1. The study assessed the effect of aqueous extracts from mesquite (Prosopis juliflora) litter on the growth of rice seedlings.
2. Seed germination, root and shoot growth, and biomass were measured after treating seeds and seedlings with 0.1% or 1% extracts of mesquite litter incubated for 1-7 days.
3. Most treatments showed comparable or better seed germination and seedling growth than the control, suggesting that mesquite litter extracts at these concentrations may not inhibit and could even promote rice growth under certain conditions.
The present study investigates the growth and developmental changes of Pearlmillet [(Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.)] and Ragi [Eleusine coracana (Gaertn )] under pot culture experiments with different concentrations of aqueous leaf extracts (5, 10, 20, 30 and 50g/l) of Teak. Teak leaf extracts showed an inhibitory and stimulatory effects on germination, seedling length, biomass, pigments and biochemical constituents of pearl millet and ragi. The 5g/l concentration of extract stimulated the seed germination, seedling growth and biochemical constituents of pearl millet and ragi.. The higher concentrations (10, 20, 30and 50g/l) showed an inhibitory effects in all the parameters studied in the two economically important cereals. The degree of retardation was dependent on the concentration of the Teak leaf extracts. Root length, Shoot length, Biomass and Biochemical constituents of ragi seedlings were highly reduced at 50g/l concentrations of aqueous leaf
extracts of Teak. Between pearl millet and ragi seedlings, more allelopathic influence was observed in ragi than pearl millet seedlings.
Allelopathic effects of weeds extract on seed germination of Trachyspermum co...Innspub Net
Seed germination stage is one of the most basic growth stages in medicinal plants that may be adversely affected by the chemicals released from other plants in the soil environment. The present study was performed to investigate the allelopathic effects of weeds, including (Xanthium strumarium, Amaranthus retroflexus and Chenopodium album) as common weeds in medicinal plant's farms, on seed germination parameters, total dry weight and allometry coefficient of Trachyspermum copticum L., Foeniculum vulgare and Cuminum cyminum L. in laboratory conditions. Treatments included extracts of all organs of three weed species, applied on the seeds of the medicinal plants at three concentrations of zero (distilled water), 50 and 100% by volume. The results showed that the extracts of mentioned weed species had a significant inhibitory effect on germination characteristics of the studied medicinal plants. The greatest negative impact on seed germination was recorded for the extract of Amaranthus retroflexus, but Trachyspermum copticum L. showed a better resistance to the extract of Amaranthus retroflexus as compared to Foeniculum vulgare and Cuminum cyminum. Get the full articles at: http://bit.ly/1NaHI5u
This grant proposal requests $772.35 to fund an undergraduate research project investigating the allelopathic effects of hayscented ferns. The student hypothesizes that the ferns suppress competing plants either through chemicals released from roots/leaves or as leaf litter leachate, and aims to determine if suppression occurs at the seed germination or seedling growth stages. The project will expose seeds and seedlings of sugar maple, red maple, red oak, and black cherry to aqueous extracts and a leachate treatment from ferns. Effects on germination and growth will be measured over several months. The budget details supplies, equipment, and a timeline to complete the work by April 2015.
Allelochemicals are non-nutritive plant secondary metabolites that can have inhibitory or stimulatory effects on other plants and microorganisms. They are released by plants through residues, roots, leaves, and volatilization. Some allelochemical classes include organic acids, phenolics, cinnamic acid derivatives, coumarins, flavonoids, and tannins. Allelochemicals show potential as bioherbicides due to their phytotoxic modes of action and more environmentally friendly chemical structures compared to synthetic herbicides. However, allelopathy can also negatively impact agriculture by reducing nutrient uptake, delaying weed seed decomposition, and increasing crop-weed interference and disease/pest susceptibility.
This document discusses allelopathy, which is the phenomenon where one plant produces chemicals that harm other plants. It provides examples of allelopathy between crops and weeds. Some common allelochemicals produced by plants are phenolic acids, coumarins, terpenoids, and flavonoids. These chemicals are released through leaching, exudation, volatilization, or decomposition. Allelopathy can affect weed suppression and crop yields. The strength of allelopathic effects depends on factors like crop variety, environmental conditions, and soil fertility. Further research on allelopathy could provide natural herbicides and support sustainable agriculture.
“Antimicrobial activity of rhizospheric bacteria of Curcuma longa (Turmeric) ...IOSRJPBS
The present study was carried out to explore the production of antibiotics from soil microbes of medicinal Plant Curcuma longa (Turmeric). Soil samples of the Curcuma longa rhizosphere regions were collected from the different region in Akola City, Western Vidharbh region of Maharashtra. The bacterial culture from the soil samples were collected by the serial dilution and spread plate technique. The total 16 culture have been isolated from the soil samples and out of total 16 only 3 have been characterized which are potent isolates. These 3 isolates are active against the selected pathogens, E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S.aureus. These samples were labelled as S1,S2 and S3. The characterized 3 cultures were identified as Bacillus megatherium, Pseudomonas fluroscenes and Globicitella sulfidifacein by using Bergey’s manual of systemic bacteriology. The Rhizospheric bacterial crude extract of Bacillus megatherium, Pseudomonas fluorescence, Globicatella sulfidifaciens were found to be more or less active against almost all tested pathogenic strains. Hence Curcuma longa can be employed as source of natural antimicrobials that can serve as an alternative to conventional medicines.It was concluded that the best activity have been shown by the Curcuma longa rhizospheric isolates (S2) which is of Pseudomonas fluorescens against all three human pathogenic organisms (E.coli , S.aureus , P.aeroginosa ). The activity of rhizospheric isolates was showing best results against S. aureus
Allelopathy is the chemical inhibition of one plant (or other organism) by another, due to the release into the environment of substances acting as germination or growth inhibitors.
Isolation and Screening of Soil Actinomycetes for Antimicrobial Activity OlakunleAjibola
Antimicrobial resistance in pathogens has greatly increased of late and now pose a serious public health problem globally. New antimicrobials are continuously needed to inhibit the growth of these resistant strains.
The aim of this study was to isolate and screen soil actinomycetes and evaluate their secondary metabolites for antimicrobial activities against selected pathogenic bacteria and fungi.
The present study investigates the growth and developmental changes of Pearlmillet [(Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.)] and Ragi [Eleusine coracana (Gaertn )] under pot culture experiments with different concentrations of aqueous leaf extracts (5, 10, 20, 30 and 50g/l) of Teak. Teak leaf extracts showed an inhibitory and stimulatory effects on germination, seedling length, biomass, pigments and biochemical constituents of pearl millet and ragi. The 5g/l concentration of extract stimulated the seed germination, seedling growth and biochemical constituents of pearl millet and ragi.. The higher concentrations (10, 20, 30and 50g/l) showed an inhibitory effects in all the parameters studied in the two economically important cereals. The degree of retardation was dependent on the concentration of the Teak leaf extracts. Root length, Shoot length, Biomass and Biochemical constituents of ragi seedlings were highly reduced at 50g/l concentrations of aqueous leaf
extracts of Teak. Between pearl millet and ragi seedlings, more allelopathic influence was observed in ragi than pearl millet seedlings.
Allelopathic effects of weeds extract on seed germination of Trachyspermum co...Innspub Net
Seed germination stage is one of the most basic growth stages in medicinal plants that may be adversely affected by the chemicals released from other plants in the soil environment. The present study was performed to investigate the allelopathic effects of weeds, including (Xanthium strumarium, Amaranthus retroflexus and Chenopodium album) as common weeds in medicinal plant's farms, on seed germination parameters, total dry weight and allometry coefficient of Trachyspermum copticum L., Foeniculum vulgare and Cuminum cyminum L. in laboratory conditions. Treatments included extracts of all organs of three weed species, applied on the seeds of the medicinal plants at three concentrations of zero (distilled water), 50 and 100% by volume. The results showed that the extracts of mentioned weed species had a significant inhibitory effect on germination characteristics of the studied medicinal plants. The greatest negative impact on seed germination was recorded for the extract of Amaranthus retroflexus, but Trachyspermum copticum L. showed a better resistance to the extract of Amaranthus retroflexus as compared to Foeniculum vulgare and Cuminum cyminum. Get the full articles at: http://bit.ly/1NaHI5u
This grant proposal requests $772.35 to fund an undergraduate research project investigating the allelopathic effects of hayscented ferns. The student hypothesizes that the ferns suppress competing plants either through chemicals released from roots/leaves or as leaf litter leachate, and aims to determine if suppression occurs at the seed germination or seedling growth stages. The project will expose seeds and seedlings of sugar maple, red maple, red oak, and black cherry to aqueous extracts and a leachate treatment from ferns. Effects on germination and growth will be measured over several months. The budget details supplies, equipment, and a timeline to complete the work by April 2015.
Allelochemicals are non-nutritive plant secondary metabolites that can have inhibitory or stimulatory effects on other plants and microorganisms. They are released by plants through residues, roots, leaves, and volatilization. Some allelochemical classes include organic acids, phenolics, cinnamic acid derivatives, coumarins, flavonoids, and tannins. Allelochemicals show potential as bioherbicides due to their phytotoxic modes of action and more environmentally friendly chemical structures compared to synthetic herbicides. However, allelopathy can also negatively impact agriculture by reducing nutrient uptake, delaying weed seed decomposition, and increasing crop-weed interference and disease/pest susceptibility.
This document discusses allelopathy, which is the phenomenon where one plant produces chemicals that harm other plants. It provides examples of allelopathy between crops and weeds. Some common allelochemicals produced by plants are phenolic acids, coumarins, terpenoids, and flavonoids. These chemicals are released through leaching, exudation, volatilization, or decomposition. Allelopathy can affect weed suppression and crop yields. The strength of allelopathic effects depends on factors like crop variety, environmental conditions, and soil fertility. Further research on allelopathy could provide natural herbicides and support sustainable agriculture.
