This study investigated the inhibitory effects of ground camphor leaf powder on germination and growth of the weed Bromus rigidus. Three concentrations of camphor leaf powder (1, 2, and 3 g/pot) were applied to pots containing Bromus rigidus seeds. All concentrations caused a significant decrease in shoot length, radical length, fresh weight, and dry weight of Bromus rigidus compared to the control. The highest concentration (3 g/pot) completely inhibited germination. The study suggests camphor leaf powder has allelopathic effects and could potentially be developed as a natural herbicide for weed control.
Studies on Integrated Nutrient Management on Seed Yield and Quality of Green ...paperpublications3
Abstract: A field experiment will be conducted to “studies on integrated nutrient management on seed yield and quality of greengram (Vigna radiate (L.)” The experiment was carried out during Kharif season 2014-15, Department of Biological Sciences, SHIATS, Allahabad (U.P.) which is located at 25o 24' 42" N latitude, 81o 50' 56" E longitude and 98 m altitude above the mean sea level. This area is situated on the right side of the river Yamuna by the side of Allahabad Rewa Road about 5 km away from Allahabad city. The pot experiment consisted of nine treatments with different organic and inorganic manures and laid out in randomized block design with three replications. results indicated that the application of 100% RDF + vermicompost @ 1.25 t/ha + Azatobactor @ 375 g/ha recorded significantly plant height (cm) 25 days (28.62) and 50 days (44.17),number of leaves 25 days (13.37) and 50 days (22.10),number of branches 25 days (3.34) and50 days (5.44),days of 50% flowering (41.24), number of pods per plant (24.77), number of seeds per pod (14.77),number of seeds per plant (342.74), seed yield per plant (14.80 g), seed yield per ha (1139.46 kg), thousand seed weight (42.52 g), Number of pods/plant (24.77) germination (99.90%), to others treatments.
Direct and Indirect Contributions of Yield Attributes to the Kernel Yield of ...IJRES Journal
Field trial was conducted in 1999 and 2000 at Samaru in the northern Guinea Savanna ecology of Nigeria to assess the reaction of 36 groundnut genotypes to Alectra vogelii (Benth). The research field was naturally infested with Alectra. The trial was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The path coefficient analysis of the yield attributes showed that number of pods plant-1 exhibited the highest percentage yield contribution of 41.46% to kernel yield. This was followed by 100 kernel weight which contributed 13.80%. The highest combined contribution of 6.23% came from 100 kernel weight and haulm yield. The residual contribution was 23, 24%.
An experiment was conducted at the Crops Research Station of the Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization Alupe, Busia County. The experiment was performed to find out the most suitable mulching material and an ideal spacing for green pepper cultivation under Busia County Conditions. The experiment was laid out in a Factorial Randomized Block Design with three replications. The treatments comprised of four mulching materials viz. black plastic mulch, transparent plastic mulch, straw mulch and bare soil which was the control with three row spacings viz. 30 x 50 cm, 40 x 40 cm and 50 x 40 cm. Data collected was subjected to SAS statistical software for analysis and means separated using LSD at P≤0.05. Significant responses on plant height and number of branches per plant were observed for both seasons due to spacing and mulching treatments. The highest branches (6.97) per plant were recorded in the 40 by 40 cm spacing under the transparent mulch with the lowest (2.83) shown under the same spacing in the straw mulch of California Wonder variety. The widest spacing elicited the highest number of fruits per plant (7.37) in the black plastic mulch while only a mean of 1 fruit per plant was recorded in the mulch control during the short rain season. The highest fruit mean yield per plant of 1556 g and 1533 g was recorded in the widest spacing (50 by 40cm) during the long and short rain seasons respectively. Therefore this study recommends the use of plastic mulches at wider spacing.
Effect of Varying Rate of Leaf Defoliation on Maize Growth, Development and ...Scientific Review SR
Pot trial was conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture, Kogi State University Anyigba, within the
southern Guinea savanna agro ecological zone of Nigeria, with daily temperature range between 250C - 350C.
The experiment, a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with eight treatments (defoliation at 25%
above the ear, 25% under the ear, 50% above the ear, 50% under the ear, 75% above the ear, 75% under the
ear, 100% defoliation and no defoliation as control) was replicated four times. Treatment was imposed at ear
initiation. Growth and yield parameters collected were: number of leaves per plant, leaf area, plant height, stem
girth, days to ear initiation, number of cobs/plant, days to crop maturity, cob weight, cob length, seed rows per
cob, 100-seed weight as well as total cob yield/ha. All data collected were subjected to analysis of variance
(ANOVA) and New Duncan Multiple Range Test (NDMRT) was used to estimate the differences among
significant means at 5% level of probability. Prior to imposition of the treatment, anal yzed results indicate no
significant differences between number of leaves at 2, 4 and 6 WAS, as well as plant heights and stem girth at
2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 WAS. However there were significant differences between leaf areas at 4 and 6 WAS. In
addition, there were significant effects of defoliation on cob length and dry cob weight with the highest cob
weight obtained in 25% defoliation carried out above the ear. In addition, there were significant differences in
the number of rows per cob and grain yield per ha with 0% defoliation giving the highest result while the least
was in 100% defoliation. Generally, it was observed that defoliation at any rate and position influenced maize
yield, notwithstanding that the treatment was imposed at cob initiation, an indication that harvest of solar
radiation post cob initiation plays important role on eventual maize yield
Studies on Integrated Nutrient Management on Seed Yield and Quality of Green ...paperpublications3
Abstract: A field experiment will be conducted to “studies on integrated nutrient management on seed yield and quality of greengram (Vigna radiate (L.)” The experiment was carried out during Kharif season 2014-15, Department of Biological Sciences, SHIATS, Allahabad (U.P.) which is located at 25o 24' 42" N latitude, 81o 50' 56" E longitude and 98 m altitude above the mean sea level. This area is situated on the right side of the river Yamuna by the side of Allahabad Rewa Road about 5 km away from Allahabad city. The pot experiment consisted of nine treatments with different organic and inorganic manures and laid out in randomized block design with three replications. results indicated that the application of 100% RDF + vermicompost @ 1.25 t/ha + Azatobactor @ 375 g/ha recorded significantly plant height (cm) 25 days (28.62) and 50 days (44.17),number of leaves 25 days (13.37) and 50 days (22.10),number of branches 25 days (3.34) and50 days (5.44),days of 50% flowering (41.24), number of pods per plant (24.77), number of seeds per pod (14.77),number of seeds per plant (342.74), seed yield per plant (14.80 g), seed yield per ha (1139.46 kg), thousand seed weight (42.52 g), Number of pods/plant (24.77) germination (99.90%), to others treatments.
Direct and Indirect Contributions of Yield Attributes to the Kernel Yield of ...IJRES Journal
Field trial was conducted in 1999 and 2000 at Samaru in the northern Guinea Savanna ecology of Nigeria to assess the reaction of 36 groundnut genotypes to Alectra vogelii (Benth). The research field was naturally infested with Alectra. The trial was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The path coefficient analysis of the yield attributes showed that number of pods plant-1 exhibited the highest percentage yield contribution of 41.46% to kernel yield. This was followed by 100 kernel weight which contributed 13.80%. The highest combined contribution of 6.23% came from 100 kernel weight and haulm yield. The residual contribution was 23, 24%.
