two
groups before and after the training period. The average of variables such as BF, BMI
and VO2max were significantly different between two groups (P<0.05). But the
average of WHR were not significantly different between two groups. According to
these results, aerobic exercise in 10-12 years old overweight girls, can have beneficial
effects on some cardiovascular risk factors.
Tomato contains vitamins A, C and lycopene etc., Red colour of tomato is
because of lycopene. Lycopene is recognized as a strong antioxidant, and is also an
anti-cancer substance. It prevents breast and prostate cancers. It also reduces the
aging process and removes free radicals damaging cells. Thus high quality fruits make
the tendency of people’s consumption for this strategic vegetable’s increase.
Genotypes prepared with its native from Russia, Netherlands and Iran were evaluated
and Chef cultivar was taken as a control. In this examination, 10 new genotypes were
analyzed as far as a few indicators of quality in Ahvaz. One of the tomato quality
assessment techniques is sensory lab assessment (plant test). This exploration was
completed at 2013 in Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran. Genotypes mean comparison
showed that the most quality was related to M48, 21 genotypes and the lowest of this
was related to 16, 19 cultivars. Also result indicated that M48, 25 had the most
sourness and the lowest of this was belonged to cultivar 18. Chef cultivar as a control
had the fleshiest tissue and also 33 and 36 genotypes had the most appropriate colour
according of the consumer evaluation.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
PRESENTATION ABOUT PRINCIPLE OF COSMATIC EVALUATION
Effect of sunflower extract to control weeds
1. Article Citation:
Tayyebeh Abdallahabadi and Saeid bakhtiari
Effect of sunflower extract to control weeds
Journal of Research in Biology (2018) 7(8): 2393-2400
JournalofResearchinBiology
Effect of sunflower extract to control weeds
Keywords:
Allelopathy, Sunflower extract, Rumex acetosa, Lepidium draba,
Convolvulus arvensis
ABSTRACT:
Considering the effects of chemical herbicide application, biomarkers have
now become more widely considered for controlling weeds. Allelopathy demonstrates
the potential for this through the release of trace elements from decomposable plant
leaves, seeds, stems and strains. In order to investigate the effects of aqueous extract
of sunflower on the germination and morphological characteristics of Rumex acetosa,
Lepidium draba and Convolvulus arvensis seedlings as three common weeds in sugar
beet fields, a research experiment was carried out in the laboratory of Islamic Azad
University, Neishabour, in 2016 as a factorial in the form of completely randomized
design with four replications. The experimental treatments were aqueous extract of
sunflower (zero, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%), the type of weed in three levels (Rumex
acetosa, Lepidium draba and Convolvulus arvensis), respectively. The results showed
that the highest percentage and rate of germination were observed in non-use of
sunflower extract (irrigation with distilled water), which in Rumex acetosa 97 and 33
percent were higher respectively, in comparison to Lepidium draba and Convolvulus
arvensis. In the study of stem fresh weight, fresh and dry weight of roots, it showed
that the field bindweed plant was more resistant compared to Rumex acetosa,
Lepidium draba. The lowest germination and seedling traits were obtained in 100% of
sunflower aqueous extract, which affected the weeds of the Ivy and Blacks, and the
sorrel was more resistant. According to the results, sunflower extract as a strong
combination for weed control can have promising results for sustainable agriculture.
2393-2400 | JRB | 2017 | Vol 7 | No 8
This article is governed by the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by/4.0), which gives permission for unrestricted use, non-commercial, distribution and
reproduction in all medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
www.jresearchbiology.com
Journal of Research in Biology
An International
Scientific Research Journal
Authors:
Tayyebeh Abdallahabadi1
and Saeid Bakhtiari2
Institution:
1. MA Student, Department
of Agronomy, Neyshabur
Branch, Islamic Azad
University, Neyshabur, Iran
2. Faculty Member,
Department of Agronomy,
Neyshabur Branch, Islamic
Azad University, Neyshabur,
Iran
Corresponding author:
Saeid bakhtiari
Email Id:
Web Address:
http://jresearchbiology.com/
documents/RA0654.pdf
Dates:
Received: 25 Nov 2017 Accepted: 07 Dec 2017 Published: 31 Dec 2017
Journal of Research in Biology
An International Scientific Research Journal
ISSN No: Print: 2231 –6280; Online: 2231- 6299
Original Research
2. INTRODUCTION
Soil contamination and water resources are one
of the major problems of using chemical compounds in
weed control. In order to prevent the spread of weed
resistance, as well as to reduce the environmental
problems caused by the use of herbicides, and to reduce
production costs, alternative methods such as the use of
biological and agronomic methods along with chemical
methods should be used. One of these biological
methods of plant is allelopathic effects on other plants
(weeds). In studying the transgenic properties of plants
on each other, it should be noted that the negative
effects of these compounds must be minimized and at
the same time maximum weed control should be
achieved (Abadi et al., 2008). In this regard, the use of
the allelopathic property of non-target plants can play an
important role in the management of weed control.