“Antimicrobial activity of rhizospheric bacteria of Curcuma longa (Turmeric) ...IOSRJPBS
The present study was carried out to explore the production of antibiotics from soil microbes of medicinal Plant Curcuma longa (Turmeric). Soil samples of the Curcuma longa rhizosphere regions were collected from the different region in Akola City, Western Vidharbh region of Maharashtra. The bacterial culture from the soil samples were collected by the serial dilution and spread plate technique. The total 16 culture have been isolated from the soil samples and out of total 16 only 3 have been characterized which are potent isolates. These 3 isolates are active against the selected pathogens, E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S.aureus. These samples were labelled as S1,S2 and S3. The characterized 3 cultures were identified as Bacillus megatherium, Pseudomonas fluroscenes and Globicitella sulfidifacein by using Bergey’s manual of systemic bacteriology. The Rhizospheric bacterial crude extract of Bacillus megatherium, Pseudomonas fluorescence, Globicatella sulfidifaciens were found to be more or less active against almost all tested pathogenic strains. Hence Curcuma longa can be employed as source of natural antimicrobials that can serve as an alternative to conventional medicines.It was concluded that the best activity have been shown by the Curcuma longa rhizospheric isolates (S2) which is of Pseudomonas fluorescens against all three human pathogenic organisms (E.coli , S.aureus , P.aeroginosa ). The activity of rhizospheric isolates was showing best results against S. aureus
Allelopathy is the chemical inhibition of one plant (or other organism) by another, due to the release into the environment of substances acting as germination or growth inhibitors.
Isolation and Screening of Soil Actinomycetes for Antimicrobial Activity OlakunleAjibola
Antimicrobial resistance in pathogens has greatly increased of late and now pose a serious public health problem globally. New antimicrobials are continuously needed to inhibit the growth of these resistant strains.
The aim of this study was to isolate and screen soil actinomycetes and evaluate their secondary metabolites for antimicrobial activities against selected pathogenic bacteria and fungi.
Intoduction
Harms of weedicides
Existent problems
What is allelopathy?
How does it execute?
Examples of allelopathic plants
Rice weeds
Screening methods
Field studies
Results
Advantages
Conclusion
This document summarizes a doctoral seminar presentation on using allelopathic aqua-extracts for weed management. The presentation included sections on introduction to allelopathy, research reviews, and conclusions. It summarized data showing increasing global herbicide usage and resistance in weeds. Possible solutions discussed included allelopathy, mechanical, cultural and biological weed control methods. Tables from research studies showed that aqueous extracts of crops like sorghum, sunflower and brassica provided weed control comparable to herbicides when applied alone or in combination with reduced herbicide doses. The allelopathic effects of various plant extracts on weeding biomass and growth/yield of wheat were presented. Finally, figures showed the phytotoxic effects of
Effect of aqueous extract of Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. on germination and...Kamal Almhemed
This document summarizes a study that investigated the allelopathic effects of aqueous extracts of Sorghum halepense on the germination and growth of some weed species and eggplant seedlings. S. halepense is an invasive weed known for its allelopathic properties. The study found that S. halepense extracts significantly reduced germination percentages and suppressed the growth of weeds like Cuscuta campestris, Lolium temulentum, Amaranthus blitoides, Amaranthus retroflexus, and Portulaca oleracea in a concentration-dependent manner. However, the extracts did not affect the growth of eggplant seedlings. This indicates that the eggplant variety used
Transformation of Sandalwood Leaves (Santalum album) into Nutrient Rich Compo...AI Publications
It is significant to use renewable resources to maximize crop yields and minimize the environmental risks accompanying with chemical residues. Composting is an age old practice for the biological conversion of organic waste into a humus-like substance which can enhance physical, chemical and biological soil properties. Vermicomposting of leaf litter by Eisenia foetida and Eudrilus eugenia potentially play a substantial role in remediation of organic waste as well as building up of soil fertility for sustainable agriculture. Present study was based on the conversion of Sandal wood leaf waste into nutrient rich best source. Sandal wood leaf were chopped at fine level and later mixed with cattle dung in order to pre composting followed by addition of earthworm.Several factors were also analysed during process. It was found that physical factors viz. pH, temperature moisture content etc. were significantly fluctuating at initial time period but later it was stagnant at constant level. Volume of waste and density were also reduced at the end of process. Colour of waste also turned into black that was good for seed germination but bad for health of earthworm. Final product was found odour less. Present results revealed about favourable condition of addition of earthworm into leaf litter waste and also explore the capability of both earthworm species to degrade leaf litter after semi-digested condition.
THE EFFECTS OF HELPING BACTERIA (PSEUDOMONAS SPP.) IN NITROGEN GREEN BEANS F...IJSIT Editor
Some- bacteria settle in the rhizosphere of legume plants and enhance the performance of ribosome
bacteria to nitrogen fixation and nodulation. In this paper, we used four isolated from two species of
Pseudomonas containing P.putida, P.fluorescens Chao, P.Flouresence Tabriz, P.flouresence B119 and Rhizobium
leguminosarumbv.phaseoli. In a factorial experiment with complete randomized blocks were used 5 levels of
helping bacteria(Pseudomonas spp.) and two rhizobium levels, four replicates were employed. Jamaran418
green bean was utilized as host plant. At the end, nodulation, growth and plant’s nitrogen indexes were
measured. The results showed that all above mentioned helping bacteria enhance the growth and nodulation
performance of green bean. It should be said that P.putida had the highest effect on the green bean
nodulation increase along with rhizobium (130%) followed by P.fluorescens Tabriz, P. fluorescens Chao and
P.fluorescens B119, ( 83, 63 and 17%, respectively). Also, we observed 45, 33, 22 and 8% performance
increase under the effect of P.putida, P. fluorescens Chao, P. fluorescens Tabriz and P. fluorescens B119,
respectively.
Research Paper | Effectiveness of two diatomaceous earths (FossilShield® and ...InternationalNetwork
Influence of maize varieties CLH103 and SHABA on the effectiveness of FossilShield® and SilicoSec® against Sitophilus zeamais was evaluated in laboratory. Each product was used at 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 g/kg and four exposure periods (1, 3, 7 and 14 days) for adult mortality and F1 progeny production. Damaged and germinated seeds were also assessed. Malathion (positive control) was used at the recommended dosage (0.5 g/kg). Probit analysis showed that FossilShield® and SilicoSec® were more toxic to weevils on CLH103 than SHABA from 3 days post-infestation, while within 1 day post-infestation, the two products were rather more toxic on SHABA than CLH103. Student t-test showed significant difference between the two maize varieties treated with FossilShield® in the reduction of adult emergence at 1 g/kg while with SilicoSec® this difference was observed for all concentrations. Malathion as positive control completely inhibited the development of insects on the two maize varieties. Like Malathion at the single dosage (0.5 g/kg), the number of emerged insects was completely reduced by each diatomaceous earth (DE) at 2 g/kg. FossilShield® (from 1.5 g/kg) reduced completely grain damages in the CLH103 variety, while FossilShield® (2 g/kg) almost reduced grain damages (1.0%). SilicoSec® achieved complete reduction on CLH103 variety, while, on SHABA variety, the reduction of grain damage was significantly different (7.4%). Seed germination was not affect by the DEs. In this study, the results showed that utilization of FossilShield® and SilicoSec® could be favorably considered as alternative solution to Malathion against Sitophilus zeamais.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of three types of organic fertilizers called Wokozim on seed germination of guar plants. Guar seeds were treated with different concentrations of Wokozim fertilizers and a control of distilled water. The study found that two of the fertilizers, Wokozim power plus batches F1 and F2, increased guar seed germination rates with increasing concentration. However, the third fertilizer, Wokozim cotton liquid F3, decreased germination rates with increasing concentration and was toxic at higher concentrations, inhibiting seed germination. The organic fertilizers generally improved guar seed germination compared to the control, except for the toxic effects of higher concentrations of Wok
The Harvard Yard Soils Restoration Project aimed to improve soil health without chemicals. A test plot was established and treated with compost, compost tea, and organic fertilizers. Root growth increased significantly compared to the control plot. Soil nitrogen levels and water needs improved. FMO staff were trained to sustain the program. Research opportunities were identified. The success led to expanding the organic program to more of Harvard Yard.
Effect of aqueous extract of Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. on germination and ...Kamal Almhemed
This summary provides the key details from the document in 3 sentences:
The document studied the allelopathic effects of aqueous extracts of Sorghum halepense on the germination and growth of several weed species and eggplant. It found that the extracts significantly reduced the germination and inhibited the growth of the weed species tested in a concentration-dependent manner. However, the eggplant variety used was not affected by the different concentrations of S. halepense extract.
STUDY OF FUNGAL, BACTERIAL AND ACTINOMYCETES POPULATION IN TENDU LEAF LITTER ...Dr Dama
STUDY OF FUNGAL, BACTERIAL AND ACTINOMYCETES POPULATION IN TENDU LEAF LITTER VERMICOMPOST IN COMPARISON WITH PRESS MUDCAKE.
Mushan L.C*. Rao K.R.**, Shagalolu V.V*. and Dama L.B*@.