An experiment was conducted at the Crops Research Station of the Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization Alupe, Busia County. The experiment was performed to find out the most suitable mulching material and an ideal spacing for green pepper cultivation under Busia County Conditions. The experiment was laid out in a Factorial Randomized Block Design with three replications. The treatments comprised of four mulching materials viz. black plastic mulch, transparent plastic mulch, straw mulch and bare soil which was the control with three row spacings viz. 30 x 50 cm, 40 x 40 cm and 50 x 40 cm. Data collected was subjected to SAS statistical software for analysis and means separated using LSD at P≤0.05. Significant responses on plant height and number of branches per plant were observed for both seasons due to spacing and mulching treatments. The highest branches (6.97) per plant were recorded in the 40 by 40 cm spacing under the transparent mulch with the lowest (2.83) shown under the same spacing in the straw mulch of California Wonder variety. The widest spacing elicited the highest number of fruits per plant (7.37) in the black plastic mulch while only a mean of 1 fruit per plant was recorded in the mulch control during the short rain season. The highest fruit mean yield per plant of 1556 g and 1533 g was recorded in the widest spacing (50 by 40cm) during the long and short rain seasons respectively. Therefore this study recommends the use of plastic mulches at wider spacing.
Effect of Varying Rate of Leaf Defoliation on Maize Growth, Development and ...Scientific Review SR
Pot trial was conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture, Kogi State University Anyigba, within the
southern Guinea savanna agro ecological zone of Nigeria, with daily temperature range between 250C - 350C.
The experiment, a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with eight treatments (defoliation at 25%
above the ear, 25% under the ear, 50% above the ear, 50% under the ear, 75% above the ear, 75% under the
ear, 100% defoliation and no defoliation as control) was replicated four times. Treatment was imposed at ear
initiation. Growth and yield parameters collected were: number of leaves per plant, leaf area, plant height, stem
girth, days to ear initiation, number of cobs/plant, days to crop maturity, cob weight, cob length, seed rows per
cob, 100-seed weight as well as total cob yield/ha. All data collected were subjected to analysis of variance
(ANOVA) and New Duncan Multiple Range Test (NDMRT) was used to estimate the differences among
significant means at 5% level of probability. Prior to imposition of the treatment, anal yzed results indicate no
significant differences between number of leaves at 2, 4 and 6 WAS, as well as plant heights and stem girth at
2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 WAS. However there were significant differences between leaf areas at 4 and 6 WAS. In
addition, there were significant effects of defoliation on cob length and dry cob weight with the highest cob
weight obtained in 25% defoliation carried out above the ear. In addition, there were significant differences in
the number of rows per cob and grain yield per ha with 0% defoliation giving the highest result while the least
was in 100% defoliation. Generally, it was observed that defoliation at any rate and position influenced maize
yield, notwithstanding that the treatment was imposed at cob initiation, an indication that harvest of solar
radiation post cob initiation plays important role on eventual maize yield
Influence of Various Intercrops on Pod Borers in Black Gramijtsrd
The aim of this study was to observe the influence of various intercrops on pod borers in black gram under rain fed condition. Among the different intercrops studied, marigold recorded the lowest mean population of spotted pod borer (0.74 larvaplant) and gram blue butterfly larva (0.88 larvaplant)and natural enemies like Coccinellids (2.68 beetlesplant) and spider population (1.73 spiderplant) was maximum in black gram intercropped with maize. The maximum equivalent yield was obtained from black gram intercropped with marigold (6.04 qha) followed by black gram intercropped with maize (5.24 qha).In conclusion marigold proved to be effective intercrop to control major pod borer and also enhance the population of natural enemies. Selvam. K | Dr. D. S. Rajavel"Influence of Various Intercrops on Pod Borers in Black Gram" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15908.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/15908/influence-of-various-intercrops-on-pod-borers-in-black-gram/selvam-k
Germination percentage and growing behavior of Salix tetrasperma (Willow) as ...Innspub Net
Propagation through branch cuttings is one of the best methods to produced tree nursery the yield of the tree produced from a cutting can be higher then a tree produced from seedlings, the conditions provided to them are important factor for getting good results. The aim of this study was to find the best size of cuttings for establishment of nursery and also to compare their performance in open air or in artificial conditions under plastic sheets cuttings of 2 inches, 4 and 6 of Salix tetrasperma were raised in plastic bags of size 3x7 their were three treatments with 25 bags in each and replicated 4 times. The data on sprouting percentage, plant height, root development etc was recorded after every two weeks. The data thus collected was analyzed statically using randomized complete block design. Result showed that cutting of 2 inches has high sprouting percentage and growth behavior as compared to other cuttings. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/
Synergetic effects of various plant extracts as bio-pesticide against wheat a...Muhammad Qasim
Human health and environment are greatly affected by extensive used of synthetic insecticide, which is why the alternative way of pesticides, such as botanical pesticide consumption increase with the passage of time to control of insect pests. The insecticidal impact of Moringa (Moringa oleifera), Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Euclyptus (Eucalyptus globules) leaves extracts were investigated on Diurophous noxia (Hemiptera: Aphididae). This study was aimed to evaluate the efficiency of bio-pesticide instead of synthetic chemicals against D. noxia. Experimental results showed that the percentage of mortality fluctuate with the fluctuation of concentration with time intervals and have great impact on the population of D. noxia. Single, doubled and tripled combinations of leaves extract were tested at two different concentrations (25 and 50%). The results suggested and concluded that from all the application of single botanicals A. indica give better result as compared to other single application while application of double combination M. olerifera with A. indica give significance result instead of other double mixture, meanwhile the triple combination (M. olerifera, A. indica and E. globules) performed excellent result as the others triple mixtures. The study revealed that combine used of M. olerifera, A. indica and E. globules leaves extract were very effective against D. noxia and surge as an alternative way of pesticides instead of synthetic chemicals.
After the first green revolution (1966) in our country, production was increased by using of huge quantity of fertilizer, pesticides, irrigation but thereafter it was realized that by using heavy amount of fertilizer and pesticides, soil health was damaged and even human health was seriously affected. In this backdrop, organic farming has come into existence in 20th century. Organic farming is an eco-friendly and cost minimized farming practices capable to give same yield compare to chemical farming. The present investigationwas conductedduring post kharif seasons of 2017 and 2018consideringdifferent organic growing conditions as treatments,viz. Enriched Sanjeevani(1%) with straw mulching (T1), BD-501 (3%) with mulching (T2), Sasyagavya (10%) with mulching (T3), and inherent fertility status of experimental plot as absolute control (T4). Seven varieties, namely,V1 (Sukhsagar); V2 (Agrifound Dark Red); V3 (BhimaSweta); V4 (Bhima Dark Red); V5 (Nasik Red); V6 (ArkaNiketan) and V7 (N-53) were used for the experiment by adopting Factorial Randomized Block Design with their three replications.