These plants, through the production of secondary
metabolites in their surroundings, have a negative effect
on the germination of adjacent herbs and thus limit their
growth and fertility. Therefore, the use of these types of
plants or their residues can reduce the use of herbicides
(Mohassel et al., 2001). Sunflower is known as an
important oilseed plant, and the allelopathic properties
of this plant are also considered by most researchers
(Ashrafi et al., 2008).
Additionally, reduction in number of weeds in
sunflower fields and plants in the rotation after the plant
has also been reported (Broz, 2011). Studies have
shown that sunflower has allelopathic compounds,
including phytotoxins. These substances disrupt the
hormone balance between ethylene and abscisic acid in
the treated seeds. These hormones control root and
shoot growth in seeds and as a result, the growth of
these organs face severe reduction (Ghiazdowsk et al.,
2007). The results showed that the extract of shoot of
sunflower contain more alkyl-oxygenic materials than
roots so that the germination of weed seeds and
lambsquarters decreased by about 43% compared to the
control. Therefore, the phenols responsible for the
activity of sunflower allelopathy are more concentrated
in the leaves (Orouji et al., 2008). Weed management
and control are in agronomic programs that play a
significant role in increasing the yield of crops.
However, in most countries, chemical control of weeds
is ongoing, but decreasing the quality of crops, the cost
of weed control, increasing environmental hazards and,
on the other hand, increasing the weed resistance to
herbicides indicate the need for revision of weed control
methods (Hejazi, 2001). Therefore, new herbicides are
now needed to develop plant metabolism
(photosynthesis and respiration), to be safe for the
environment, to be more efficient, to be active at low
concentrations, and to have extensive activity. In this
regard, studies of allelopathy of plants can lead to the
discovery of new natural herbicides and growth
inhibitors (Hejazi, 2001).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This research was conducted in two phases. The
first phase consisted of sunflower planting in a farm in
Serbian village of Neyshabur during the growing season
of 2014-2015. After sunflower harvest, it was dried and
then dried at the flowering stage and then extracted. The
second phase of the allelopathic effect on germination
of weed plants was performed in the research laboratory
of Neyshabur Azad University. This experiment was a
factorial based on a completely randomized design with
four replications. The treatments consisted of sunflower
concentrations in five levels (0, 25%, 50%, 75% and
100%) and weed species in three levels (Rumex acetosa,
Lepidium draba , Convolvulus arvensis).
To prepare the sunflower extract, the sunflower
was first cultivated on a plot of 300 square meters after
the preparation of the land. At the end of the season,
after complete maturation, the plants were removed
from the soil with roots. Stems and roots of sunflowers
were placed in open air for a few weeks until they were
Abdallahabadi and Bakhtiari , 2017
2394 Journal of Research in Biology (2017) 7(8): 2393-2400
3. completely dried and then thoroughly crushed with a
shredder, then 1.5 kg of crushed sunflower seeds were
soaked in 15 liters of water for one week and then
filtered through filter paper. After that, sunflower
extract was mixed with distilled water to 75% distilled
water and 25% sunflower extract, 50% distilled water
and 50% sunflower extract and 25% distilled water and
75% sunflower extract. For the level of zero, 100%
distilled water was used as control and 100% sunflower
extract was used for 100% level until the desired
concentrations were obtained (Javaid et al., 2006).
Weed Seeds (sorrel, black currant, orchard)
were disinfected with 5% sodium hypochlorite solution
for 10 minutes. The seeds were then washed with
distilled water. Petridishes and filter paper were
dispensed for annealing at 120 ° C and 1 bar pressure
for 20 minutes. 100 seeds of each treatment were placed
in petridish on a filter paper and petri dishes were
irrigated at 25°C for 14 days at the concentrations of 0,
25%, 50%, 75% and 100% aqueous extract of
sunflower. Seeds were kept in the petri dishes for 14
days. The root germination criterion was considered as
two millimeters and counting of germinated seeds was
carried out daily for 14 days. From each experimental
unit, we selected 20 seedlings for measuring the fresh
and dry weight of the root, randomly, and we measured
five of them by the length of the root and stem
(Mohassel et al., 2001).
Percentage and germination rate
Germination percentage and rate were counted
every 24 h for the germinated seeds (with a root length
of 1-2 mm). At the end of germination, the results were
analyzed using Excel software and the percentage and
rate of germination were calculated.
where, N =Number of germinated seeds per day;
n =The total number of germinated seeds. (Samadani
and Baghestani, 2006)
Root and stem length
The length of the stems and root of each of the
five random samples were measured from each petri
dishes seedling after two weeks using the ruler in
millimeters in the laboratory.