Biodegradation of dichlorovos (organophosphate pesticide) in soil by bacteria...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the potential for microbial isolates to biodegrade the organophosphate pesticide dichlorvos in contaminated agricultural soil. A bacterial consortium composed of four strains (Proteus vulgaris, Vibrio sp., Serratia sp., and Acinetobacter sp.) was isolated from soil contaminated with dichlorvos. Both the consortium and individual strains were able to use dichlorvos as their sole carbon source and remove it from the soil. The consortium achieved greater removal of dichlorvos from soil amended with NPK fertilizer compared to NH4NO3 or KH2PO4. The results indicate that these bacterial isolates have potential for bioremediating soils contaminated
Allelopathic Effect of Lantana Camara on Germinatiion and Growth of Chickpea ...IJAEMSJORNAL
An experiment was conducted in Department of Botany, BFIT, Dehradun, Uttrakhand during the months of February and March to understand the allelopathic effects of different concentrations taken through the leaf powder of Lantana camaraleaf on germination percentage and early growth of two pulse crops i.e. chickpea and green gram. The test was conducted in petridishes. Results showed that different leaf powder concentration cause great inhibitory effect on germination and growth of both the pulse crops. Results indicates that the allelochemicals were released from the leaf powder and inhabit the germination and growth of germinated crops.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Waste Management of Temple Floral offerings by Vermicomposting and its effect...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The safe and environmentally harmonious management of solid wastes becomes a major issue in many cities of developing nations .Enormous production of solid wastes coupled with poor management system, results in a significant environmental degradation..In India at most of the religious places a huge tonnage of solid waste is generated largely during functions, worships, ceremonies and festivals. The quantity of flower waste generated by few major temples of Jaipur city was assessed. In present study different proportions of mixture of cattle dung and floral wastes were taken and performed vermicomposting process using Eisenia foetida earth worm species. The bioconversion ratio i.e., waste into vermicompost was found to be high in 50:50 and 60:40 proportion. Soil was kept as control throughout the study. After Vermicomposting process analysis of various physical and chemical parameters was done. It was found that 25◦C temperature, 8.0 pH, 1-2mm particle size , 60% moisture content, black colour, odourless,0.88 bulk density were optimum parameters. Vermicomposting resulted in lowering of EC, C: N ratio, C : P ratio and increase in nitrogen, phosphorus , potassium , Calcium , Magnesium and sulfur. In the pot culture studies of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants (using prepared floral waste vermicompost as fertilizer) various growth parameters like mean stem diameter, mean plant height, mean leaf number, mean length of roots, yield/plant showed good enhancement of growth .The results indicate that integrated effect of all the nutrients present in flower waste vermicompost results in the increased growth and yield of tomato plants and also played a crucial role in improving soil properties, as compared to control. Thus, vermicomposting of temple flower waste is an excellent and ecofriendly method to get valuable products which will lead to a healthier and waste free environment.
This document discusses a study on the effect of lawn treatment on nematode diversity around Lewis & Clark College. The researchers hypothesized that nematode diversity would be higher in untreated forest areas than treated lawn areas, as chemical treatments and homogeneous plant diversity in lawns may negatively impact soil nematodes. They collected nematodes from forest and lawn sites using old fruit and soil samples to examine diversity. Preliminary results identified some nematode genera from each site. Future work could improve nematode collection methods and further analyze diversity between sites.
Harvard University has begun an organic landscaping program across 25 acres of its campus that uses compost and compost tea rather than pesticides and synthetic fertilizers. The results have been improved soil quality with deeper root systems and reduced need for irrigation. Inspired by these benefits, Harvard's president adopted the program for the presidential residence and hopes to expand organics to 80 acres of campus within two years. The program aims to promote sustainability and reduce greenhouse gas emissions at Harvard.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Mechanisms of resistance to pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera in wild relatives...ICRISAT
Wild relatives of pigeonpea, such as Cajanus scarabaeoides, C. sericeus, and C. acutifolius show high levels of resistance to the major pest Helicoverpa armigera. Resistance is conferred by nonpreference for oviposition, antibiosis, and tolerance. Antibiosis is expressed as reduced larval weights, prolonged development, and lower fecundity. Trichome structures and chemical compounds in the pods, such as flavonoids and stilbenes, differ between resistant and susceptible varieties and contribute to resistance mechanisms. Wild relatives with different resistance mechanisms can be used to breed cultivated pigeonpea varieties with improved resistance to H.
The Rodale Institute developed a new compost recipe using amendments like clay, calcium, and humic acid to improve nutrient retention. In initial studies, the amended compost reduced nitrogen losses by up to 90% and phosphorus losses by up to 75% compared to standard compost. During a major rain event, the amended compost also lost less nutrients than standard compost or plain manure. The amendments accelerated the composting process while improving odor reduction and pathogen elimination. Further field tests will explore how the amended compost affects crop yields and nutrient leaching compared to other fertilizers.
Trees and their role in water managementJanak Shah
Trees provide numerous environmental benefits by moderating climate, improving air quality, conserving water, and providing habitat for wildlife. They alter the environment through climate control by moderating the effects of sun, wind, and rain. Trees also improve air quality by filtering pollutants and absorbing carbon dioxide and other gases. Planting trees helps manage stormwater runoff and reduces flooding by intercepting rainfall and allowing more water to infiltrate into the soil.
India successfully launched the Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), also called Mangalyaan, in 2013 for $74 million, making it the least expensive Mars mission to date. MOM aims to study the Martian surface and atmosphere using scientific instruments onboard. It achieved orbit around Mars on its first attempt, joining an elite group of space agencies that have reached Mars. The mission demonstrated India's technological capability and the success was led by scientists like K. Radhakrishnan and S.K. Shivakumar.
Intoduction
Harms of weedicides
Existent problems
What is allelopathy?
How does it execute?
Examples of allelopathic plants
Rice weeds
Screening methods
Field studies
Results
Advantages
Conclusion
This document summarizes a doctoral seminar presentation on using allelopathic aqua-extracts for weed management. The presentation included sections on introduction to allelopathy, research reviews, and conclusions. It summarized data showing increasing global herbicide usage and resistance in weeds. Possible solutions discussed included allelopathy, mechanical, cultural and biological weed control methods. Tables from research studies showed that aqueous extracts of crops like sorghum, sunflower and brassica provided weed control comparable to herbicides when applied alone or in combination with reduced herbicide doses. The allelopathic effects of various plant extracts on weeding biomass and growth/yield of wheat were presented. Finally, figures showed the phytotoxic effects of
Effect of aqueous extract of Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. on germination and...Kamal Almhemed
This document summarizes a study that investigated the allelopathic effects of aqueous extracts of Sorghum halepense on the germination and growth of some weed species and eggplant seedlings. S. halepense is an invasive weed known for its allelopathic properties. The study found that S. halepense extracts significantly reduced germination percentages and suppressed the growth of weeds like Cuscuta campestris, Lolium temulentum, Amaranthus blitoides, Amaranthus retroflexus, and Portulaca oleracea in a concentration-dependent manner. However, the extracts did not affect the growth of eggplant seedlings. This indicates that the eggplant variety used
Transformation of Sandalwood Leaves (Santalum album) into Nutrient Rich Compo...AI Publications
It is significant to use renewable resources to maximize crop yields and minimize the environmental risks accompanying with chemical residues. Composting is an age old practice for the biological conversion of organic waste into a humus-like substance which can enhance physical, chemical and biological soil properties. Vermicomposting of leaf litter by Eisenia foetida and Eudrilus eugenia potentially play a substantial role in remediation of organic waste as well as building up of soil fertility for sustainable agriculture. Present study was based on the conversion of Sandal wood leaf waste into nutrient rich best source. Sandal wood leaf were chopped at fine level and later mixed with cattle dung in order to pre composting followed by addition of earthworm.Several factors were also analysed during process. It was found that physical factors viz. pH, temperature moisture content etc. were significantly fluctuating at initial time period but later it was stagnant at constant level. Volume of waste and density were also reduced at the end of process. Colour of waste also turned into black that was good for seed germination but bad for health of earthworm. Final product was found odour less. Present results revealed about favourable condition of addition of earthworm into leaf litter waste and also explore the capability of both earthworm species to degrade leaf litter after semi-digested condition.
THE EFFECTS OF HELPING BACTERIA (PSEUDOMONAS SPP.) IN NITROGEN GREEN BEANS F...IJSIT Editor
Some- bacteria settle in the rhizosphere of legume plants and enhance the performance of ribosome
bacteria to nitrogen fixation and nodulation. In this paper, we used four isolated from two species of
Pseudomonas containing P.putida, P.fluorescens Chao, P.Flouresence Tabriz, P.flouresence B119 and Rhizobium
leguminosarumbv.phaseoli. In a factorial experiment with complete randomized blocks were used 5 levels of
helping bacteria(Pseudomonas spp.) and two rhizobium levels, four replicates were employed. Jamaran418
green bean was utilized as host plant. At the end, nodulation, growth and plant’s nitrogen indexes were
measured. The results showed that all above mentioned helping bacteria enhance the growth and nodulation
performance of green bean. It should be said that P.putida had the highest effect on the green bean
nodulation increase along with rhizobium (130%) followed by P.fluorescens Tabriz, P. fluorescens Chao and
P.fluorescens B119, ( 83, 63 and 17%, respectively). Also, we observed 45, 33, 22 and 8% performance
increase under the effect of P.putida, P. fluorescens Chao, P. fluorescens Tabriz and P. fluorescens B119,
respectively.
Research Paper | Effectiveness of two diatomaceous earths (FossilShield® and ...InternationalNetwork
Influence of maize varieties CLH103 and SHABA on the effectiveness of FossilShield® and SilicoSec® against Sitophilus zeamais was evaluated in laboratory. Each product was used at 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 g/kg and four exposure periods (1, 3, 7 and 14 days) for adult mortality and F1 progeny production. Damaged and germinated seeds were also assessed. Malathion (positive control) was used at the recommended dosage (0.5 g/kg). Probit analysis showed that FossilShield® and SilicoSec® were more toxic to weevils on CLH103 than SHABA from 3 days post-infestation, while within 1 day post-infestation, the two products were rather more toxic on SHABA than CLH103. Student t-test showed significant difference between the two maize varieties treated with FossilShield® in the reduction of adult emergence at 1 g/kg while with SilicoSec® this difference was observed for all concentrations. Malathion as positive control completely inhibited the development of insects on the two maize varieties. Like Malathion at the single dosage (0.5 g/kg), the number of emerged insects was completely reduced by each diatomaceous earth (DE) at 2 g/kg. FossilShield® (from 1.5 g/kg) reduced completely grain damages in the CLH103 variety, while FossilShield® (2 g/kg) almost reduced grain damages (1.0%). SilicoSec® achieved complete reduction on CLH103 variety, while, on SHABA variety, the reduction of grain damage was significantly different (7.4%). Seed germination was not affect by the DEs. In this study, the results showed that utilization of FossilShield® and SilicoSec® could be favorably considered as alternative solution to Malathion against Sitophilus zeamais.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of three types of organic fertilizers called Wokozim on seed germination of guar plants. Guar seeds were treated with different concentrations of Wokozim fertilizers and a control of distilled water. The study found that two of the fertilizers, Wokozim power plus batches F1 and F2, increased guar seed germination rates with increasing concentration. However, the third fertilizer, Wokozim cotton liquid F3, decreased germination rates with increasing concentration and was toxic at higher concentrations, inhibiting seed germination. The organic fertilizers generally improved guar seed germination compared to the control, except for the toxic effects of higher concentrations of Wok
The Harvard Yard Soils Restoration Project aimed to improve soil health without chemicals. A test plot was established and treated with compost, compost tea, and organic fertilizers. Root growth increased significantly compared to the control plot. Soil nitrogen levels and water needs improved. FMO staff were trained to sustain the program. Research opportunities were identified. The success led to expanding the organic program to more of Harvard Yard.