Growth, Yield and Quality of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) Cultivars throu...AI Publications
Two weeks old rooted cuttings of three commercial hybrid varieties; Triple plus, Temptation and Campairo were grown on cocopit substrate media with five replications on randomized complete block desigh (RCBD) in greenhouse condition at Mendel School Research Farm,Hwacheon. Transplanting was done on June 9, 2013 with spacing of 30 cm between plant and 45 cm between rows. Plants were trained as single stem and harvesting of the fruits were done upto 2.5 meter height. The major objective of this experiment was to evaluate their performance on stem cuttings. On the basis of overall characteristics, Triple plus showed superior performance; early flowering, higher plant uniformity, vigorous plant, higher leaf density, less powdery mildew infection, distinct stem pubescence, earlier fruit set, bigger size of fruits with thicker flesh, higher yield of fruits in tons per hectare and per plant, as compared to other cultivars has been selected and recommended for commercial cultivation through stem cuttings. It was followed by Temptation. Beside this, stem cuttings is an alternative planting materials in all the tested cultivars where apical branches during pruning could be used as alternative planting materials for tomato cultivation.
Production and economics of cluster bean and pearl millet intercropping syste...Dr. Mahesh Ghuge
All the growth parameters(plant height and tillers/ row
length) and yield attributes of clusterbean and pearlmillet (number of pods/plant, pod
length, no. of seed/pod, test weight, plant height, effective tillers/row length, ear head
length and ear head girth of pearlmillet) were significantly influenced by intercropping
systems. The yield attributes and yields of pearlmillet increased by legumes effect in
intercropping system as compared to sole stand of pearlmillet. However, intercropped
stand of clusterbean recorded its lower productivity (2853 kg ha1
) when compared to
its sole stand (5145 kg ha1
), but intercropping system recorded statistically similar to
clusterbean equivalent yield as compared to sole stand. Significantly improvement in
all the yield attribute characters and yield under weed management practices with the
application of pendimethalin 1.5 kg ha1
as pre emergence + one hand weeding at 25
DAS, followed by two hand weeding at 25 and 45 DAS over the other weed
management practices in arid and semi arid conditions.
— Labisia pumila or commonly known as kacip fatimah is one of the popular medicinal plant in Malaysia. The constituents of this plant have been reported to possess anti cancer, antioxidant, anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory properties. The growth and production of L. pumila is greatly influenced by the environmental condition such as shade, humidity and growing media. In this study, the survivality of L. pumila var. alata (KFeFRIM01) plantlets derived from tissue culture technique using temporary immersion system were analyzed during pre and post acclimatization process. The plantlets were pre acclimatize in different potting media namely 100% sand and 100% jiffy and grown in plastic growth chamber with different percentage of shade (0%, 50% and 70%). After a month, the plants were transferred to the nursery for post acclimatization. Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the survivality of plants placed under different percentage of shade (70% and 50%), suitable growing media and watering requirement per day. The growth of the plants such as plant height, number of leaves, leaf length and leaf width were recorded during the acclimatization process. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to evaluate the survivality and growth of this plant during the acclimatization process. KFeFRIM01 was found to grow better in 0% shade compared to 50% shade and 70% shade. However, there were no significant difference recorded in the usage of two potting medium (100% sand and 100% jiffy) on the growth of KFeFRIM01 during pre acclimatization process. While in post acclimatization, KFeFRIM01 placed under 50% shade produce better growth in term of leaves number (8.44a ± 0.20), leaf length (6.13a ± 0.14) and leaf width (3.17a ± 0.06) compared to 70% shade. KFeFRIM01 plants planted in treatment 1-top soil: leaf compost: sand (2:3:1) gave the highest growth performance in all parameter measured. Whereas, KFeFRIM01 plants that watered twice per day (9AM & 4PM) have greater plant height (8.83a ± 0.34) and leaves number (7.53a ± 0.39) compared to plants watered once per day. The findings from this study are essential for mass production of L. pumila using tissue culture technology in future as a successful protocol for acclimatization of this plants obtained.
Weed species distribution pattern in maize crop of mardan, pakistanShujaul Mulk Khan
Weeds are unwanted plant species growing in the domesticated crops. Like other crops maize also faces the problem of competition with weeds. Severe loses in yield up to 70% of maize have been reported in small scale farming due to weeds. Composition and abundance of weeds is influenced by a number of environmental variables as well as farming practices in an ecosystem. Present study was formulated to measure the effect of environmental variables on weed species composition, abundance, distribution pattern and formation of various weeds communities in District Mardan, Pakistan. Phytosociological attributes such as density, frequency, relative density, relative frequency and Importance Values were measured for each field.Presence absence data of 29 species and 65 fields were analyzed using Cluster and Two Way Cluster Analyses via PC-ORD version 5 that resulted in four major weed communities. CANOCO software version 4.5 was used to evaluate the environmental gradients of weeds through Canonical Correspondence Analyses (CCA). Results showed that among all environmental variables the strongest variables were CaCO3, high phosphorous concentration, and higher electric conductivity.
Weed species composition and distribution pattern in the maize crop under the...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Weeds are unwanted plant species growing in ordinary environment. In nature there are a total of 8000 weed species out of which 250 are important for agriculture world. The present study was carried out on weed species composition and distribution pattern with special reference to edaphic factor and farming practices in maize crop of District Mardan during the months of August and September, 2014. Quadrates methods were used to assess weed species distribution in relation to edaphic factor and farming practices. Phytosociological attributes such as frequency, relative frequency, density, relative density and Importance Values were measured by placing 9 quadrates (1 × 1 m2) randomly in each field. Initial results showed that the study area has 29 diverse weed species belonging to 27 genera and 15 families distributed in 585 quadrats. Presence and absence data sheet of 29 weed species and 65 fields were analyzed through PC-ORD version 5. Cluster and Two Way Cluster Analyses initiated four different weed communities with significant indicator species and with respect to underlying environmental variables using data attribute plots. Canonical Correspondence Analyses (CCA) of CANOCO software version 4.5 was used to assess the environmental gradients of weed species. It is concluded that among all the edaphic factors the strongest variables were higher concentration of potassium, organic matter and sandy nature of soil. CCA plots of both weed species and sampled fields based on questionnaire data concluded the farming practices such as application of fertilizers, irrigation and chemical spray were the main factors in determination of weed communities.
Screening of Maize Genotypes against Southern Leaf Blight (Bipolaris Maydis) ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Screening of 20 maize genotypes against Southern Leaf Blight of maize (Bipolaris maydis (Nisik) Shoemaker) was carried out in RCBD in National Maize Research Program, Rampur, Nepal during June to September, 2015. The area of research field was 315 m2. Each genotype had two rows per plot of 7.5m2 with two replication. Disease incidence was taken for three times at 43, 53 and 63 DAS. Disease scoring was done as percentage of leaf area infected on individual plant at 7 days interval starting from 58 days after sowing for 5 times and disease severity and mean AUDPC was calculated. Also the yield was calculated. Shade house experiment was carried out in a Completely Randomized Design with 3 replication on 20 genotypes by artificial inoculation at 3-4 leaf stage with a pure culture suspension of Bipolaris maydis (4x104conidia per ml) .and disease incidence and survival days of plant were recorded. Among the genotypes disease severity varied in the field. Highly significant differences were observed among the genotypes for Southern Leaf Blight severity, Area Under Disease Progress Curve and grain yield. Genotypes with mean AUDPC values from 200-250, 250-300 and above 300 were categorized as moderately resistant, moderately susceptible and susceptible. Disease severity was highest on genotype Rampur 24, 07 SADVI and lowest on BGBYPOP, RML-32/RM-17 and RAMS03F08. Highest maize yield (4.44 ton/ha) was recorded on RML-32/RML-17 and least (1.41 ton/ha) was obtained in ZM-627.In shade house, Rampur-24 followed by 07 SADVI, Rampur 27 died earlier and RML-32/RML-17 and BGBYPOP survived to the longest periods after inoculation. Disease Susceptibility pattern was similar in both field and shade house condition. The genotypes RML-32/RML-17, BGBYPOP, RAMS03F08 and TLBRS07F16 could be developed as resistant varieties to Southern Leaf Blight of maize and also as high yielders during summer under Chitwan and similar conditions.