Root and stem fresh weight
After 14 days of seedling emergence, 20
samples of root and stem were separated from each
treatment; each sample was weighed individually by a
digital scale with a precision of 10,000 grams. The
average fresh weight of stem and root of 20 samples
was considered treatment as root and stem weight.
Root and stem dry weight
After measuring fresh weight, the root and
stems were individually placed in paper envelopes. The
specimens were transferred to an oven at 70°C. After 24
hours, the specimens were extracted from the oven and
their dry weight was measured using a digital scale with
a precision of 10,000 (Samadani and Baghestani, 2006).
Statistical analysis
After sampling and recording information in the
Excel program, statistical analysis of the data was
performed using statix8 statistical software. The mean
comparison of studied traits was done using Duncan's
multiple range tests. Excel was used to draw the chart
(Steel et al., 1996).
Journal of Research in Biology (2017) 7(8): 2393-2400 2395
Abdallahabadi and Bakhtiari , 2017
Figure 1. Effect of the sunflower extract on
germination percentage
R. acetosa L. draba C. arvensis
Germinationpercentage(%)
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
According to the analysis of variance table, the
percentage of germination, germination rate, root
length, stem length, root and stem fresh weight and root
and stem dry weight of important weeds of sugar beet is
influenced by 99% probability of weed type interaction
and the concentration of sunflower extract as a
herbicide. The highest percentage of germination in
each of the three weed is when distilled water has been
used for irrigation and soaking the seeds, and only
Rumex acetosa weed increased by 75% (Table 1).
However, with increasing extract in Lepidium draba,
germination percentage was significantly decreased and
there is a significant difference between 0% and 100%.
In field bindweed, with increasing extract, germination
percentage, germination rate, root length, stem length,
root and stem fresh weight and root and stem dry weight
was significantly reduced and there was a difference
between 0% and 100% (Figure 1).
Phenolic compounds as a preventive agent for
germination of seeds and growth of the shoots or
extension of the seedling root have been reported in
many reports. According to researches, phenolic acids
reduce water conductivity and absorb nutrients. Azizi et
al. (2006) reported that the extract after penetration into
the embryo was inoculated and, by acting on the alpha-
amylase enzyme, prevented germination of the seeds.
Investigations of Ghiazdowsk et al. (2007) on the
properties of sunflower allelopaths on white mustard
germination also showed the results of this experiment.
So, the application of sunflower leaf extract reduced the
germination percentage, germination rate, root and stem
length of white mustard.
In the present study, only in Rumex acetosa no
difference was observed in control treatments at 25%,
50% and 75%, but there is a significant difference
between control and 100% on germination rate (Figure
2).
A study on the aqueous extract of sorghum root
on seedling growth of Lepidium draba showed that
when the concentration of aqueous extract of sorghum
root increased, germination percentage, germination
rate, root length, and stem length (Lepidium draba)
significantly decreased (Yousefi et al., 2010). The
presence of allelopathic effects in residues and extracts
of many weed species and some crops has been shown
to prevent germination and growth of other species or to
interfere with plant growth and development processes
and reduce the yield of the crop (Orouji et al., 2008 ).
In the present study, only in Rumex acetosa no
difference on root length was observed in the control
treatments at 25% and 50% but there is a significant
difference between control and 100% (Figure 3).
Samadani and Baghestani (2006) reported that
with increase in the concentration of Mugworts extract,
root length of wild oat decreased. Tafti et al. (2008)
Abdallahabadi and Bakhtiari , 2017
2396 Journal of Research in Biology (2017) 7(8): 2393-2400
Figure 2. Effect of the sunflower extract on
germination rate
C. arvensisL. drabaR. acetosa
Germinationrate(%)
Figure 3. Effect of the sunflower extract on root
length
C. arvensisL. drabaR. acetosa
Rootlength(mm)
5. stated that with increase in the concentration of
medicinal plant Rue extract, the length root of Purslanes
and Amaranth reduced.
The present study results revealed that only in
Rumex acetosa the highest stem length is when 25%
concentration is used but there is a significant difference
between control and 100% (Figure 4).
Farhudi et al. (2007) stated that reduced growth
of wild mustard under the influence of sunflower
aqueous extract was caused by cellular degradation in
the wild mustard. Rezaie and Yarnia (2009) also
reported that the root and shoot extract of red root and
Chenopodium album extract reduced plant height could
be due to the reduced cell division and cell elongation at
growth sites or reduced induction effects of indole
acetic acid hormones and gibberellin, as a result of the
reduction between nodes, caused by alchemists (Yu et
al., 2003).