Effect of aqueous extract of Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. on germination and ...Kamal Almhemed
This summary provides the key details from the document in 3 sentences:
The document studied the allelopathic effects of aqueous extracts of Sorghum halepense on the germination and growth of several weed species and eggplant. It found that the extracts significantly reduced the germination and inhibited the growth of the weed species tested in a concentration-dependent manner. However, the eggplant variety used was not affected by the different concentrations of S. halepense extract.
STUDY OF FUNGAL, BACTERIAL AND ACTINOMYCETES POPULATION IN TENDU LEAF LITTER ...Dr Dama
STUDY OF FUNGAL, BACTERIAL AND ACTINOMYCETES POPULATION IN TENDU LEAF LITTER VERMICOMPOST IN COMPARISON WITH PRESS MUDCAKE.
Mushan L.C*. Rao K.R.**, Shagalolu V.V*. and Dama L.B*@.
Biodegradation of dichlorovos (organophosphate pesticide) in soil by bacteria...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the potential for microbial isolates to biodegrade the organophosphate pesticide dichlorvos in contaminated agricultural soil. A bacterial consortium composed of four strains (Proteus vulgaris, Vibrio sp., Serratia sp., and Acinetobacter sp.) was isolated from soil contaminated with dichlorvos. Both the consortium and individual strains were able to use dichlorvos as their sole carbon source and remove it from the soil. The consortium achieved greater removal of dichlorvos from soil amended with NPK fertilizer compared to NH4NO3 or KH2PO4. The results indicate that these bacterial isolates have potential for bioremediating soils contaminated
Allelopathic Effect of Lantana Camara on Germinatiion and Growth of Chickpea ...IJAEMSJORNAL
An experiment was conducted in Department of Botany, BFIT, Dehradun, Uttrakhand during the months of February and March to understand the allelopathic effects of different concentrations taken through the leaf powder of Lantana camaraleaf on germination percentage and early growth of two pulse crops i.e. chickpea and green gram. The test was conducted in petridishes. Results showed that different leaf powder concentration cause great inhibitory effect on germination and growth of both the pulse crops. Results indicates that the allelochemicals were released from the leaf powder and inhabit the germination and growth of germinated crops.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Waste Management of Temple Floral offerings by Vermicomposting and its effect...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The safe and environmentally harmonious management of solid wastes becomes a major issue in many cities of developing nations .Enormous production of solid wastes coupled with poor management system, results in a significant environmental degradation..In India at most of the religious places a huge tonnage of solid waste is generated largely during functions, worships, ceremonies and festivals. The quantity of flower waste generated by few major temples of Jaipur city was assessed. In present study different proportions of mixture of cattle dung and floral wastes were taken and performed vermicomposting process using Eisenia foetida earth worm species. The bioconversion ratio i.e., waste into vermicompost was found to be high in 50:50 and 60:40 proportion. Soil was kept as control throughout the study. After Vermicomposting process analysis of various physical and chemical parameters was done. It was found that 25◦C temperature, 8.0 pH, 1-2mm particle size , 60% moisture content, black colour, odourless,0.88 bulk density were optimum parameters. Vermicomposting resulted in lowering of EC, C: N ratio, C : P ratio and increase in nitrogen, phosphorus , potassium , Calcium , Magnesium and sulfur. In the pot culture studies of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants (using prepared floral waste vermicompost as fertilizer) various growth parameters like mean stem diameter, mean plant height, mean leaf number, mean length of roots, yield/plant showed good enhancement of growth .The results indicate that integrated effect of all the nutrients present in flower waste vermicompost results in the increased growth and yield of tomato plants and also played a crucial role in improving soil properties, as compared to control. Thus, vermicomposting of temple flower waste is an excellent and ecofriendly method to get valuable products which will lead to a healthier and waste free environment.
This document discusses a study on the effect of lawn treatment on nematode diversity around Lewis & Clark College. The researchers hypothesized that nematode diversity would be higher in untreated forest areas than treated lawn areas, as chemical treatments and homogeneous plant diversity in lawns may negatively impact soil nematodes. They collected nematodes from forest and lawn sites using old fruit and soil samples to examine diversity. Preliminary results identified some nematode genera from each site. Future work could improve nematode collection methods and further analyze diversity between sites.
Harvard University has begun an organic landscaping program across 25 acres of its campus that uses compost and compost tea rather than pesticides and synthetic fertilizers. The results have been improved soil quality with deeper root systems and reduced need for irrigation. Inspired by these benefits, Harvard's president adopted the program for the presidential residence and hopes to expand organics to 80 acres of campus within two years. The program aims to promote sustainability and reduce greenhouse gas emissions at Harvard.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Mechanisms of resistance to pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera in wild relatives...ICRISAT
Wild relatives of pigeonpea, such as Cajanus scarabaeoides, C. sericeus, and C. acutifolius show high levels of resistance to the major pest Helicoverpa armigera. Resistance is conferred by nonpreference for oviposition, antibiosis, and tolerance. Antibiosis is expressed as reduced larval weights, prolonged development, and lower fecundity. Trichome structures and chemical compounds in the pods, such as flavonoids and stilbenes, differ between resistant and susceptible varieties and contribute to resistance mechanisms. Wild relatives with different resistance mechanisms can be used to breed cultivated pigeonpea varieties with improved resistance to H.
The Rodale Institute developed a new compost recipe using amendments like clay, calcium, and humic acid to improve nutrient retention. In initial studies, the amended compost reduced nitrogen losses by up to 90% and phosphorus losses by up to 75% compared to standard compost. During a major rain event, the amended compost also lost less nutrients than standard compost or plain manure. The amendments accelerated the composting process while improving odor reduction and pathogen elimination. Further field tests will explore how the amended compost affects crop yields and nutrient leaching compared to other fertilizers.
Trees and their role in water managementJanak Shah
Trees provide numerous environmental benefits by moderating climate, improving air quality, conserving water, and providing habitat for wildlife. They alter the environment through climate control by moderating the effects of sun, wind, and rain. Trees also improve air quality by filtering pollutants and absorbing carbon dioxide and other gases. Planting trees helps manage stormwater runoff and reduces flooding by intercepting rainfall and allowing more water to infiltrate into the soil.
India successfully launched the Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), also called Mangalyaan, in 2013 for $74 million, making it the least expensive Mars mission to date. MOM aims to study the Martian surface and atmosphere using scientific instruments onboard. It achieved orbit around Mars on its first attempt, joining an elite group of space agencies that have reached Mars. The mission demonstrated India's technological capability and the success was led by scientists like K. Radhakrishnan and S.K. Shivakumar.
The Mars Orbital Mission (MOM) aims to design and realize an orbiter with the capability to survive Earth maneuvers, a 300-day cruise phase, Mars orbit insertion and on-orbit phases around Mars to study its surface features, mineralogy and atmosphere. The objectives include deep space communication and navigation with autonomous capabilities. The total cost of 450 crore rupees for MOM is less than 1/10th of the amount spent by NASA on its MAVEN Mars mission. MOM was launched aboard the PSLV rocket on November 5th, 2013 and includes scientific instruments to study Mars' composition, atmosphere and climate.
The Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), also called Mangalyaan, is an Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) Mars orbiter launched in 2013. It successfully entered Martian orbit in 2014. MOM's objectives are to demonstrate India's deep space capabilities and explore the Martian surface, atmosphere, and exosphere. It carries five scientific payloads including cameras and spectrometers weighing 15 kg total. MOM will search for methane on Mars, which could indicate signs of life. ISRO successfully launched MOM using its PSLV rocket and provides ground support from its control centers.
Vishal Kumar Singh is a student in the Electrical Engineering department at Future Institute of Engineering & Management. The document discusses India's Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), also known as Mangalyaan, which was launched in November 2013 by the Indian Space Research Organisation. MOM's objectives are to study the Martian surface, atmosphere, and explore the exosphere. It carries five scientific payloads including cameras, spectrometers, and sensors to analyze Mars' terrain, mineral composition, atmospheric gases like methane, and neutral atmospheric components. MOM was launched using the PSLV-XL rocket and performed orbital maneuvers to reach Mars, where it will study the planet upon entering orbit in September 2014.
Mangalyaan is India's first interplanetary mission to Mars. Its objectives are to design and develop a Mars orbiter with the capabilities to perform Earth orbit maneuvers, cruise for 300 days, capture Mars orbit, and study the planet from orbit. The spacecraft was launched aboard a Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle in November 2013 and successfully entered Mars orbit in September 2014, making India the first nation to succeed on its first attempt at reaching Mars orbit. Mangalyaan's scientific payload includes instruments to study the Martian atmosphere and surface features.