Aboveground to root biomass ratios in pea and vetch after treatment with orga...GJESM Publication
Some growth parameters of pea (cv. Pleven 4) and vetch (cv. Obrazets 666) after treatment with organic fertilizer were studied in a field trial carried out at the Institute of Forage Crops, Pleven, Bulgaria. Humustim as
organic fertilizer was applied through presowing treatment of seeds, treatment during vegetation and combination
between both, at different doses. Ratios of aboveground weight to root system weight, aboveground height to root
system length, as well as specific root length were determined. It was found that the growth variables of plants were positively influenced by organic fertilizer. The aboveground weight to root system weight ratios of pea ranged from 4.80 to 6.29 and was higher than vetch. Aboveground height to root system length ratio in pea ranged from 6.95 to 7.93, and in vetch from 5.30 to 7.39. The use of organic fertilizer at the dose of 1.2 L/t and treatment during vegetation resulted in better performance of root system and specific root length was 78.6 for pea and 84.3 for vetch.
The Effects of Coconut Milk on the Rooting Of Two Types of Cutting of Termina...ijsrd.com
Objectives: The trial investigated the effects of coconut milk on stem and root cuttings of Terminalia catappa. Methodology and results: Each cutting type treated with three coconut milk concentrations (0%, 50% and 100%).The experiment was a 2x3 factorial set, six treatment combinations replicated four times and laid out in a completely randomized design. The results showed that root cuttings produced significantly more cuttings with roots, number of roots on rooted cuttings and rooted cuttings with the longest roots (P<0.05)>0.05) than those treated with 50% and 0% coconut milk. There was a significant interaction (P<0.05)><0.05)><0.05) between cutting type and coconut milk concentration on the number of leaves produced. It was recommend that root cuttings treated with 100% coconut milk should be used for vegetative propagation programs of the species.
Screening of Maize Genotypes/Hybrids for Identifying Resistant Sources agains...Premier Publishers
The research included field screening of maize genotypes/hybrids for resistance to banded leaf and sheath blight (BLSB). The field screening experiment was done in a sick plot maintained at National Maize Research Program (NMRP) of Nepal Agricultural Research Council, Rampur, Chitwan. Fifteen maize genotypes/hybrids were evaluated in the field and replicated three times in randomized complete block design (RCBD). First disease incidence was observed on 60 days after sowing (DAS). Highest disease severity (81.33±1.67) was found in RL-36/RL-197. RML-76/RL-105 and RAMPUR HYBRID-2 had lowest disease severity (66.00±2.00). Also, lowest area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) value (631.67±18.33) was found in RML-76/RL-105, which was at par with P-3533 (660.00±26.67). Cob weight (r = 0.64), cob diameter (r = 0.51) and thousand grain weight (r = 0.50) were negatively correlated with total AUDPC. Total AUDPC value contributed 41.6 percent loss in cob weight, 26.2 percent loss in cob diameter and 25.5 percent loss in thousand grain weight.
Influence of Various Intercrops on Pod Borers in Black Gramijtsrd
The aim of this study was to observe the influence of various intercrops on pod borers in black gram under rain fed condition. Among the different intercrops studied, marigold recorded the lowest mean population of spotted pod borer (0.74 larvaplant) and gram blue butterfly larva (0.88 larvaplant)and natural enemies like Coccinellids (2.68 beetlesplant) and spider population (1.73 spiderplant) was maximum in black gram intercropped with maize. The maximum equivalent yield was obtained from black gram intercropped with marigold (6.04 qha) followed by black gram intercropped with maize (5.24 qha).In conclusion marigold proved to be effective intercrop to control major pod borer and also enhance the population of natural enemies. Selvam. K | Dr. D. S. Rajavel"Influence of Various Intercrops on Pod Borers in Black Gram" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15908.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/15908/influence-of-various-intercrops-on-pod-borers-in-black-gram/selvam-k
Germination percentage and growing behavior of Salix tetrasperma (Willow) as ...Innspub Net
Propagation through branch cuttings is one of the best methods to produced tree nursery the yield of the tree produced from a cutting can be higher then a tree produced from seedlings, the conditions provided to them are important factor for getting good results. The aim of this study was to find the best size of cuttings for establishment of nursery and also to compare their performance in open air or in artificial conditions under plastic sheets cuttings of 2 inches, 4 and 6 of Salix tetrasperma were raised in plastic bags of size 3x7 their were three treatments with 25 bags in each and replicated 4 times. The data on sprouting percentage, plant height, root development etc was recorded after every two weeks. The data thus collected was analyzed statically using randomized complete block design. Result showed that cutting of 2 inches has high sprouting percentage and growth behavior as compared to other cuttings. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/
Synergetic effects of various plant extracts as bio-pesticide against wheat a...Muhammad Qasim
Human health and environment are greatly affected by extensive used of synthetic insecticide, which is why the alternative way of pesticides, such as botanical pesticide consumption increase with the passage of time to control of insect pests. The insecticidal impact of Moringa (Moringa oleifera), Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Euclyptus (Eucalyptus globules) leaves extracts were investigated on Diurophous noxia (Hemiptera: Aphididae). This study was aimed to evaluate the efficiency of bio-pesticide instead of synthetic chemicals against D. noxia. Experimental results showed that the percentage of mortality fluctuate with the fluctuation of concentration with time intervals and have great impact on the population of D. noxia. Single, doubled and tripled combinations of leaves extract were tested at two different concentrations (25 and 50%). The results suggested and concluded that from all the application of single botanicals A. indica give better result as compared to other single application while application of double combination M. olerifera with A. indica give significance result instead of other double mixture, meanwhile the triple combination (M. olerifera, A. indica and E. globules) performed excellent result as the others triple mixtures. The study revealed that combine used of M. olerifera, A. indica and E. globules leaves extract were very effective against D. noxia and surge as an alternative way of pesticides instead of synthetic chemicals.
After the first green revolution (1966) in our country, production was increased by using of huge quantity of fertilizer, pesticides, irrigation but thereafter it was realized that by using heavy amount of fertilizer and pesticides, soil health was damaged and even human health was seriously affected. In this backdrop, organic farming has come into existence in 20th century. Organic farming is an eco-friendly and cost minimized farming practices capable to give same yield compare to chemical farming. The present investigationwas conductedduring post kharif seasons of 2017 and 2018consideringdifferent organic growing conditions as treatments,viz. Enriched Sanjeevani(1%) with straw mulching (T1), BD-501 (3%) with mulching (T2), Sasyagavya (10%) with mulching (T3), and inherent fertility status of experimental plot as absolute control (T4). Seven varieties, namely,V1 (Sukhsagar); V2 (Agrifound Dark Red); V3 (BhimaSweta); V4 (Bhima Dark Red); V5 (Nasik Red); V6 (ArkaNiketan) and V7 (N-53) were used for the experiment by adopting Factorial Randomized Block Design with their three replications.