Moreover, in the current study, only in Rumex
acetosa no difference on root fresh weight was observed
in the control treatments at 25%, 50% and 75%, but
there is a significant difference between control and
100% (Figure 5).
Koloren (2007) reported that aqueous extract of
leaves and roots of Alfalfa and mungbean, reduced seed
germination and root growth of Amaranthus retroflexus,
Lolium rigidum, and common purslane weeds. By
increasing the concentration of aqueous extract up to
50%, the germination of the root of these weeds
severely decreased. Mu et al. (2005) reported that the
aqueous extract of Artemisia sp. has an inhibitory effect
on the mitotic secretion of wheat top root
(Triticum sativum), and reduced root growth.
In Rumex acetosa, the stem fresh weight showed
Journal of Research in Biology (2017) 7(8): 2393-2400 2397
Abdallahabadi and Bakhtiari , 2017
Figure 4. Effect of the sunflower extract on stem
length
C. arvensisL. drabaR. acetosa
Stemlength(mm)
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Figure 5. Effect of the sunflower extract on root fresh
weight
C. arvensisL. drabaR. acetosa
Rootfreshweight(mg)
0.02
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.01
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
0.00
Figure 6. Effect of the sunflower extract on stem fresh
weight
C. arvensisL. drabaR. acetosa
Stemfreshweight(mg)
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
Figure 7. Effect of the sunflower extract on root dry
weight
C. arvensisR. acetosa L. draba
Rootdryweight(mg)
0.0014
0.0012
0.001
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
0
6. no difference in control treatments at 25%, 50% and
75%, but there is a significant difference between
control and 100% (Figure 6).
Exudates from different parts of a plant can
have different effects on root growth and biomass
production in neighboring plants or be in the rotation.
These compounds, in addition to reducing the activity of
enzymes by reducing plant hormones such as auxin and
gibberellic acid, can reduce root and stem growth
(Chung and Miller, 1995).
In Rumex acetosa, no difference was observed
between control and 100% and after control by
increasing extract concentration and practically it seems
that the use of extract had no significant effect on root
dry weight (Figure 7).
Researchers have shown that allelopathic
substances in plants decrease the dry matter of crops
such as wheat, corn, sunflower and soybeans (Javaid,
2006). Sadeghi et al. (2010) Spelling is different from
the text reported that by increasing amount of sunflower
seed extract, dry root weight of wild mustard increases.
The extract from the leaf had more inhibitory effects in
all concentration than other organs of sunflowers. So
that the dry weight of stems in 20% of the extract
decreased by 76% compared to the control treatment.
CONCLUSION
The results of this experiment showed that the
use of sunflower aqueous extract is very effective in
controlling weeds of Rumex acetosa, Lepidium draba
and Convolvulus arvensis, so that the concentration of
75% to 100% of these extracts effectively reduces all
traits by 85-99%. The results showed that the highest
percentage and rate of germination were observed in
non-use of sunflower extract (irrigation with distilled
water), which in Rumex acetosa was higher with 97%
and 33%, compared to Lepidium draba and Convolvulus
arvensis respectively. In the study of fresh and dry
weight of stem, fresh and dry weight of root, it showed
Abdallahabadi and Bakhtiari , 2017
2398 Journal of Research in Biology (2017) 7(8): 2393-2400
SourcesofchangeDegreesof
freedom
MeanSquare
Thepercentage
ofgermination
Germination
rate
Stem
length
Root
length
Rootfresh
weight
Stemfresh
weight
Rootdry
weight
Stemdry
weight
Weedvariety4554.53**
4825.4**
5.18641**
60.6020**
0.0001607**
0.00137**
0.0000008889**
0.000008355**
Extract
concentration
24196.05**
34443.7**
3.05497**
15.8121**
0.0002027**
0.00726**
0.000001173**
0.00008871**
Interactionofvariety
inconcentration8
190.57**
2253.4**
0.65668**
11.7309**
0.00008013**
0.00090**
0.0000006284**
0.000004104ns
Error4274.1230.60.159700.75860.0000028230.000180.00000016500.000002754
Table1.Analysisofvarianceofdifferenttraitsexaminedintheexperiment
1-,**
,*
andnsaresignificantat1%,5%andnon-significantlevels
7. that Convolvulus arvensis was more resistant than
Rumex acetosa, Lepidium draba. The least germination
and seedling traits were obtained in 100% of sunflower
aquatic extracts, which Convolvulus arvensis and
Lepidium draba were more affected, and Rumex acetosa
was more resistant. According to the results, sunflower
extract as a strong compound for weed control can have
promising results for sustainable agriculture. Sunflower
showed a high allelopathic potential to control these
three weed species. More comprehensive tests are
needed at the greenhouse and farm level, as well as
identification of the allelopathic effects in the sunflower
seems necessary.
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