India launched its first mission to Mars, called MOM or Mars Orbiter Mission, on November 5, 2013. The mission objectives were to develop technologies for designing, planning and operating interplanetary missions, and to study the Martian surface, atmosphere and climate. The Mars Orbiter spacecraft was launched using the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle. It weighed 1.35 tons and cost $73 million. After traveling 300 days, it successfully entered orbit around Mars, making India the fifth space agency to do so. The orbiter carried scientific instruments to study Mars' morphology, topography, mineralogy and atmosphere. While some saw the mission as putting India among the leading space-faring nations, others criticized the large cost when India faces
Mangalyaan was India's first interplanetary mission to Mars. It was a low-cost mission at $73 million that made India the first nation to successfully reach Mars on its first attempt. The orbiter's objectives were to develop technologies for interplanetary missions, study Mars surface features and morphology, and analyze the Martian atmosphere and surface mineralogy. Mangalyaan was developed and launched within 15 months and has been successfully orbiting Mars, making observations and measurements since 2014. Its low cost was achieved through in-house development and public-private partnerships with Indian industries.
INDIA'S FIRST MARS SPACE MISSION NAMED MARS ORBITER MISSION(MOM) SIMPLY KNOWN AS MANGALYAN. FOR MORE UPDATES AND SLIDES VISIT www.mechanizeinn.wordpress.com OR www.facebook.com/mechanizeinn
Mars orbiter mission (Mangalyaan)The govt. of INDIAArchit Jindal
All details of the Mars orbiter mission of India. Also the details about ISRO who is carrying out this mission. Also Mp4 video of launch of PSLV-XL which was the launch vehicle for the spacecraft. I hope this presentation is useful for you.The video will work.
India's Mangalyaan satellite successfully entered Mars' orbit in September 2014, joining NASA's MAVEN satellite in orbiting Mars. Mangalyaan was one of the most cost effective interplanetary missions ever at $74 million, far less than NASA's $671 million MAVEN mission. India kept costs low by reusing technologies and sending Mangalyaan into Earth orbit first before slingshotting it towards Mars, saving fuel compared to direct launches. Mangalyaan will study the Martian atmosphere and mineral composition to learn more about whether Mars could have supported life.
This document summarizes plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and their benefits for sustainable agriculture. It discusses how PGPR colonize plant roots and promote growth through three main mechanisms: biofertilization, phytostimulation, and biocontrol. Biofertilization includes nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, siderophore production, and exopolysaccharide production. Phytostimulation involves the production of plant hormones like indole acetic acid, gibberellins, and cytokinins. Biocontrol refers to inducing systemic resistance in plants and producing antibiotics and lytic enzymes. PGPR are a promising alternative to chemical fertilizers and pesticides, which can harm the environment and public health. Their
Insights of allelopathic, insecticidal and repellent potential of an invasive...Innspub Net
Sphaeranthus suaveolens is a weed from the family Asteraceae, it grows abundantly in wet areas and is most common in rice fields. The extracts from plants closely related to S. suaveolens have been reported to have allelopathic, insecticidal, antifeedant, repellent, and other biological activities. Currently, the use of synthetic chemicals to control weeds and insect pests raises several concerns related to the environment and human health. Extracts from plants with pesticidal properties can offer the best and an environmentally friendly alternative. Some of these extracts have been extensively tested to assess their applications as valuable natural resources in sustainable agriculture. This review article, therefore, explores the potential of S. suaveolens extracts in controlling insect pests and managing weeds by smallholder farmers.
This document discusses the role of chemical ecology, volatile compounds, and secondary plant substances in plant resistance to insects. It provides background on chemical ecology and how plant chemicals can affect insect behavior. Secondary plant metabolites like alkaloids, terpenoids, and phenolic compounds adversely impact insect growth, development, and metabolism. Specific examples are given of compounds that act as feeding deterrents or have toxic effects on insects. The document also discusses how plant volatile compounds can attract or repel insects.
The experiment was conducted at the experimental farm and laboratory of Institute of
Sustainable Agrotechnology, University Malaysia Perlis, Padang Besar, Perlis, Malaysia, with the objective
toinvestigate the inhibitory and stimulatory effects of aqueous extract of mungbean on seed germination and
seedling growth of three crop species, mungbean, sweet corn and okra. Different treatments of mungbean
aqueousextracts (vegetative fresh, vegetative after 2 weeks drying, vegetative after 4 weeks drying, flowering
fresh, flowering after 2 weeks drying, flowering after 4 weeks drying, flowering fresh, flowering after 2 weeks
drying, flowering after 4 weeks drying, maturity fresh, maturity after 2 weeks drying, maturity after 4 weeks
drying and water as control) were used to test their effect on the test species. The experiment was randomly
distributed and according to Completely Randomized Design(CRD) with five replicates. The results showed the
fresh vegetative aqueous extract of mungbean had a significant effect (stimulatory) on germination percent and
growth parameters such as number of root, root length and shoot height, of the three crop species. The study
revealed that the aqueous extract of mungbean have different effects (inhibitory and stimulatory) on the
seedlings and the mode of action depends on the associated plant species.Our results suggest that the aqueous
extract of mungbean from the different growth stages and drying periods have an allelopathic effect.
This document discusses potential methods for controlling lethal yellowing disease (LYD) in coconut palms, which is caused by phytoplasma bacteria and spread by insect vectors. It first provides background on LYD and describes current control challenges like the inability to culture phytoplasma. Then it discusses several potential control approaches, including:
1. Using the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system or entomopathogenic fungi to control the disease-causing phytoplasma bacteria or their insect vectors.
2. Breeding resistant coconut varieties, though current breeding efforts are outpaced by rising disease incidence.
3. Integrated pest management using traditional vector control plus novel techniques like manipulating symb
4 ijfaf nov-2017-2-allelopathic effect of eucalyptusAI Publications
Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were carried out at the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Gezira, Sudan in season 2014/15 to study the allelopathic effects of Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh) leaf on seed germination and seedling growth of some poaceous crops. Laboratory experiments were conducted to study the allelopathic effects of leaf aqueous extract of Eucalyptus on seed germination of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench), millet (Pennisetum glaucum [L.] R. Br.), maize (Zea mays L.) and wheat (Triticum vulgare L.). Six concentrations (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%) of the leaf aqueous extract of Eucalyptus were prepared from the stock solution (50 g / l). Treatments, for each crop, were arranged in completely randomized design with four replicates. The seeds were examined for germination at three days after initial germination. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to study the allelopathic effects of Eucalyptus leaf powder on seedling growth of the same crops. The leaf powder of Eucalyptus was incorporated into the soil at rate of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0% on w/w bases in pots. Treatments, for each crop, were arranged in completely randomized design with four replicates. The experiments were terminated at 30 days after sowing and the plant height, number of leaves and root length of crop seedlings were measured as well as plant fresh and dry weight. Data were subjected to analysis of variance procedure. Means were separated for significance using Duncan`s Multiple Range Test at p 0.5. The results showed that the leaf aqueous extract of Eucalyptus significantly reduced seed germination of the tested poaceous crops and there was direct negative relationship between concentration and germination. Also, the results showed that incorporating leaf powder of Eucalyptus into the soil significantly decreased plant height, number of leaves and root length of crop seedlings as well as seedling fresh and dry weight. In addition, the reduction in seedling growth was increased as the leaf powder increased in the soil. Based on results supported by different studies, it was concluded that Eucalyptus has allelopathic effects on seed germination and seedling growth of the poaceous crops.
Matthew Merrigan, a junior at Pine Crest School, wrote a research proposal to examine the effects of environmental stressors on the genetic makeup of root nodules in legumes. He plans to grow five legume species in different soil types designed to represent various stressors. Root nodules will be harvested and the rhizobia sequenced and compared between soil types. Matthew hypothesizes that environmental stressors may cause mutations in nod genes, altering the rhizobial communities. The results could provide insights into how the environment shapes microbial diversity with implications for the legume-rhizobia symbiosis.
Matthew Merrigan, a junior at Pine Crest School, wrote a research proposal to examine the effects of environmental stressors on the genetic makeup of root nodules in legumes. He plans to grow five legume species in different soil types designed to represent various stressors. Root nodules will be harvested and the rhizobia sequenced and compared between soil types. The research aims to determine if environmental stressors cause mutations in nod genes responsible for the legume-rhizobia symbiosis. Future work could sequence specific nod factors to identify any mutations occurring from environmental stresses.
Nodulation, Growth and Yield Response of Five Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Wa...Premier Publishers
The experiment was carried out in the screen house of the Department of Crop, Soil & Pest Management, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria. The experimental layout was a 5 x 3 x 2 factorial combination with 3 replications given a total of 90 treatments. Seeds of five cowpea varieties namely: IT98K-205-8, Ife Brown, Oloyin Brown, IT98K-573-2-1 and IT96D-610 were sown in Plastic buckets of 7-liter capacity and were perforated at the bottom to allow for drainage and filled with top soil. Watering regimes of (500ml, 700ml and 900ml) were imposed and water was applied twice a week while cowpea plants were inoculated with 5g each of Rhizobia strain (Mesorhizobia loti) at seedling stage. Control set was maintained without inoculation. The effect of watering regimes on legume species was significant on nodulation, growth and yield characters of cowpea varieties evaluated. The results revealed marked varietal differences in plant growth, nodulation, yield and yield components. IT98K-573-2-1 and Oloyin Brown generally expressed superior performance in most measured parameters. Mesorhizobia inoculation significantly (p≤0.05) increased plant growth, nodulation, yield and yield components of cowpea. The interaction effect of variety, Mesorhizobia loti and watering regimes caused significant variations in the number of nodules, leaf area, number of seeds/pod and seed yield. The nitrogen and crude protein content in the leaf differed among the cowpea varieties evaluated. Application of mesorhizobium strain significantly increased seed yield of cowpea and caused substantial increase in nodulation and this subsequently affected the Nitrogen fixation potential of cowpea under varying soil moisture regimes.