Growth, Yield and Quality of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) Cultivars throu...AI Publications
Two weeks old rooted cuttings of three commercial hybrid varieties; Triple plus, Temptation and Campairo were grown on cocopit substrate media with five replications on randomized complete block desigh (RCBD) in greenhouse condition at Mendel School Research Farm,Hwacheon. Transplanting was done on June 9, 2013 with spacing of 30 cm between plant and 45 cm between rows. Plants were trained as single stem and harvesting of the fruits were done upto 2.5 meter height. The major objective of this experiment was to evaluate their performance on stem cuttings. On the basis of overall characteristics, Triple plus showed superior performance; early flowering, higher plant uniformity, vigorous plant, higher leaf density, less powdery mildew infection, distinct stem pubescence, earlier fruit set, bigger size of fruits with thicker flesh, higher yield of fruits in tons per hectare and per plant, as compared to other cultivars has been selected and recommended for commercial cultivation through stem cuttings. It was followed by Temptation. Beside this, stem cuttings is an alternative planting materials in all the tested cultivars where apical branches during pruning could be used as alternative planting materials for tomato cultivation.
Production and economics of cluster bean and pearl millet intercropping syste...Dr. Mahesh Ghuge
All the growth parameters(plant height and tillers/ row
length) and yield attributes of clusterbean and pearlmillet (number of pods/plant, pod
length, no. of seed/pod, test weight, plant height, effective tillers/row length, ear head
length and ear head girth of pearlmillet) were significantly influenced by intercropping
systems. The yield attributes and yields of pearlmillet increased by legumes effect in
intercropping system as compared to sole stand of pearlmillet. However, intercropped
stand of clusterbean recorded its lower productivity (2853 kg ha1
) when compared to
its sole stand (5145 kg ha1
), but intercropping system recorded statistically similar to
clusterbean equivalent yield as compared to sole stand. Significantly improvement in
all the yield attribute characters and yield under weed management practices with the
application of pendimethalin 1.5 kg ha1
as pre emergence + one hand weeding at 25
DAS, followed by two hand weeding at 25 and 45 DAS over the other weed
management practices in arid and semi arid conditions.
— Labisia pumila or commonly known as kacip fatimah is one of the popular medicinal plant in Malaysia. The constituents of this plant have been reported to possess anti cancer, antioxidant, anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory properties. The growth and production of L. pumila is greatly influenced by the environmental condition such as shade, humidity and growing media. In this study, the survivality of L. pumila var. alata (KFeFRIM01) plantlets derived from tissue culture technique using temporary immersion system were analyzed during pre and post acclimatization process. The plantlets were pre acclimatize in different potting media namely 100% sand and 100% jiffy and grown in plastic growth chamber with different percentage of shade (0%, 50% and 70%). After a month, the plants were transferred to the nursery for post acclimatization. Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the survivality of plants placed under different percentage of shade (70% and 50%), suitable growing media and watering requirement per day. The growth of the plants such as plant height, number of leaves, leaf length and leaf width were recorded during the acclimatization process. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to evaluate the survivality and growth of this plant during the acclimatization process. KFeFRIM01 was found to grow better in 0% shade compared to 50% shade and 70% shade. However, there were no significant difference recorded in the usage of two potting medium (100% sand and 100% jiffy) on the growth of KFeFRIM01 during pre acclimatization process. While in post acclimatization, KFeFRIM01 placed under 50% shade produce better growth in term of leaves number (8.44a ± 0.20), leaf length (6.13a ± 0.14) and leaf width (3.17a ± 0.06) compared to 70% shade. KFeFRIM01 plants planted in treatment 1-top soil: leaf compost: sand (2:3:1) gave the highest growth performance in all parameter measured. Whereas, KFeFRIM01 plants that watered twice per day (9AM & 4PM) have greater plant height (8.83a ± 0.34) and leaves number (7.53a ± 0.39) compared to plants watered once per day. The findings from this study are essential for mass production of L. pumila using tissue culture technology in future as a successful protocol for acclimatization of this plants obtained.
Weed species distribution pattern in maize crop of mardan, pakistanShujaul Mulk Khan
Weeds are unwanted plant species growing in the domesticated crops. Like other crops maize also faces the problem of competition with weeds. Severe loses in yield up to 70% of maize have been reported in small scale farming due to weeds. Composition and abundance of weeds is influenced by a number of environmental variables as well as farming practices in an ecosystem. Present study was formulated to measure the effect of environmental variables on weed species composition, abundance, distribution pattern and formation of various weeds communities in District Mardan, Pakistan. Phytosociological attributes such as density, frequency, relative density, relative frequency and Importance Values were measured for each field.Presence absence data of 29 species and 65 fields were analyzed using Cluster and Two Way Cluster Analyses via PC-ORD version 5 that resulted in four major weed communities. CANOCO software version 4.5 was used to evaluate the environmental gradients of weeds through Canonical Correspondence Analyses (CCA). Results showed that among all environmental variables the strongest variables were CaCO3, high phosphorous concentration, and higher electric conductivity.
Weed species composition and distribution pattern in the maize crop under the...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Weeds are unwanted plant species growing in ordinary environment. In nature there are a total of 8000 weed species out of which 250 are important for agriculture world. The present study was carried out on weed species composition and distribution pattern with special reference to edaphic factor and farming practices in maize crop of District Mardan during the months of August and September, 2014. Quadrates methods were used to assess weed species distribution in relation to edaphic factor and farming practices. Phytosociological attributes such as frequency, relative frequency, density, relative density and Importance Values were measured by placing 9 quadrates (1 × 1 m2) randomly in each field. Initial results showed that the study area has 29 diverse weed species belonging to 27 genera and 15 families distributed in 585 quadrats. Presence and absence data sheet of 29 weed species and 65 fields were analyzed through PC-ORD version 5. Cluster and Two Way Cluster Analyses initiated four different weed communities with significant indicator species and with respect to underlying environmental variables using data attribute plots. Canonical Correspondence Analyses (CCA) of CANOCO software version 4.5 was used to assess the environmental gradients of weed species. It is concluded that among all the edaphic factors the strongest variables were higher concentration of potassium, organic matter and sandy nature of soil. CCA plots of both weed species and sampled fields based on questionnaire data concluded the farming practices such as application of fertilizers, irrigation and chemical spray were the main factors in determination of weed communities.