Comparison of Resistance to Fusarium wilts disease in Seeded and Regenerated ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document summarizes a study that compared the resistance to Fusarium wilt disease in seeded and regenerated sesame plants. The researchers established a system for regenerating sesame plants through tissue culture using different plant growth regulators, which resulted in somaclonal variation. Regenerated and seeded plantlets were compared for resistance after being inoculated with Fusarium oxysporum fsp sesami. Seeded plantlets displayed signs of susceptibility and died within 20 days, while regenerated plantlets resisted infection and continued growing despite being smaller and weaker initially. The results demonstrated that somaclonal variation through tissue culture induced resistance to Fusarium wilt in regenerated sesame plantlets.
The body of your paper addresses all of the required components, e.docxmehek4
The body of your paper addresses all of the required components, except the discussion of geography needs to be more focused. In terms of structure and organization, remember that your thesis statement should be reaffirmed in a conclusion that ties together the main points of the paper. I look forward to reading the final version. Final score here reflects a 5% penalty for not submitting an outline per the instructions.
Bob
(1.25 / 1.25) Outline Biodiversity and How it is Measured
Distinguished - Comprehensively and accurately outlines biodiversity and how it is measured.
(1.25 / 1.25) Outline How Biodiversity is important to Environmental Conservation
Distinguished - Comprehensively outlines how biodiversity is important to environmental conservation.
(1.25 / 1.25) Outline How Biological Evolution Affects Biodiversity
Distinguished - Comprehensively outlines how biological evolution affects biodiversity.
(1.25 / 1.25) Outlines How Competition and Ecological Niches Affect Biodiversity
Distinguished - Comprehensively outlines how competition and ecological niches affect biodiversity.
(1.25 / 1.25) Outline How Food Webs Affect Biodiversity
Distinguished - Comprehensively outlines how food webs affect biodiversity.
(0.8 / 1.25) Outline How Geography Affects Biodiversity
Below Expectations - Attempts to outline how geography affects biodiversity but outline does not convey course concepts and relevant information.
The response can be improved by identifying a direct link between geography and species diversity. Specifically, how does geography actually affect or influence biodiversity? Consider the impact of temperature and rainfall on species diversity.
(1.25 / 1.25) Outlines How Human Generated Pollution and Land-use Changes Affect Biodiversity
Distinguished - Comprehensively outlines how human generated pollution and land-use changes affect biodiversity.
(1.25 / 1.25) Outlines Varioius Techniques Utilized by Humans to Conserve Biodiversity
Distinguished - Comprehensively outlines varioius techniques utilized by humans to conserve biodiversity.
(1.14 / 1.5) Written Communication: Control of Syntax and Mechanics
Basic - Displays basic comprehension of syntax and mechanics, such as spelling and grammar. Written work contains a few errors, which may slightly distract the reader.
(1 / 1) APA Formatting
Distinguished - Accurately uses APA formatting consistently throughout the paper, title page, and reference page.
(1 / 1) Page Requirement
Distinguished - The paper meets the specific page requirement stipulated in the assignment description.
(1.5 / 1.5) Resource Requirement
Distinguished - Uses more than the required number of scholarly sources, providing compelling evidence to support ideas. All sources on the reference page are used and cited correctly within the body of the assignment.
Overall Score: 14.19 / 15
Running head: BIODIVERSITY
1
Biodiversity and Environmental Preservation
Cory Kuzdzal
EVN/300
4/10/2017
Robert W. Russell
- ...
AUTHORED BY: JOHANNA ELSENSOHN AND KELLY SEARS
By 2050, the world’s population is estimated to exceed 9 billion people. A challenge to this rising food demand is that crops will have to be grown on the same or less land as today. Additionally, global climate change is causing considerable uncertainty in the ability of the current food production system to adapt to an unknown future.
To address these issues sustainably, scientists from many disciplines have been investigating ways to increase crop yields and prepare for a changing climate. Considerable effort has focused on enhancing the traits of the crop plants themselves, to enhance their growth, make them resistant to disease, or tolerant to environmental stressors like drought or high salinity conditions. Conversely, a growing area of research is looking at how microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, influence these plant characteristics.
The relationship between plants and microorganisms is well known. However, researchers are still working to understand the full complexity and extent of interactions between the two groups. We have seen that microbes are important for plant nutrient acquisition, plant growth and protection against disease. Certain types of bacteria are commercially available and used to increase yields and decrease fertilizer use (Farrar et al. 2014).
Plant physiology is the study of how plants function at the cellular and biochemical level and how they respond to their environment. It includes studying plant structure and anatomy as they relate to function, energy sources for growth and development, water and nutrient uptake and movement, and plant responses to environmental stresses. Understanding plant physiology is important for agriculture as it provides insights into seed germination, seedling growth, mode of action of herbicides, nutrient requirements, photoperiodism, effects of plant growth regulators, post-harvest physiology, irrigation management, drought tolerance, and water use efficiency - all of which can help improve crop varieties and agricultural practices.
MULTIFACETED POTENTIAL OF EICHHORNIA CRASSIPES (WATER HYACINTH) LADENED WITH ...Dr Varruchi Sharma
Water hyacinth is an invasive aquatic plant that has spread widely and poses ecological issues. However, it also has potential value-added and therapeutic uses that could help address the invasion. It can be used for bioremediation to remove pollutants from wastewater. Its biomass can also be converted to biofuels like biodiesel and bioethanol, providing renewable energy. Additionally, extracts from water hyacinth have shown therapeutic effects, though more research is still needed to fully understand its medical applications. Utilizing water hyacinth for these beneficial purposes could help curb its invasion while providing useful products.
1. The study evaluated the effects of different soilless media (border soil, soil+sand mix, soil+peat mix, sand+peat mix) on growth, yield, and quality of cucumber plants.
2. The soil+peat mix resulted in maximum plant height, stem thickness, leaf area, and fruit quality compared to other media.
3. The results provide insights for improving cucumber cultivation practices and agricultural sustainability by identifying optimal soilless media.
This document discusses the role of phytohormones in helping plants overcome environmental stress. It begins by introducing the challenges posed by stresses like pollution, water scarcity, and salinization of soil. Plants have evolved mechanisms to perceive and respond to stresses, often involving phytohormones. The major phytohormones - auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, ethylene, abscisic acid, brassinosteroids, jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, and strigolactones - are discussed in terms of their roles in growth, development, and stress responses. Application of certain phytohormones can help mitigate stress effects and improve plant growth,
Production and Application of Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria as Biofertilize...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Soil microorganism plays an important role in regulating the levels of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur at the rhizosphere. Solubilization of macronutrient is an important aspect in plant growth and development research. Phosphorus is one of the vital nutrient required for optimum growth of plant. Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB) plays an important role in increasing the phosphate uptake by the plants. Pikovskaya medium containing TCP or tricalcium phosphate helps in isolation of PSB from soil sample. Isolated strains were tested and screened by Halo zone formation and pH test. The selected strains showing marked decrease in pH and clear zone formation was selected for field trial. The objective of this study was to ascertain that PSBs isolated from the soil sample can be used as biofertilizer. Application of PSBs with a carrier mixed with maize seeds in the field of study and compared against a control field and against commercially available fertilizer showed that PSBs can improve the quality of soil and in turn improved the growth and development of the plants.
The journal is an open access, international, double-blind peer-reviewed journal publishing research articles, Invited reviews, short communications, and letters to the Editor in the field of agriculture, fisheries, veterinary, biology, and closely related disciplines. Alinteri Journal of Agriculture Sciences is being published online biannually as of 2007. Alinteri Journal of Agriculture Sciences aims to create an environment for researchers to introduce, share, read, and discuss recent scientific progress. We adopt the policy of providing open access to readers who may be interested in recent developments.
This document discusses and compares organic agriculture and conventional agriculture that uses synthetic pesticides. It notes that while pesticides increase crop yields, there are also concerns about their impacts on human health, animal health, and the environment. The document then provides details on the history and types of pesticides used in agriculture, such as organochlorines and organophosphates. It also discusses the standards and regulations around organic certification. While organic farming avoids synthetic pesticides, it still uses natural pesticides that can also be toxic. Overall, the document examines some of the debates and misconceptions around organic versus conventional methods.
Honours Thesis Final Draft. Sandiso MnguniSandiso Mnguni
1) The study examined the effect of larval and adult diet on desiccation resistance in the marula fruit fly Ceratitis cosyra. Larvae were reared on either a high or low protein diet. Adults from each larval diet were then fed either a high or low protein adult diet.
2) Adults reared on a high protein larval diet had higher initial mass but lower desiccation resistance than those from a low protein larval diet. Adults that were fed a high protein adult diet after eclosion had higher mass and desiccation resistance than newly emerged flies.
3) Sex differences were observed, with females generally having higher mass but lower desiccation resistance than
Similar to 11.assessment of effect of prosopis juliflora litter extract on seed germination and growth of rice (20)
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
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11.assessment of effect of prosopis juliflora litter extract on seed germination and growth of rice
1. Food Science and Quality Management www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-6088 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0557 (Online)
Vol 2, 2011
Assessment of effect of Prosopis juliflora litter extract on
seed germination and growth of rice
Santosh Kumar Mehar (corresponding author)
Department of Botany, College of Sciences,
Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati
Ph.: +91 9490395548, Email: santsohkumar.1@rediffmail.com
Abstract
It has been reported that mesquite (Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC.), which is widespread in Saudi Arabia, the
United States of America and India, inhibits the germination or growth of many plant species growing in its
vicinity, through by releasing allelopathic substances into the environment. Due to this Therefore, it has not
been put to good use despite enormous biomass production. The present study was attempted to observed
the effect of aqueous extract of mesquite on the growth of rice seedlings. For this To this end, two different
concentrations of an aqueous extract (0.1 and 1%) of the aqueous extract was were added as treatments and
various parameters of seedling growth like seed germination, root length, shoot length, length and total
number of adventitious roots, fresh and dry weight of root and shoot were recorded. We did not eliminate
the effect of microbial component in our treatments and during incubation (from lasting 1 day to one
week): the phyllosphere microflora had sufficient opportunity to influence the allelopathic outcome after
extract addition. The Our results indicated that except for some treatments, both at low concentrations;
most of the treatments had led to comparable or better growth of seedlings than did the control treatment.
Even when there was less reserve mobilization from seeds during germination; seedlings were able to make
up the loss in due course of time and showed better growth than control.
Key words: Allelopathy, Rice Seedling growth, Prosopis juliflora.
1. Introduction
De Candolle (1832) speculated that some plants specifically noxious weeds exude chemicals
from their roots that are detrimental to the growth of other plants. Later, Molisch (1937) coined the
term allelopathy using it in reference to indicate biochemical interactions, both detrimental and
beneficial, between all types of plants including microorganisms. The concept of allelopathy covered
both detrimental and beneficial reciprocal biochemical interactions. Rice (1974) however differed
from this concept initially and stressed that the term should be used for any direct or indirect harmful
effect of one plant (including microorganisms) on another, through production of chemical
compounds that escape into the environment. Supporting conceptually the same idea as put forth by
Rice, much of the research in allelopathy was centered around the concept of detrimental effects of
one plant on another, through release of chemicals in the environment. But, Khailov (1974) proved
that the effect of any given compound may be inhibitory or stimulatory determined largely by the
concentration of the compound in the surrounding medium. Returning back to Molisch’s idea, later
Rice (1979) also acknowledged the findings of Khailov and further added that many of the important
ecological roles of allelopathy have been overlooked because the concern of many of the researchers
was just for the detrimental effects of added chemicals.
Since allelopathy refers to the effect of a chemical compound added to the environment, it
differs from competition which involves the removal or reduction of some factor (such as water,
minerals, food and light) from the environment that is required by some other plant sharing the
habitat, wherein the factor that is reduced could be water, minerals, food and light. Even then the
confusion remained, this time between allelopathy and competition, because some biologists in some
cases, considered allelopathy to be part of competition. To lessen the confusion, the new term
‘interference’ (given by Muller, 1969) can be used which encompasses both allelopathy and
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ISSN 2224-6088 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0557 (Online)
Vol 2, 2011
competition. Recently Callaway (2002) has considered allelopathy as one form of non resource
interaction among plants.
During the 1970s, allelopathy was used to explain community processes and patterns (Muller,
1969, Rice, 1974, Whittaker & Feeny, 1971), and many times it has been suggested to contribute to
the ability of some exotic plant species to become dominant in invaded plant communities (Abdul-
Wahab & Rice 1967, El-Ghareeb 1991, Fletcher & Renney 1963, Osvald 1948, Vaughan & Berlow
1999, Ridenour & Callaway 2001). It is reported that the invader plants exude some allelochemicals
that are relatively ineffective against long time neighbours in their natural communities but to which
the plants in the invaded communities lack co - evolved tolerance (Callaway & Aschehoug, 2000).
One such plant which is reported to be both invasive and allelopathic (mostly in the detrimental
sense) is mesquite (Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC), which is widespread in Saudi Arabia, United States
of America and India. It is found to inhibit germination or growth of many plant species growing in
its vicinity, through the release of allelopathic substances into the environment (Al – Humaid
&Warrag, 1998, Pandit et al., 1995). Recently Reigosa et al. (1999) assessed the effect of six known
allelopathic phenolic compounds (p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, vanillic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic
acid, gallic acid and p-vanillin) on seeds of Chenopodium album, Plantago lanceolata, Amaranthus
retroflexus, Solanum nigrum, Cirsium sp. and Rumex crispus. They found that the effects of the
assayed allelochemicals on radicle growth and seed germination were very weak, and suggested that
allelochemical effects can only be important in special situations, mainly in combination with other
competitive effects.
There is suggestion that aqueous extracts derived from non-sterilized soil, leaf litter, and live
leaves soaked in water are more realistic and ecologically relevant (Orr et al., 2005) and that ground
and macerated materials are ecologically less meaningful (Inderjit & Callaway, 2003), for the reason
that they exaggerate the allelopathic effect.
Our earlier findings (Mehar et al., 2002 a, b, c, Mehar et al., 2003, Mehar et al., 2008,
Purohit et al., 2002, Sundaramoorthy et al., 2005) suggest that some of the allelopathic tree species
growing in the Indian desert increase the soil nutrient status, improve soil microbial biomass and
promote the growth of microbial groups. P. juliflora was found to promote the growth of microbial
groups with specific physiological capabilities like degradation of cellulose, lipid, lignin and proteins
even at very low soil moisture levels (Sundaramoorthy et al., 2010) and also promoted the activity of
soil enzymes in the similar low soil moisture conditions (unpublished data). Previously, Sen and
Chawan (1970) observed that the functioning of desert ecosystems is such that whatever toxic
substance is released imparts greater influence at the site of release as leaching does not take place
rapidly because of restricted rainfall. As a result of this, the toxic substances accumulate at higher
concentrations (much higher than in case of availability of water and proper leaching) and could well
be the reason why many of the trees in deserts are recognized as allelopathic. But the situation in
other non-desert ecosystems and areas is different and demands some study to evaluate it for use to
improve the organic matter content of the soil.
P. juliflora grows luxuriantly in all parts of India, producing abundant biomass which is not
put to any use, except for the pods which are fed to cattle; remaining tree biomass is in fact a
problem wherever it is growing, because the biomass is not usable hence people leave it undisturbed,
thereby there is no check to its spreading new areas also. Since the biomass is not used for any other
purpose, and the evidence is there that it can improve the soil nutrient content and microbial activity,
it should be tried in agricultural situations where proper irrigation would dilute the adverse chemical
effect of the litter on the crops. Keeping this in mind I have tried to study the effect of litter of P.
juliflora on rice, which is grown in submerged field conditions in the southern parts of the country. I
have taken Kurnool Sona (BPT 5204) variety of rice as test crop, which is quite popular among the
agrarians of the region and is cultivated in large parts of the Andhra Pradesh, India. To provide the
conditions as natural as possible, in laboratory incubations there was no attempt to prevent the
microbial effect, and the litter was incubated up to 7 days at room temperature to allow the microbes
to degrade it and release whatever intermediate degradation products could be formed during the
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ISSN 2224-6088 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0557 (Online)
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process of decomposition. As reviewed earlier, for laboratory incubations generally macerated litter
and higher concentrations are taken, I have also used the powdered litter for preparation of aqueous
extracts to keep the detrimental allelopahthic effect towards the higher side. The hypothesis is that if,
in these relatively harsh incubation conditions, the seeds germinate and their growth is comparable
with the control treatment, than in field conditions the leaf litter from the mesquite could be used to
ameliorate the soil fertility, thereby reducing if not eliminating the need for chemical fertilizers.
2. Material and methods
Leaf litter in the form of mature leaves from mature trees of P. juliflora growing in and
around Sri Venkateswara University Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh was collected. After collection leaves
were air dried in shade at room temperature. Afterwards 10g of dried leaves were macerated in
200ml of distilled water and kept for incubation at room temperature for different durations i.e. from
1 to 7 days, these are referred as 1DE to 7DE i.e. 1 Day incubation extract to 7 Day incubation
extract, in the text hereafter. At the end of incubation the solution was filtered with double layer of
whatman no. 1 filter paper and the extract was stored at 4o C till use.
Two different dilutions viz. 0.1% and 1%, of the filtered extract were made using distilled
water for dilution and used for the experiment. Rice seeds were surface sterilized with 0.1%
mercuric chloride for 1 min., after which the seeds were washed with distilled water for several
times to remove residual mercuric chloride. Experiment was carried out by taking five seeds, and
placing them on a sheet of whatman no. 1 filter paper in petri dishes (10cm diameter), taking four
replicates for each treatment. The petri dishes were kept under light, illuminated with cool
fluorescent tubes (14.4 W m-2) at 28 ± 2.4o C with a 12hr light and 12hr dark photoperiods. On the
first day of incubation 5 ml of extract was added to completely wet the filter paper, thereafter 3ml
extract was added every day for 15 days.
Observations were made for eight days during the incubation period, and seed germination
rates were recorded taking due care to note the pattern of emergence of radicle and plumule, as to
what emerged first (radicle, plumule or both together). This was felt necessary, because in an earlier
screening experiment it was observed that at higher filtrate concentrations (25% and 50%) the seeds
germinated but the plumule instead of the radicle emerged first. Furthermore, it was observed that it
was the radicle that was worst affected by the treatments with higher concentration of extract. Most
of the seeds germinated within the first 5 days of incubation but the observation continued up to 8
days as seeds in some of the treatments germinated late also. After 15 days the seedlings were
collected and parameters like root length, shoot length, number of adventitious roots, length of
adventitious roots, fresh and dry weight of seedlings were recorded. Strip plot analysis was carried
out taking incubation days and concentration of extract as vertical and horizontal factors
respectively. The analysis of variance was carried out as per Gomez and Gomez (1984).
3. Results and discussion
Seed germination is a widely used parameter in allelopathic bioassays (Rice, 1984), and there
is suggestion to consider the growth of seedlings also which is more responsive to certain categories
of allelochemicals (Einhellig & Rasmussen, 1978). However, some workers found oven dry weight
of radicle (Leather & Einhellig 1985), root length and root weight to be more important (Cope, 1982,
Pederson, 1986). In the present study we have tried to include all these parameters to have an
understanding of the effect of P. juliflora litter on the growth and performance of rice seedlings.
Percent germination calculated on the basis of number of seeds germinating out of the total
seeds ranged from a minimum of 75% (2 DE, 1% filtrate) to 100% in some of the extract treatments
like (2 DE, 0.1% filtrate; 3 DE, 1% filtrate; 6 DE, 1% filtrate; and 7 DE, 0.1% filtrate; see Fig. 1).