Screening of Maize Genotypes against Southern Leaf Blight (Bipolaris Maydis) ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Screening of 20 maize genotypes against Southern Leaf Blight of maize (Bipolaris maydis (Nisik) Shoemaker) was carried out in RCBD in National Maize Research Program, Rampur, Nepal during June to September, 2015. The area of research field was 315 m2. Each genotype had two rows per plot of 7.5m2 with two replication. Disease incidence was taken for three times at 43, 53 and 63 DAS. Disease scoring was done as percentage of leaf area infected on individual plant at 7 days interval starting from 58 days after sowing for 5 times and disease severity and mean AUDPC was calculated. Also the yield was calculated. Shade house experiment was carried out in a Completely Randomized Design with 3 replication on 20 genotypes by artificial inoculation at 3-4 leaf stage with a pure culture suspension of Bipolaris maydis (4x104conidia per ml) .and disease incidence and survival days of plant were recorded. Among the genotypes disease severity varied in the field. Highly significant differences were observed among the genotypes for Southern Leaf Blight severity, Area Under Disease Progress Curve and grain yield. Genotypes with mean AUDPC values from 200-250, 250-300 and above 300 were categorized as moderately resistant, moderately susceptible and susceptible. Disease severity was highest on genotype Rampur 24, 07 SADVI and lowest on BGBYPOP, RML-32/RM-17 and RAMS03F08. Highest maize yield (4.44 ton/ha) was recorded on RML-32/RML-17 and least (1.41 ton/ha) was obtained in ZM-627.In shade house, Rampur-24 followed by 07 SADVI, Rampur 27 died earlier and RML-32/RML-17 and BGBYPOP survived to the longest periods after inoculation. Disease Susceptibility pattern was similar in both field and shade house condition. The genotypes RML-32/RML-17, BGBYPOP, RAMS03F08 and TLBRS07F16 could be developed as resistant varieties to Southern Leaf Blight of maize and also as high yielders during summer under Chitwan and similar conditions.
Aboveground to root biomass ratios in pea and vetch after treatment with orga...GJESM Publication
Some growth parameters of pea (cv. Pleven 4) and vetch (cv. Obrazets 666) after treatment with organic fertilizer were studied in a field trial carried out at the Institute of Forage Crops, Pleven, Bulgaria. Humustim as
organic fertilizer was applied through presowing treatment of seeds, treatment during vegetation and combination
between both, at different doses. Ratios of aboveground weight to root system weight, aboveground height to root
system length, as well as specific root length were determined. It was found that the growth variables of plants were positively influenced by organic fertilizer. The aboveground weight to root system weight ratios of pea ranged from 4.80 to 6.29 and was higher than vetch. Aboveground height to root system length ratio in pea ranged from 6.95 to 7.93, and in vetch from 5.30 to 7.39. The use of organic fertilizer at the dose of 1.2 L/t and treatment during vegetation resulted in better performance of root system and specific root length was 78.6 for pea and 84.3 for vetch.
The Effects of Coconut Milk on the Rooting Of Two Types of Cutting of Termina...ijsrd.com
Objectives: The trial investigated the effects of coconut milk on stem and root cuttings of Terminalia catappa. Methodology and results: Each cutting type treated with three coconut milk concentrations (0%, 50% and 100%).The experiment was a 2x3 factorial set, six treatment combinations replicated four times and laid out in a completely randomized design. The results showed that root cuttings produced significantly more cuttings with roots, number of roots on rooted cuttings and rooted cuttings with the longest roots (P<0.05)>0.05) than those treated with 50% and 0% coconut milk. There was a significant interaction (P<0.05)><0.05)><0.05) between cutting type and coconut milk concentration on the number of leaves produced. It was recommend that root cuttings treated with 100% coconut milk should be used for vegetative propagation programs of the species.
Screening of Maize Genotypes/Hybrids for Identifying Resistant Sources agains...Premier Publishers
The research included field screening of maize genotypes/hybrids for resistance to banded leaf and sheath blight (BLSB). The field screening experiment was done in a sick plot maintained at National Maize Research Program (NMRP) of Nepal Agricultural Research Council, Rampur, Chitwan. Fifteen maize genotypes/hybrids were evaluated in the field and replicated three times in randomized complete block design (RCBD). First disease incidence was observed on 60 days after sowing (DAS). Highest disease severity (81.33±1.67) was found in RL-36/RL-197. RML-76/RL-105 and RAMPUR HYBRID-2 had lowest disease severity (66.00±2.00). Also, lowest area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) value (631.67±18.33) was found in RML-76/RL-105, which was at par with P-3533 (660.00±26.67). Cob weight (r = 0.64), cob diameter (r = 0.51) and thousand grain weight (r = 0.50) were negatively correlated with total AUDPC. Total AUDPC value contributed 41.6 percent loss in cob weight, 26.2 percent loss in cob diameter and 25.5 percent loss in thousand grain weight.
Rice is one of main food crops in the worlds so knowing about how is origin may important to the people engage in the agriculture extension or advisory or education
Allelopathic effects of weeds extract on seed germination of Trachyspermum co...Innspub Net
Seed germination stage is one of the most basic growth stages in medicinal plants that may be adversely affected by the chemicals released from other plants in the soil environment. The present study was performed to investigate the allelopathic effects of weeds, including (Xanthium strumarium, Amaranthus retroflexus and Chenopodium album) as common weeds in medicinal plant's farms, on seed germination parameters, total dry weight and allometry coefficient of Trachyspermum copticum L., Foeniculum vulgare and Cuminum cyminum L. in laboratory conditions. Treatments included extracts of all organs of three weed species, applied on the seeds of the medicinal plants at three concentrations of zero (distilled water), 50 and 100% by volume. The results showed that the extracts of mentioned weed species had a significant inhibitory effect on germination characteristics of the studied medicinal plants. The greatest negative impact on seed germination was recorded for the extract of Amaranthus retroflexus, but Trachyspermum copticum L. showed a better resistance to the extract of Amaranthus retroflexus as compared to Foeniculum vulgare and Cuminum cyminum. Get the full articles at: http://bit.ly/1NaHI5u
Allelopathic Effect of Lantana Camara on Germinatiion and Growth of Chickpea ...IJAEMSJORNAL
An experiment was conducted in Department of Botany, BFIT, Dehradun, Uttrakhand during the months of February and March to understand the allelopathic effects of different concentrations taken through the leaf powder of Lantana camaraleaf on germination percentage and early growth of two pulse crops i.e. chickpea and green gram. The test was conducted in petridishes. Results showed that different leaf powder concentration cause great inhibitory effect on germination and growth of both the pulse crops. Results indicates that the allelochemicals were released from the leaf powder and inhabit the germination and growth of germinated crops.
Application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi accelerates the growth of shoot r...UniversitasGadjahMada
Shoot roots are second type of root, which emerge from the base of the new shoots, 5-7 days after planting. The shoot roots growth on single bud chips seedling is critical for further growth in dry land. The objectives of this study were to examine shoot root growth using different doses of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculum on five clones of sugarcane and to ascertain their effect on seedling biomass weight. The highest and lowest temperatures on the research site were 32º and 18 ºC, in tropical monsoon climate. The experimental design was a completely randomized design (CRD) in 4x5 factorial arrangement with four replicates. The treatments were: four doses of AMF inoculum (0, 1, 2, 3 g/bud chips) on five clones with single bud chips seedling (PS864, KK, PS881, BL, and VMC). The evaluated parameters were root colonization affected by doses of AMF inoculum, number of shoot roots, surface area of shoot and total roots, root length, biomass seedling, and P leaf concentration affected by doses of AMF inoculum. AMF inoculum doses of 2 and 3 g of inoculum/bud chips resulted in the speed and extent root colonization at 5 days after inoculation on all five sugarcane clones. The clones exhibited 57-100 % accelerated emergence of shoot roots (i.e. the second roots formed), increased total root length, total root surface area especially on BL, VMC, and P leaf concentration. Application of 2-3 inoculum/bud of AMF inoculum significantly increased shoot roots growth i.e. root length, root surface area, and number of shoot roots.