Most of the treatments had comparable or slightly better germination performance than the control
treatment.
It was found that germination of seeds did not always result in emergence of the radicle first.
In the control treatment, also 55.5 % of the seeds showed the emergence of radicle first and the
remaining showed emergence of plumule first. But in remaining treatments the situation varied, 83.3
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Vol 2, 2011
% of seeds in 1 DE 0.1% treatment showed the first emergence of radicle but in longest incubation at
higher concentration (7 DE 1 %) none of the seed had radicle emerging first (Fig. 2).
Rice is a monocot plant and the main root is relatively short lived. In due course of time the
function of absorption of water and nutrients is taken over by adventitious roots. The number of
adventitious roots emerging out from the seedlings were recorded and the results show that they
varied from 1 to 10; hence they were divided in different frequency classes to have a better
understanding of the effect on growth. Although in control 50% of the seedlings had 2-4 adventitious
roots, on average, the most common frequency class was the one with frequency of adventitious
roots between 4-6 per seedling. This frequency class accommodated 38% of the seeds from all the
treatments, and only 0.8% of the seeds showed the highest number class i.e. 8-10 (Fig. 3) Significant
variation in the number of adventitious roots per seedling due to addition of the filtrate was caused
due to concentration of the treatments (P>1%).
Main root length varied from 3.9 cm (7 DE 1%) to 13 cm (2 DE 1%), while the shoot length
ranged from 7.1 cm (6 DE 0.1%) to 8.8 cm (5 DE 1%). Total number of adventitious roots were
recorded from each seedling and there lengths were also measured individually. 7 Days incubated
extract at the higher dose (7 DE, 1%) had maximum number of adventitious roots i.e. 55 and the
total length of adventitious roots was also maximum in the same treatment (118 cm). Root lengths
being an indicator of seedling growth, the root/shoot ratio values reflect the condition of seedling.
We observed that the ratio was minimum in 7 DE 1% treatment and maximum in the intermediate
incubation treatments viz. 2 DE 1% and 6 DE 0.1 %. The ratio of root length to total length of
adventitious roots indicated that when both the numbers and the total length of adventitious roots
were more, (7 DE 1% treatment), it resulted in minimum value for the ratio i.e. 0.03, while the
maximum ratio was recorded for 5 DE 1% treatment (Table 1).
Minimum shoot fresh weight was recorded in 6 De 0.1% treatment, where it contributed 37%
to the total seedling weight, and maximum values was recorded in 5 DE 1 % treatment (61% of the
total weight of seedling). Incubation period was found to cause significant variation in shoot fresh
weight (P>1%). The contribution of root fresh weight to total seedling weight was lower in both the
control and the other treatments also. The contribution of root fresh weight (total of main and
adventitious roots) ranged from 19% in 4 DE 1% treatment to 25% in 4 DE 0.1% and, 7 DE 1%
treatments. Here it should be noted that the later treatment had the maximum number and length of
adventitious roots. Seeds held from 31% (6 DE 0.1%) to 41% (3 DE 0.1%) of the total fresh weight
of seedling (Table 2).
The results obtained for dry weights suggested that some of the variations observed in the
seedling growth could be due to lack of reserve mobilization from the seeds during germination and
growth process. This is indicated by higher dry weight of the seeds. Shoot dry weight ranged from
0.007 g (control and 1 DE 1%) to 0.009 g in 5 DE 1% treatment. Root dry weight was minimum in 2
DE 0.1% and 6 DE 1% treatment (0.003 g) and rest of the treatments had higher values than this
(Table 2). It was also noted that although some of the treatments had higher values for seed dry
weight, it did not mean that those seedlings were severely affected, instead the comparison suggested
better growth than control in many of them, when other parameters like root length, shoot length,
root and shoot dry weight were considered together. This means that those seedlings which failed to
mobilize reserves from the seeds during germination in the initial period, made up the loss by using
the improved fertility coming from the added litter extract and synthesizing the biomass through
other physiological processes.
Orr et al. (2005) used both intact live leaves collected from living plants and also minced
leaves collected from the same source. They reported that the effect of minced leaves was not always
inhibitory, in fact there was reduction in the number of days to emergence for all species taken as
targets in the study and also the survival of seedling in some cases was marginally increased. The
stimulatory effect on germination and also on the growth of seedlings as observed in our study also
could be due to a fertilizing effect resulting from nutrient release from damaged or decayed tissue (as
P. juliflora is nitrogen fixing also). Similar observations were also reported by Simon and Seated
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Vol 2, 2011
(1999). There are other explanations also for the stimulatory effect like release of hormones such as
gibberellins that may stimulate germination (Brady & McCourt, 2003), or a release of toxic
compound that breaks down the seed coat (Cohn 1996).
Some of the studies have attributed the negative effect of litter on target plants to be caused by
soil microbes. Xingjun et al. (2005) studied the effect of Eupatorium adenophorum on the growth of
Broussonetia papyrifera and soil (nutrient content and microbial population). They found that
available N, P and K increased in the treatments. Moreover, when the allelopathic substances were
neutralized by use of activated carbon, it was noticed it had no significant effect on growth. The only
significant variation that they could find after application of allelopathic litter to the soil was that it
changed the composition of soil microbial community. Based on this observation they suggested that
the negative effect if any of the allelopathic plants on the target species is mediated due to change in
the composition of microbial communities, indicating that the microbes inhibiting the growth of
target species were promoted after the treatment. In our study we did not eliminate the effect of
phyllosphere microbes during the incubation of litter for sufficiently long durations. But we did not
notice significant negative effect of extract on seed germination and growth of seedlings.
One more argument put forth by Turner and Rice (1975) is that release of allelochemicals
occurs continuously, affecting the adventitious flora during different physiological stages of their
development and accumulating at certain times at concentrations high enough to reduce plant
development. In our study as mentioned in the materials and methods section, the extract addition
was continuous (3ml extract added each day), and in fact seedlings were exposed to increasingly
higher concentrations of extract. Hence, whatever reduction in growth parameters of seedlings was
there, could be attributed to the cumulative effect of extract addition which cannot be the case, when
the litter is added in the fields for a limited number of times. Hence I would suggest that the concept
of allelopathy should be looked at with broad perspective and attempts should be made to harness
the available biomass of allelopathic tree and herb species in the form of organic amendments to soil
so that we can reduce our dependence on the chemical fertilizers. For farmers with limited resources
it is otherwise also not possible to spare money for chemical fertilizers, besides search for
alternatives of chemical fertilizers becomes more pertinent when we take into account the adverse
effects of chemical fertilizers on soil microbial functioning.
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Table 1. Seedling growth parameters for different treatments.
Radicle Length Shoot Length Total length of Total number. of
(cm) (cm) adventitious roots adventitious roots
(cm)
CONTROL 8.86 ± 1.49 7.38 ± 1.23 57 43
1 DE 0.1 % 10.7 ± 2.94 8.5 ± 1.28 70.4 43
1 DE 1% 11.9 ± 2.10 8.21 ± 0.94 52.2 42
2 DE 0.1 % 10.6 ± 4.07 7.86 ± 1.69 31.3 24
2 DE 1% 13.1 ± 2.21 8.11 ± 0.88 66.3 31
3 DE 0.1 % 8.51 ± 3.18 8.45 ± 0.84 71.8 38
3 DE 1% 9.21 ± 3.94 8.48 ± 1.03 75 33
4 DE 0.1 % 11.5 ± 3.66 7.86 ± 1.69 50.4 32
4 DE 1% 10.2 ± 3.09 9.06 ± 1.04 84 38
5 DE 0.1 % 11.4 ± 3.56 7.88 ± 2.25 57.9 36
5 DE 1% 12.1 ± 3.57 8.83 ± 1.18 29.6 22
6 DE 0.1 % 11.2 ± 3.15 7.09 ± 1.83 58.1 39
6 DE 1% 11 ± 3.67 8.8 ± 1.59 47.8 26
7 DE 0.1 % 7.89 ± 3.31 7.94 ± 0.81 46 37
7 DE 1% 3.94 ± 1.57 8.08 ± 1.34 118 55
Table 2. Fresh weight and dry weight different parts of seedlings.
Fresh weight (g) Dry weight(g)
Shoot Root Seed Shoot Root Seed
CONTROL 0.054±0.010 0.030±0.004 0.044±0.005 0.008 0.004 0.007
1 DE 0.1% 0.054±0.005 0.030±0.002 0.050±0.007 0.007 0.004 0.009
1 DE 1 % 0.049±0.011 0.030±0.004 0.040±0.003 0.008 0.004 0.007
2 DE 0.1% 0.058±0.009 0.029±0.005 0.050±0.006 0.008 0.003 0.008
2 DE 1 % 0.056±0.010 0.028±0.003 0.045±0.004 0.007 0.005 0.007
3 DE 0.1% 0.056±0.006 0.026±0.007 0.052±0.012 0.007 0.004 0.018
3 DE 1 % 0.051±0.009 0.029±0.004 0.043±0.006 0.007 0.004 0.008
4 DE 0.1% 0.060±0.005 0.033±0.017 0.044±0.006 0.007 0.006 0.009
4 DE 1 % 0.063±0.009 0.024±0.017 0.045±0.006 0.008 0.004 0.011
5 DE 0.1% 0.065±0.012 0.028±0.003 0.049±0.005 0.008 0.005 0.009
5 DE 1 % 0.078±0.014 0.027±0.004 0.044±0.015 0.009 0.004 0.008
6 DE 0.1% 0.047±0.009 0.025±0.006 0.039±0.007 0.007 0.006 0.008
6 DE 1 % 0.070±0.002 0.029±0.003 0.049±0.006 0.008 0.003 0.007
7 DE 0.1% 0.052±0.003 0.025±0.003 0.045±0.003 0.008 0.004 0.013
7 DE 1 % 0.064±0.006 0.033±0.004 0.047±0.003 0.008 0.006 0.012
18
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