Line × tester analysis for yield contributing morphological traits in Triticu...Innspub Net
The present study was carried out for the development of the water stress wheat cultivars with higher grain yield by studying the genetic basis of crucial morphological traits. Nine wheat genotypes were grouped into six lines and three testers and these parents were crossed line x tester fashion. Eighteen crosses including nine parents were planted in the field in randomized complete block design with three replications. Three drought tolerant varieties Chakwal-50, Chakwal-86 and Kohistan-97 were also sown to compare the results in water stress environment. Highest negative GCA effects were observed in WN-36 for plant height (-6.17) and flag leaf area (-1.53), while for peduncle length it was noted in 8126 lines (-1.15). Highest positive GCA effects were observed in WN-32 for a number of grains per spike (5.21), grain yield per plant (2.08) and for spikelet per spike (0.33), while for 8126 and WN-10 the number of tillers per plant (0.67) and spike length (0.25) was found, respectively. The crosses 9451 × WN-25, WN-36 × 8126, WN-10 × 8126 showed highest negative SCA effects for plant height (-8.06), flag leaf area (-2.89), and peduncle length (-2.05), respectively. Moreover, the cross combinations of WN-36 × WN-25, WN-32 × WN-25 and AARI-7 × 9526 showed positive SCA effects for number of tillers per plant (1.52), spike length (0.72) and number of spikelet per spike (0.84) respectively, while the interaction of WN-35 × 8126 crosses showed highest positive SCA effects for number of grains/spike (5.69) and grain yield/plant (2.75). The parental material used in this study and cross combinations obtained from these parents may be exploited in future breeding endeavors.
Drought stress is one of the major abiotic factors affecting seed germination and plant growth especially in arid and semi-arid regions. In this study, we investigated the effects of drought stress on seed germination and seedling growth of five varieties of rapeseed. Seven drought stress levels of zero (control), -3, -5, -7, -9, -11 and -13 bars were performed using polyethylene glycol-6000 (PEG-6000). A completely randomized design with three replications was used for this experiment. Germination percentage (GP), germination rate (GR), mean germination time (MGT), root length (RL) and shoot length (SL) were measured to evaluate the varieties response to PEG-induced drought stress. Drought stress, variety and the interaction drought × variety had a significant effect on all studied parameters. GP and GR decreased with the increase in stress level, while MGT increased. There were no seeds germinated for all varieties at -11 bars and -13 bars. Shoot length decreased with increasing drought stress but different varieties show different performance under stress environment. Root length decreased with increasing level of severe drought stress. However, the presence of moderate drought stress could even improve the root growth of the investigated varieties. The varieties ‘INRA-CZH2’ and ‘INRA-CZH3’ exhibited the highest germination percentage and the best early seedling growth. Thus, they could be recommended for environments with early cropping cycle drought.
Weed Management in Direct Seeded Rice - By Anjali Patel mam (IGKV Raipur, C.G)
INHIBITORY EFFECT OF CAMPHOR LEAF POWDER ON GERMINATION AND GROWTH OF THE WEED, Bromus rigidus.
1. J. Plant Production, Mansoura Univ., Vol. 7 (2): 111 -116, 2016
INHIBITORY EFFECT OF CAMPHOR LEAF POWDER ON
GERMINATION AND GROWTH OF THE WEED, Bromus rigidus.
Slik, O. M. 1
; I. H. Abou El-darag2
and S. Fkerin3
1. Department of Agronomy Search for field, - Agricultural Research Center- Tripoli-
Libya
2 Rice Research & Training Center, Sakha, Kafr El-Sheikh - Egypt.
3 Higher Institute Comprehensive Careers, Sooq ElqamiesEmsehel-Libya
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted at Experimental station of Tajora- Agricultural Research Center for Western during
12/ 2014 and 1/ 2015. It aimed to find out the effect ground leaves of camphor trees, Eucalyptus camaldulensison on
seed germination growth of the weed (Bromus rigirdus) .All treatments of ground leaves (1, 2, 3 g. /pot), caused a
significant decrease in the length of shoot and radical of weed boshrenta, as well as fresh and dry weight of the
weed compared to the control treatment.
Keyword: Fresh weight, Dry weight, Radical, Shoot, Bromus rigidus, Germination.
INTRODUCTION
Weeds pose a serious problem to agricultural
crops, reducing the crop yield and affecting the grain
quality. Weed problems are more complex and serious
under dry condition than all other production systems
because of simultaneous germination of crop and weed
seeds.
Ripgut brome (Bromus rigidus Roth), a winter
annual grass, is native to Europe and northern Africa but
quite common along the Pacific Coast of North America
from British Columbia to Mexico (Hawkes et al., 1985).
Brome grass, the common name given to several species
of grasses belonging to the genus Bromus can be found
throughout the temperate world, with origins in the
Mediterranean and European region (Kon and Blacklow
1995). Considering the competitiveness of B. rigidus to
cereal crops and the increasing adoption of minimum
tillage by growers in the region (D’Emden and
Llewellyn 2004), these weed species pose a
serious threat to productivity and sustainability of
current farming systems. Although previous researches
have has considerably improved our understanding of
the ecology and management of brome grass (Gill and
Blacklow 1984, Kon and Blacklow 1988), much of the
research and literature tended to focus on weed
populations in Western Australia. Furthermore,
significant knowledge gaps still remain concerning seed
biology (dormancy and germination) and seedbank
dynamics of B. rigidus. Better understanding of the
population dynamics and ecology of B. rigidus is likely
to be critical for the development of effective
management programs for this troublesome weed.
Allelopathy was first defined in 1937 by H.
Molisch, who originated the term to refer to inhibitory
and stimulatory interactions between all types of plants
including microorganisms. To separate this interaction
from resource competition, recent work defines
allelopathy as the "direct or indirect harmful or
beneficial effects of one plant on another through the
production and release of chemical compounds" (Rice
1984). Using this definition, allelopathy refers to both
autotoxic and heterotoxic effects (Miller 1996).
Allelopathic interactions, therefore, represent chemical
competition between plants (Harborne 1993).
Allelopathy can be used in weed control in two ways:
(1) selecting an appropriate crop cultivar or
incorporating an allelopathic character into a desired
crop cultivar and (2) applying residues and straw as
mulches or growing an allelopathic cultivar in a
rotational sequence that allows residues to remain in the
field (Putnam and Duke 1974, Rice 1995). Putnam and
Tang (1986) reported that chemicals with allelopathic
potential exist in virtually all plant tissues, including
leaves, flowers, fruits, stems, root, rhizomes, and seeds.
Allelochemicals are released by such processes as
volatilization, root exudation, leaching, and
decomposition of plant residues (Rice 1984, Putnam
1986). Allelopathic chemicals are generally considered
to be secondary plant products which are released
directly from living plants into the environment via
leaching, root exudation, volatilization, or the
decomposition of plant residues (Miller 1996, Rice
1984). Most chemicals that have been identified in
allelopathic interactions have been identified as either
terpenes or phenolic compounds (Harborne 1993).
Renata and Marija (2015) showed that carrot extracts
reduced germination for up to 16.1% of fresh mayweed
biomass. Extracts had no significant effect on fresh
weight of carrot seedlings, while length of root and
shoot were both stimulated and inhibited.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study was conducted at experimental station
of Tajora- Agricultural Research Center for western
region during 12/ 2014 and 1/ 2015.
The study aimed to find out the effect of
camphortroes, Eucalyptus camaldensison on seed
germination and seedling length of Bromus rigidus
weed, using randomized complete design with three
replicates.
Treatments of flour srol trees leaves were applied
as 1, 2 and 3 grams/ pot.
Practical steps:
Leaves of srol trees were dried at 70-85c
c for 24
hours, and then ground using home blender. From the
ground powder, 1, 2 and 3 g were added to pots of 10-
cm diameter, each containing 100 g of soil. In each pot,
three seeds of Bromus rigidus weed were sown. The
2. 112
Slik, O. M. et al.
same procedure was followed with pots without the
ground powder of srol trees, to act as a check, the pots
were irrigated when needed.
Data Recorded:
1-Emergence (%):
The percentage of emerged seedling (Figure (1)
Bromus rigidus seeds) was calculated after 25 days from
planting.
2-Plant height (cm):
Figure (1) Bromus rigidus seeds
5- Dry weight (g):
Average plant height of three Bromus rigidus weed was
measured from the soil surface to the longest leaf tip
25 days after sowing.
3-Radical length (cm):
Average radical length of three Bromus rigidus weed
was measured from the soil surface to the longest
radical tip 25 days after sowing.
4- Fresh weight (g):
At 25 days after sowing, the pots were drained for two
days and survived seedling from each pot were
harvested at the soil surface and the fresh weight was
recorded as gram per pot (plot).
Average weight of plants of three Bromus rigidus
weeds per pot was recorded 25 days after sowing.
All statistical analyses were performed using analysis of
variance technique by means of Gen Stat Computer
Software Package.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
According to data recorded in (Figures 2, 3)
percentage of emergence of Bromus rigidus was greatly
affected by srol treatments.
The percentage of emergence was significantly
reduced sharply with increasing concentrations of flour
at 5 days after sowing (Figure, 2).
Figure (2) Effect of srol trees leaf flour on germination of Bromus rigidus
Figure (3) showed the significant variance in
emergence percentage of the three concentrations of
flour compared with control treatment. The germination
reduction ranged from 26 to 100 % compared to the
control.
The concentration of 3% of srol trees completely
inhibited the germination of B. rigidus, while and 2%
reduced the weed germination by 20 % and 74 %,
respectfully. Similar results were obtained by Konar and
Kushari. 1995 and Jackson and Willemsen. 1976.
3. 113
J. Plant Production, Mansoura Univ., Vol. 7 (2), February, 2016
Figure (3) Effect of srol trees leaf flour on germination of Bromus rigidus
We can conclude that the Bromus rigidus weed
was significantly affected by flour srol trees leaves.
Similar results were obtained by Jackson and Willemsen
1976, Jayakumar, M. and M. Eyini 1990 and Manners
and Galitz 1985.
Figure (4) show that there were significant
differences in the length of Bromus rigidus seedling
after the application of flour of srol leaves. At 3%, the
length of the seedling was zero cm, but at 1 and 2%, the
length was 9.8 and 6-3 cm, compared to 20 cm in the
check. However, treatments of 1 and 2% were
significantly the same.
This study agrees with previous research and
findings in this regard, 2.5 higher inhibitory effect of
flour of srol leaves has been observed by other
researchers Tanveer et al., 2010; Raoof and Siddiqui,
2012.
Figure (4) Effect of srol trees leaf flour on shoot length of Bromus rigidus.
Radical length was reduced significantly with
the highest concentration, while the lowest
concentration had a slight inhibitoryeffect.
The results in figure (5) revealed significant
differences in radical length of the bromus rigidus
weed. The treatment of 1 gram from flour leaves of
trees srol significantly reduced this trait as compared to
the control treatment. The length of radical dropped to
more than 50 %, which reached a length of 9.5 cm. as a
result of the inhibitory effect of flour srol leaves for 2
grams / Pot. This decline differs significantly than
control treatment. The treatment of 1gram of flour srol
leaves decreased radical length of 3.5 cm. The treatment
of 3 grams from flour of srol leaves / pot gave zero
length as compared with other treatments. These results
are similar to those of Konar and Kushari. 1995 and
Manners and Galitz 1985
4. 114
Slik, O. M. et al.
Figure (5) Effect of srol trees leaf flour on radical length of Bromus rigidus.
Figure (6) shows the effect of srol trees leaf flour
on the fresh weight of Bromus rigidus. The
concentration of 3% completely inhibited the growth of
the weed, while concentration of 1 and 2 induced 0.06
and 0.05g of fresh weight, respectively. The effect of
concentration 3% was significantly highest than all
other concentrations, while 1 and 2% effect were
significantly the same. Similar results were obtained by
Konar and Kushari. 1995 and manners and Galitz 1985.
Figure (6) Effect of srol trees leaf flour on fresh weight of Bromus rigidus.
Figure (7) shows the effect of flour srol trees
leaves on the dry weight of Bromus rigidus. The
concentratim of 1 gram flour srol trees leaves gave
weights significantly lower weight compared to the
control treatment, so reducing about 20%; The 2 gram
treatment decreased the dry weight to 0.05 g. Treatment
of 3 gram flour srol trees leaves completely prevented
growth of Bromus rigidus. These results support these
of Manners and Galitz 1985 and Achhireddy and Sigh
1984.
5. 115
J. Plant Production, Mansoura Univ., Vol. 7 (2), February, 2016
Figure (7) Effect of srol trees leaf flour on dry weight of Bromus rigidus.
CONCLUSION
Further field experiments could be recommend, with
increasing concentration rates and consider the
possibility of phenolic compounds manufacturing and
composition of preparations of these active substances
Practical studies are required for inclusion powder of
bromus rigidus as herbicides as alternative to other
chemical compounds.
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السرول أشجار أوراق لطحين التثبيطي التأثير(Eucalyptus camaldulensis)بادرات وطول بذور إنبات على
بوشرنتة حشيشة(Bromus rigidus)
)3( فكيرين المجيد عبد صبري , )2(الدرج أبو حمدى ابراهيم , )1(سليك ميلود أسامة
1.الحقلية للبحوث المحاصيل قسم–الغربية المنطقة الزراعية البحوث مركز–طرابلس-ليبيا
2.األرز فى والتدريب البحوث مركز-سخا-الشيخ كفر-مصر
3.امسيحل الخميس سوق الشاملة للمهن العالي المعهد–ليبيا
الملخص
الغربية بالمنطقة الزراعية البحوث بمركز تاجوراء بحوث بمحطة الدراسة هذه أجريتبليبياخالل12/2014
و1/2015تضمنت وقد .الالسرول أشجار أوراق طحين تأثير مدى معرفة تجربةEucalyptus camaldulensiss))
شرنتة أبو حشيشة بادرات وطول بذور إنبات علىالوز وكذلكلحشيشة والجاف الرطب ن(Bromus rigidus)جميع .
السرول أشجار أوراق طحين معامالت(1, 2, 3/جرامالرويشة وطول البذور إنبات على ًامعنوي ًانقص سببت )أصيص
.القياسية بالمعاملة مقارنة والجاف الرطب وزنها كذلك و ،بوشرنتة لحشيشة والجذير
الج ، الرطب الوزن :دالة كلماتذ، البرومس ،الرويشة ،ير%االنبات.